Preface |
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xi | |
PART I The Exploration: Methods and Best Practices for Effective Science Teaching |
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1 | (74) |
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How Can We Help Learners to Inquire and Construct Scientific Meaning? |
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3 | (44) |
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3 | (1) |
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Complications, Problems, and Current Directions |
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4 | (5) |
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4 | (3) |
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The Importance of Scientific Inquiry |
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7 | (2) |
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Methods That Use Inquiry to Promote Student Concept Formation and Discovery |
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9 | (29) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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The 4-E Science Learning Cycle |
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11 | (8) |
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Scientific Method: How Can You Use Principles of Scientific Experimentation While Teaching? |
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19 | (1) |
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The Principles of Scientific Inquiry as a Teaching Method |
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20 | (2) |
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What Research Says: The Science Learning Cycle |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Suchman's Inquiry: How Can You Get Students to Think and Question? |
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23 | (3) |
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Can Children Learn Science Through Play? |
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26 | (6) |
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32 | (2) |
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How Can You Turn Students' Questions into an Inquiry Teaching Method? |
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34 | (4) |
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Techniques for Promoting Student Cooperation |
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38 | (4) |
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Cooperative Learning in Science |
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38 | (1) |
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Cooperative Inquiry Groups |
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39 | (3) |
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Recommendations for Enhancing Students' Learning of Science |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (3) |
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How Can You Use Demonstrations, Direct Instruction, and Textbooks Effectively? |
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47 | (28) |
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48 | (2) |
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Avoiding Authoritarianism and the Exclusive Use of Textbooks |
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48 | (1) |
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Why Is an Interactive Classroom Important? |
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49 | (1) |
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How Can You Use Teacher Demonstrations to Foster Constructed Learning? |
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50 | (5) |
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Tips for Effective Demonstrations |
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52 | (2) |
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When Should You Use a Demonstration? |
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54 | (1) |
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When Should the Students Do a Demonstration? |
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54 | (1) |
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How Can You Use Exposition Effectively? |
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55 | (7) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (2) |
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Teaching Explicit Material |
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59 | (3) |
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How Can You Use Science Textbooks Effectively? |
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62 | (11) |
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Be Aware of Shortcomings and Differences |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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What Research Says: How Are Scientists Portrayed in Children's Literature? |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Selecting the Best Textbook |
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67 | (5) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
PART II The Explanation: Modern Science Teaching Benefits from Inquiry-Based, Interactive Approaches to Learning |
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75 | (134) |
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77 | (28) |
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78 | (1) |
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How Do Children Perceive Science? |
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79 | (3) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (1) |
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What Is the Status of Elementary Science? |
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82 | (2) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (5) |
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89 | (12) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (2) |
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What Research Says: Attitudes and Science Teaching |
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92 | (5) |
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97 | (4) |
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The Aims of Modern Science Education |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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How Do Children Learn Science? |
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105 | (34) |
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107 | (1) |
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What Role Does Brain Development and Processing Have in Learning? |
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108 | (6) |
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108 | (1) |
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Simplified Brain Development and Function |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Making Connections Makes Learning |
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111 | (3) |
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Where Do Children's Ideas Come From and How Do They Influence Learning? |
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114 | (5) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (3) |
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What Do We Know About Children's Ideas? |
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118 | (1) |
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What Do Children Need to Help Them Learn? |
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119 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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What Is the Dominant Perspective About How Children Learn Science? |
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121 | (11) |
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Jessica: A Constructivist Attempt |
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121 | (1) |
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What Research Says: Brain-Based Learning |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (3) |
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127 | (3) |
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Jessica: The Novelty Wore Off |
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130 | (2) |
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What Techniques and Roles Support Constructivist Learning? |
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132 | (4) |
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A Constructivist Learning and Teaching Model |
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132 | (1) |
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Constructivist Teaching Roles |
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132 | (3) |
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Jessica's Knowledge Construction |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (2) |
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How Can You Teach Science for All Children? |
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139 | (44) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (18) |
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143 | (3) |
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How Can You Help Non-English-Speaking Students? |
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146 | (4) |
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Is Gender Equality a Special Need? |
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150 | (5) |
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155 | (5) |
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Science for Exceptional Children |
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160 | (16) |
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Teaching Children Who Have Learning Disabilities |
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161 | (5) |
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Teaching Children Who Have Intellectual Disabilities |
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166 | (1) |
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Teaching Children Who Have Physical Disabilities |
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167 | (4) |
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Teaching Learners Who Have Gifts and Talents |
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171 | (3) |
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What Research Says: Teaching Exceptional Students |
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174 | (2) |
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How Can Parents Meet Children's Special Needs? |
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176 | (3) |
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How Can Parents Help Their Children Study and Prepare for Science? |
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177 | (1) |
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What Are Some Extra Science Activities Parents Can Do to Help Their Children? |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (3) |
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What Goals Promote Scientific Literacy? |
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183 | (26) |
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185 | (1) |
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What Is Scientific Literacy? |
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186 | (3) |
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What Reform Efforts Have Sought to Provide Goals for Scientific Literacy? |
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189 | (7) |
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189 | (2) |
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Scope, Sequence, and Coordination of Secondary School Science (SS&C) |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (1) |
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National Science Education Standards (NSES) |
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194 | (2) |
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Goals Promoting Scientific Literacy |
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196 | (11) |
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201 | (4) |
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205 | (1) |
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Science in Personal and Social Perspectives |
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205 | (1) |
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What Research Says: What Are Teachers' Attitudes Toward Reform? |
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206 | (1) |
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History and Nature of Science |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
PART III The Expansion: Continuing Our Learning, Developing Skills, and Using the Tools of Science |
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209 | (214) |
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How Can You Plan Constructivist Science Lessons and Assess Student Performance? |
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211 | (52) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (10) |
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214 | (3) |
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217 | (1) |
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Why Should Concept Maps Be Developed? |
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218 | (3) |
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Steps for Developing a Concept Map |
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221 | (3) |
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Planning Constructive Inquiry Science Lessons |
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224 | (11) |
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Selecting Performance Outcomes and Developing Curriculum |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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Planning the Lesson---4 Es |
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226 | (9) |
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How Can You Evaluate Student Learning? |
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235 | (22) |
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Limits and Purposes of Tests |
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235 | (1) |
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Selecting the Tool for the Task |
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236 | (6) |
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What Research Says: Assessment: What to Emphasize? |
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242 | (15) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (4) |
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261 | (2) |
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How Can You Use Questions to Promote Science Inquiry? |
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263 | (36) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (11) |
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What Kinds of Questions Do Teachers Ask and What Kinds of Answers Do They Require? |
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265 | (2) |
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Why Do Teachers Use Questions? |
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267 | (1) |
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How Do Questions Affect Students? |
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268 | (2) |
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How Are Teacher Questions and Student Answers Related? |
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270 | (1) |
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How Do Teachers Use Questions to Involve All Students? |
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270 | (1) |
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What Is Wait-Time and Why Is It Important? |
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271 | (3) |
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What Types of Questions Are Used Most in Elementary Science Books and Tests? |
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274 | (2) |
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What Research Says: Using Questions in Science Classrooms |
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276 | (1) |
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What Are the Different Types of Questions? |
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276 | (6) |
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What Are the Keys to Effective Questioning? |
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282 | (4) |
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How Can You Improve Your Questioning? |
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286 | (2) |
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Why Use Students' Questions? |
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288 | (7) |
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Why Bother with Students' Questions? |
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288 | (1) |
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How Can You Stimulate Students' Questions? |
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289 | (5) |
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How Can You Use Students' Questions Productively? |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (4) |
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How Can You Create a Safe, Efficient, Inquiry-Based Science Classroom? |
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299 | (48) |
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302 | (1) |
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Documented Need for Science Safety |
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302 | (4) |
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Why All the Concern over Safety? |
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306 | (1) |
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What Are Your Legal Responsibilities? |
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307 | (10) |
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308 | (1) |
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Reasonable and Prudent Judgment |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (6) |
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Federal and State Legislation |
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315 | (2) |
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317 | (4) |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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Loose Clothing and Long Hair |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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Performing Safety Assessments |
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321 | (1) |
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What Materials Are Necessary for the Activities? |
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321 | (7) |
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Items Purchased Through a Scientific Supplier |
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322 | (4) |
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326 | (1) |
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Items Made from Recycled Materials |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (7) |
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Central or Classroom Storage Access |
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328 | (4) |
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Storing and Dispensing Materials |
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332 | (3) |
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335 | (8) |
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Large-Group Science Activities |
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335 | (2) |
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What Research Says: Class Size and Science Achievement |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (2) |
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Bulletin Boards and Other Displays |
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339 | (4) |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (3) |
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Science Materials, Programs, and Resources: What Are the Best Practices? |
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347 | (46) |
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348 | (1) |
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Dominant Beliefs in Science Education |
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349 | (1) |
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Changes over Time: Legacy of the Past |
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349 | (1) |
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Major Elementary Science Program Models: Looking Back for the Source of Wisdom |
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350 | (19) |
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351 | (2) |
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Science---A Process Approach (SAPA) |
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353 | (7) |
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Science Curriculum Improvement Study (SCIS) |
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360 | (3) |
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The Elementary Science Study (ESS) |
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363 | (6) |
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369 | (8) |
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What Research Says: Emphasis on Excellence |
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374 | (1) |
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Supported Assumptions About Effective Elementary Science Programs |
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375 | (2) |
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The Next Generation of Science Programs |
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377 | (5) |
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382 | (2) |
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What Resources Are Available? |
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384 | (6) |
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384 | (3) |
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387 | (2) |
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Microcomputer Applications |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (2) |
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How Can You Use Educational Technology to Enrich Your Classroom? |
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393 | (30) |
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396 | (2) |
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Why Use Educational Technology? |
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398 | (7) |
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National Technology Standards |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (2) |
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The Networked Classroom---Removing the Walls |
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402 | (3) |
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How Can Educational Technology Be Applied in the Context of Science Teaching? |
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405 | (15) |
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420 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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420 | (3) |
Appendix: National Science Education Standards: Contents Standards for K--4 and 5--8 |
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423 | (6) |
References |
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429 | (8) |
Index |
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437 | |