Science Ltd.: Research Enterprise in the Age of Machines [Pehme köide]

Prologue
Chapter 1: Science: Notes on Science as a Dynamic Activity
for Describing and Predicting 1.1 The Practical Value of Science 1.1.1
Exploration and Prediction 1.1.2 Phenomena 1.1.3 Between Practice and Theory
1.2 Scientific Languages 1.2.1 Preliminary Considerations 1.2.2 The Value of
Formalization 1.3 Language and Epistemic Value 1.3.1 Communicability and
Verifiability 1.3.2 Compactness 1.3.3 Applicability 1.3.4 The Uselessness of
Science 1.4 Formal and Applied Truths 1.4.1 Formal Language as a Regulative
Ideal 1.4.2 The Limits of Formal Language (through Machines) 1.4.3
Psychological Certainty rather than Truth 1.5 Limitations 1.5.1 The Language
of Mathematics Is Fallible 1.5.2 Intractable Problems and Undecidable
Problems 1.5.3 Scientific Discovery and the Dynamism of Knowledge
Chapter 2:
Technology: Notes on Technology as the Activity of Building Machines and
Procedures to Operate Them 2.1 In the Sea of Technologies 2.1.1 First
Intuitions 2.1.2 Observation and Practical Reason 2.1.3 Formulation and
Discovery 2.1.4 Serendipitous Discoveries 2.2 Utility, Utopia, Dystopia 2.2.1
Primary and Secondary Technologies 2.2.2 Five Parameters 2.2.3 Storytelling
and Technology 2.3 Science and Technology 2.3.1 A Complex Relationship 2.3.2
Impact on Society
Chapter 3: Making Science: Notes on How to Support Research
while Avoiding Bias and Gossip 3.1 Publishing Today 3.1.1 The Primacy of the
Scientific Article 3.1.2 The Literary Form of the Scientific Article 3.1.3
The Peer-Review Process 3.1.4 The Value of Publication 3.2 Looking for
Alternatives 3.2.1 Against Peer Review 3.2.2 Open-Ended Scientific Articles
3.2.3 Reputation, Gossip, and Trust 3.2.4 Trust in Science as a Public Value
3.3 Research Funding 3.3.1 Support for Research, Quality, and Quantity 3.3.2
Access Criteria: Degrees and Types of Breakthroughs 3.3.3 The Importance of
Context and the Streetlight Effect 3.3.4 How to Improve the System?
Chapter
4: Machines for Science: Notes on the Scalability and Sustainability of the
Scientific and Technological Enterprise 4.1 Scalability of Science 4.1.1
Technology in Mathematics 4.1.2 Science in a Graph? 4.1.3 Technology in a
Graph? 4.1.4 A Science Database 4.1.5 Androids as Muses for Humans or Humans
as Muses for Androids? 4.1.6 Science on a Hyperscale 4.1.7 Android Creativity
and Human Creativity 4.2 Sustainability of Science 4.2.1 Phronesis 4.2.2
Innovation 4.2.3 Communicability 4.2.4 Risk 4.2.5 The Last Mile 4.2.6
Ordinariness
Chapter 5: Epilogue: Notes on How to Guide the Construction of
Machines for Future Science 5.1 Machines and People 5.2 Science for a House
of Solomon 5.3 Draft of a Solomon's Almanac 5.3.1 What Is Science? 5.3.2
Science Done by Machines 5.3.3 What Is Technology? 5.3.4 Science and
Technology I 5.3.5 Science and Technology II 5.3.6 The Value of Technology
5.3.7 The Role of Machines 5.3.8 The Role of Metascience 5.3.9 The Scientific
Article 5.3.10 Science for Science's Sake 5.3.11 Science in a Relational
Structure (Science beyond Scientific Literature 5.3.12 The Breakthrough
5.3.13 Funding Processes 5.3.14 The Context 5.3.15 Scalability 5.3.16 Words
to Bet On 5.4 A Call to Action

Andrea Borghini is Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Milan.

Simone Severini is a Distinguished Engineer at Google and Professor of Physics of Information at UCL.