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xvii | |
| Preface |
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xix | |
| Introduction |
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xxi | |
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Chapter 1 Science and Technology of Fruit Wines: An Overview |
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1 | (72) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 Origin and History of Wine |
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2 | (4) |
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2.1 Origin of Wine, Yeast, Barrels, and Chips |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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2.3 Alcoholic Fermentation |
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6 | (1) |
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3 Role of Wine as Food and Its Health Benefits |
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6 | (2) |
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4 Fruit Wines, Their Types and Diversity |
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8 | (2) |
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4.1 Classification of Wine |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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5 Fruit Cultivation Practices and Their Varieties |
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10 | (15) |
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5.1 Nongrape Fruits Used for Winemaking |
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11 | (2) |
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5.2 Cultural Practices Affecting Wine Quality |
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13 | (12) |
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6 Role of Genetic Engineering in Wine |
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25 | (8) |
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6.1 Genetic Modification of Plants |
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25 | (1) |
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6.2 Genetic Engineering of Wine Yeast |
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26 | (2) |
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6.3 Specific Targets for Wine Yeast Genetic Engineering |
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28 | (4) |
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6.4 Concerns Associated With the Use of Genetically Modified Yeasts |
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32 | (1) |
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7 Technology of Fruit Wine Production |
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33 | (2) |
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7.1 General Aspects and Problems in the Production of Fruit Wines |
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33 | (1) |
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7.2 Required Raw Materials |
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33 | (1) |
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7.3 Fruit Composition and Maturity |
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34 | (1) |
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7.4 Screening of Suitable Varieties |
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34 | (1) |
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7.5 Microbiology of Fermentation |
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34 | (1) |
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8 General Methods for Fruit Winemaking |
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35 | (2) |
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8.1 Preparation of Yeast Starter Culture |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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9 Technology of Wine Production From Various Fruits |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (8) |
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38 | (8) |
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46 | (1) |
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11 Nongrape Fruit Wine Industry: Global Status |
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46 | (11) |
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11.1 Factors Influencing Fruit Wine Production |
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46 | (3) |
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11.2 Global Production of Fruit Wines |
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49 | (5) |
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11.3 Country-Wise Status of Fruit Wines |
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54 | (3) |
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12 Summary and Future Strategies |
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57 | (16) |
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58 | (15) |
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Chapter 2 Microbiology of Fruit Wine Production |
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73 | (32) |
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73 | (1) |
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2 Microbial Biodiversity Detected During Fruit Wine Production |
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74 | (5) |
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74 | (2) |
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2.2 Killer Yeast in Wine Fruits |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (1) |
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3 Selection of Yeast as Starter Cultures for Production of Fruit Wines |
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79 | (5) |
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3.1 Inoculation With Mixed Yeast Cultures |
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80 | (1) |
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3.2 Inoculation With Pure Yeast Cultures |
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81 | (1) |
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3.3 Procedures for Preparation of the Inocula for Fruit Wines |
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82 | (2) |
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4 Factors Affecting the Yeast Growth During Fruit Wine Fermentation |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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4.5 Ethanol Concentration |
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85 | (1) |
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5 Malolactic Fermentation in Fruit Wines |
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85 | (1) |
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6 Use of Immobilized Biocatalysts in Winemaking |
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86 | (4) |
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6.1 Methods of Immobilization |
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86 | (2) |
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6.2 Applications of Immobilized Biocatalyst Technology in Enology |
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88 | (2) |
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7 Spoilage of Fruit Wines |
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90 | (3) |
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91 | (1) |
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7.2 Spoilage During Malolactic Fermentation |
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91 | (1) |
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7.3 Postfermentative Spoilage |
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91 | (2) |
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7.4 Fruit Wine Spoilage Prevention |
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93 | (1) |
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8 Microbiological Analysis in Fruit Winemaking |
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93 | (3) |
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8.1 Monitoring Yeast Population Development During Alcoholic Fermentation |
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93 | (1) |
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8.2 Detecting Spoiling Microorganisms During Fruit Winemaking |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (1) |
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9 Genetically Modified Microorganisms for Fruit Winemaking |
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96 | (2) |
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9.1 Methods for Wine-Yeast Development |
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97 | (1) |
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9.2 Genetically Engineered Wine-Yeast Strains |
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97 | (1) |
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9.3 Legislation and Consumer Behavior on Genetically Modified Microorganisms |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (7) |
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99 | (6) |
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Chapter 3 Chemistry of Fruit Wines |
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105 | (72) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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3 Chemistry of Winemaking |
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107 | (26) |
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109 | (17) |
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126 | (5) |
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3.3 Metabolism of Sulfur: Chemistry of the Production of Off-Flavor |
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131 | (1) |
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3.4 Acetic Acid Fermentation |
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132 | (1) |
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4 Role of Enzymes in Winemaking |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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6 Malolactic Fermentation |
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133 | (2) |
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7 Fermentation Bouquet and Yeast Flavor Compounds |
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135 | (2) |
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8 Chemical Changes Occurring During Fermentation of Sparkling and Fortified Wines |
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137 | (2) |
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137 | (1) |
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8.2 Biologically Aged Wines |
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138 | (1) |
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9 Toxic Metabolites of Nitrogen Metabolism |
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139 | (3) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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10 Chemistry of Wine Spoilage |
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142 | (1) |
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10.1 Spoilage by Acetic Acid Bacteria |
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142 | (1) |
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10.2 Spoilage by Lactic Acid Bacteria |
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142 | (1) |
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11 Composition and Nutritional Significance of Wine |
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143 | (14) |
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11.1 Compositional Parameters |
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143 | (4) |
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11.2 Phenolic Characterization of Fruit Wines |
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147 | (6) |
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11.3 Aroma and Volatile Compounds |
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153 | (4) |
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12 Summary and Future Outlook |
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157 | (20) |
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157 | (20) |
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Chapter 4 Composition, Nutritional, and Therapeutic Values of Fruit and Berry Wines |
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177 | (50) |
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1 Composition of Fruit and Berry Wines |
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178 | (8) |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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1.4 Aldehydes, Esters, and Other Volatile Constituents |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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2 Main Classes of Phenolic Compounds From Fruit and Berry Wines With Health Benefit Potential |
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186 | (9) |
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2.1 Anthocyanins and Anthocyanin-Derived Compounds |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (3) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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4 Enzymatic Transformations of Phenolic Compounds During Vinification |
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196 | (1) |
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5 Bioavailability of the Major Health Benefit Components of Fruit Wines |
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197 | (6) |
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5.1 Bioavailability of Anthocyanins |
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198 | (2) |
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5.2 Bioavailability of Flavonoids |
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200 | (3) |
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6 Health Benefit Potential of Different Fruit and Berry Wines |
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203 | (11) |
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6.1 Cardioprotective Potential |
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203 | (3) |
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6.2 Antioxidative Effects |
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206 | (6) |
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6.3 Prevention of Various Types of Cancers, or It's Suppression |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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6.5 Prevention of Gastrointestinal Disorders |
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213 | (1) |
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6.6 Other Health Benefits |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (13) |
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215 | (12) |
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Chapter 5 Methods of Evaluation of Fruit Wines |
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227 | (26) |
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227 | (1) |
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2 Physicochemical Analysis |
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227 | (10) |
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231 | (4) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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3 Chromatographic Analysis |
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237 | (5) |
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3.1 Liquid Chromatography |
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237 | (4) |
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241 | (1) |
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4 Microbiological Analysis |
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242 | (2) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (7) |
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246 | (7) |
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Chapter 6 Chemical Engineering Aspects of Fruit Wine Production |
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253 | (42) |
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253 | (1) |
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2 Emerging Methods for Fruit Juice Extraction |
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254 | (9) |
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2.1 Microwave Heating for Improved Extraction of Fruit Juice |
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254 | (3) |
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2.2 Case Studies on Cider Production |
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257 | (3) |
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2.3 Ultrasound-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction of Fruit Juice |
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260 | (2) |
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2.4 Pulsed Electrical Field Technology |
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262 | (1) |
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3 Development of Membrane Technologies Applied to Fruit Winemaking |
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263 | (12) |
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266 | (2) |
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3.2 Clarification of Fruit Juice and Wine |
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268 | (1) |
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3.3 Alcohol Removal From Fruit Wines |
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268 | (1) |
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3.4 Reduction of Malic Acid in Must |
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269 | (1) |
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3.5 Membrane Bioreactors for Fruit Wine Processing |
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270 | (4) |
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3.6 Productivity of Membrane Bioreactors |
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274 | (1) |
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4 Racking Process and Transport of Wine |
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275 | (4) |
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275 | (4) |
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5 Preservation Processes Applicable to Wine Production |
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279 | (8) |
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5.1 High Hydrostatic Pressure Treatment of Fruit Wine |
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279 | (2) |
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5.2 High-Pressure CO2 Sterilization |
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281 | (2) |
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5.3 Application of Ultrasound in Must Treatment for Microbial Inactivation |
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283 | (1) |
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5.4 Pasteurization of Fruit Juice Using Microwaves |
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284 | (1) |
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5.5 Pulsed Electric Fields Technology for Wine Preservation |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (8) |
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288 | (7) |
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Chapter 7 Specific Features of Table Wine Production Technology |
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295 | (168) |
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7.1 Pome Fruit Wines: Production Technology |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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2 Technology for the Preparation of Apple Wine |
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296 | (19) |
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296 | (16) |
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312 | (1) |
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2.3 Apple Wine With Medicinal Value |
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313 | (2) |
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315 | (3) |
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3.1 Composition of Pear Fruit |
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315 | (1) |
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3.2 Process for Making Perry |
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316 | (2) |
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318 | (20) |
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4.1 Definition and Characteristics of Cider |
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318 | (1) |
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4.2 Flavor-Affecting Factors in Cider |
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319 | (1) |
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4.3 Technology of Cider Production |
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320 | (9) |
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329 | (8) |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (6) |
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342 | (6) |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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2 Production of Stone Fruit Wines: General Aspects |
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348 | (2) |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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2.3 Problems in Wine Production |
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350 | (1) |
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3 General Method of Wine Preparation |
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350 | (2) |
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3.1 Preparation of Yeast Starter Culture |
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350 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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352 | (25) |
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352 | (10) |
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362 | (6) |
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368 | (2) |
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370 | (7) |
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5 Summary and Conclusions |
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377 | (5) |
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378 | (4) |
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7.3 Berry and Other Fruit Wines |
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382 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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2 General Aspects: Production of Berry Wine |
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383 | (1) |
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2.1 Problems of Berry Wines |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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2.3 Composition and Maturity of Fruits |
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384 | (1) |
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3 Methods of Preparation of Table Wine |
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384 | (19) |
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384 | (5) |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (1) |
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3.5 Pumpkin-Based Herbal Wine |
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392 | (3) |
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3.6 Blackberry Jamun Wine |
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395 | (3) |
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3.7 Red Wine Made by Blending of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) and Jamun (Syzygium cumini L.) Juices |
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398 | (3) |
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401 | (2) |
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3.9 Fermented Garlic Beverage |
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403 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (1) |
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406 | (4) |
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406 | (4) |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (14) |
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411 | (3) |
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2.2 The Chemical Composition of Orange Wine |
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414 | (10) |
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424 | (11) |
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3.1 Chemical Composition of Mandarin Juices and Wines |
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425 | (5) |
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3.2 Flavor Composition of Mandarin Wine |
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430 | (1) |
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3.3 Phenolic Composition of Mandarin Juice and Wine |
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431 | (3) |
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3.4 Antioxidant Activity of Mandarin Juice and Wine |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (6) |
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435 | (6) |
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7.5 Production of Wine From Tropical Fruits |
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441 | (1) |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (9) |
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442 | (9) |
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451 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (2) |
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454 | (1) |
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454 | (1) |
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455 | (2) |
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9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives |
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457 | (6) |
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458 | (5) |
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Chapter 8 Technology for the Production of Agricultural Wines |
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463 | (24) |
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463 | (1) |
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463 | (8) |
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463 | (1) |
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464 | (1) |
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2.3 Mahua Flower: Composition |
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464 | (1) |
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465 | (1) |
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466 | (1) |
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2.6 Flower Collection and Processing |
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466 | (1) |
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2.7 Addition of Nutrients |
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466 | (2) |
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2.8 Fermentation Temperature |
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468 | (1) |
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468 | (1) |
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468 | (1) |
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469 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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471 | (3) |
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3.1 Method for Mead Production |
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471 | (3) |
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474 | (3) |
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474 | (1) |
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474 | (1) |
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475 | (1) |
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476 | (1) |
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477 | (1) |
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477 | (1) |
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477 | (1) |
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478 | (2) |
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478 | (1) |
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479 | (1) |
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480 | (1) |
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480 | (1) |
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7.2 Other Fermented Beverages |
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480 | (1) |
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481 | (1) |
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481 | (1) |
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481 | (1) |
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481 | (1) |
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8.2 Composition of Cocoa Pulp |
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482 | (1) |
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482 | (1) |
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9 Regulations for Making Agricultural Wines |
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482 | (5) |
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484 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Technology for Production of Fortified and Sparkling Fruit Wines |
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487 | (44) |
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487 | (1) |
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487 | (13) |
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488 | (1) |
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2.2 Technology of Vermouth Production |
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488 | (6) |
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2.3 Vermouth Production From Nongrape Fruits |
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494 | (6) |
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2.4 Commercial Production of Vermouth |
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500 | (1) |
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500 | (24) |
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500 | (2) |
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3.2 Technology of Production |
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502 | (2) |
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504 | (5) |
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3.4 Methods of Secondary Fermentation |
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509 | (3) |
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3.5 Malolactic Fermentation in Sparkling Wine Production |
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512 | (1) |
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3.6 Production of Sparkling Plum Wine |
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513 | (7) |
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3.7 Production of Sparkling Apple Wine and Cider |
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520 | (4) |
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524 | (1) |
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3.9 Other Sparkling Fruit Wines |
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524 | (1) |
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4 Conclusions and Future Trends |
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524 | (7) |
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525 | (6) |
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Chapter 10 Fruit Brandies |
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531 | (26) |
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531 | (3) |
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1.1 Brief History of Distillation |
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531 | (1) |
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531 | (1) |
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1.3 Importance of Distilled Beverages |
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531 | (1) |
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1.4 Classification of Fruit Alcoholic Beverages |
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532 | (2) |
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1.5 Factors Affecting the Quality of the Brandies |
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534 | (1) |
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534 | (3) |
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2.1 Discontinuous Distillation |
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534 | (2) |
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2.2 Continuous Distillation |
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536 | (1) |
|
|
|
537 | (4) |
|
|
|
537 | (2) |
|
|
|
539 | (2) |
|
|
|
541 | (6) |
|
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
|
543 | (2) |
|
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
4.4 Other Stone Fruit Brandies |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
|
|
549 | (3) |
|
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
|
552 | (5) |
|
|
|
552 | (5) |
|
Chapter 11 Waste From Fruit Wine Production |
|
|
557 | (42) |
|
|
|
|
|
557 | (2) |
|
1.1 Defining Food and Fruit Waste |
|
|
557 | (2) |
|
2 Unavoidable Solid Food and Fruit Waste |
|
|
559 | (9) |
|
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
2.4 Berry Peels, Pulp, and Seeds |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
|
565 | (3) |
|
3 Valorization of Fruit By-Products and Juices |
|
|
568 | (2) |
|
|
|
570 | (4) |
|
4.1 The Characteristics of Crude Cider Lees |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
4.2 Valorization of Wine Lees |
|
|
572 | (2) |
|
5 Liquid Stream and Wastewater |
|
|
574 | (11) |
|
5.1 Characterization of Winery Liquid Effluents |
|
|
574 | (2) |
|
5.2 Methods of Wastewater Treatment |
|
|
576 | (9) |
|
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
7 Sustainability in the Winemaking Sector |
|
|
586 | (3) |
|
7.1 Life Cycle Assessment in Fruit Production |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
7.2 Life Cycle Assessment of Waste Management in Cider Production |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
7.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Wine Packaging |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
|
589 | (10) |
|
|
|
591 | (8) |
|
Chapter 12 Biorefinery Concept Applied to Fruit Wine Wastes |
|
|
599 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
599 | (10) |
|
1.1 Generation of Energy and Products From Alternative Sources: The Biorefinery Concept |
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
1.2 Waste as a Renewable Source for Energy and Resource Recovery |
|
|
602 | (3) |
|
1.3 Biorefinery Feedstock: The Fruit Winery Waste |
|
|
605 | (4) |
|
2 Biotechnological Conversion of Fruit Wine Waste to Platform Chemicals and Energy |
|
|
609 | (3) |
|
|
|
609 | (2) |
|
2.2 The Use of Apple Pomace as Feedstock |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
2.3 The Use of Mango Waste as Feedstock |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
|
612 | (5) |
|
|
|
612 | (5) |
|
Chapter 13 Innovations in Winemaking |
|
|
617 | (46) |
|
|
|
|
|
617 | (5) |
|
|
|
622 | (3) |
|
3 Innovations in the Vineyard/Orchard |
|
|
625 | (6) |
|
|
|
631 | (13) |
|
|
|
644 | (3) |
|
|
|
647 | (2) |
|
|
|
649 | (3) |
|
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
|
|
653 | (10) |
|
|
|
655 | (8) |
|
Chapter 14 Technical Guide for Fruit Wine Production |
|
|
663 | (42) |
|
|
|
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
2 Fruit Wine Types and Styles |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
3 Methods for Fruit Wine Production |
|
|
665 | (11) |
|
3.1 Crushing the Fruit and Must Preparation |
|
|
666 | (5) |
|
|
|
671 | (2) |
|
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
4 Traditional Recipes of Fruit Wines |
|
|
676 | (19) |
|
|
|
677 | (4) |
|
|
|
681 | (5) |
|
4.3 Tropical and Exotic Fruit Wines |
|
|
686 | (5) |
|
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
|
|
692 | (3) |
|
5 The Fruit Wines in the Market |
|
|
695 | (4) |
|
5.1 Niche Market Segments |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
|
|
699 | (6) |
|
|
|
700 | (5) |
| Index |
|
705 | |