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Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination: Assessment & Pre-treatment of Fouling and Scaling [Kõva köide]

Edited by , Edited by , Edited by , Edited by , Edited by
  • Formaat: Hardback, 320 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 234x156x18 mm
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Aug-2021
  • Kirjastus: IWA Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1780409850
  • ISBN-13: 9781780409856
Teised raamatud teemal:
Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination: Assessment & Pre-treatment of Fouling and ScalingSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 320 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 234x156x18 mm
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Aug-2021
  • Kirjastus: IWA Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1780409850
  • ISBN-13: 9781780409856
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781780409856.html
Märksõnad:
This textbook covers the fundamentals of fouling and scaling in reverse osmosis systems. It includes theory and practice of pre-treatment, fouling and scaling in reverse osmosis applied for drinking and industrial water production. The impact of the water source – seawater, river water, brackish groundwater and (treated domestic) waste water – will be discussed in depth. The book presents the knowledge and experience gained at IHE Delft over the last 25 years during the implementation of the master programme in Water Supply Engineering and during the implementation of state-of-the-art research in understanding and solving operational problems in full scale desalination plants. It presents the expert knowledge of IHE Delft in the areas of pre-treatment for reverse osmosis systems, assessment of water quality with respect to fouling potential, development of methods for quality assessment, modified fouling index ultrafiltration at constant flux, transparent exopolymer particles, antiscalant dose optimization, biological growth potential), algal blooms, scaling control. The book will be used in the annual master programme at IHE Delft and it will be of interest for students, academics, engineers and managers in drinking water facilities all over the world.
Foreword v
Contributors vii
About the editors ix
Chapter 1 Introduction to desalination
1(28)
1.1 Drivers
1(2)
1.2 Desalination technologies
3(11)
1.2.1 Reverse osmosis
3(3)
1.2.2 Distillation
6(6)
1.2.3 Energy consumption and cost
12(2)
1.3 Global desalination capacity
14(6)
1.3.1 Desalination capacity by technology and source water type
15(2)
1.3.2 Desalination capacity by region
17(1)
1.3.3 Desalination capacity per type of customer
18(2)
1.4 Desalination in developing countries
20(2)
1.5 Environmental concerns
22(3)
1.6 Membrane fouling
25(1)
1.7 Concluding remarks
26(1)
1.8 References
26(3)
Chapter 2 Basic principles of reverse osmosis
29(30)
2.1 Introduction
29(1)
2.2 Osmotic pressure
30(3)
2.2.1 Calculation of osmotic pressure
31(2)
2.3 Water flow
33(3)
2.3.1 Salt rejection
35(1)
2.3.2 Salt passage
35(1)
2.4 Salt flow
36(4)
2.4.1 Permeate salinity
39(1)
2.5 Recovery
40(3)
2.6 Pressure drop
43(1)
2.7 Concentration polarization
44(5)
2.7.1 Control of concentration polarization
46(1)
2.7.2 Effects of concentration polarization
47(1)
2.7.3 Concentration polarization factor
47(2)
2.8 Mass transfer coefficient
49(1)
2.9 Temperature and water quality
50(2)
2.10 Factors affecting reverse osmosis performance
52(1)
2.11 Energy consumption
53(4)
2.12 System configuration
57(1)
2.13 References
58(1)
Chapter 3 Fouling and pre-treatment
59(26)
3.1 Introduction to fouling
59(2)
3.2 Pre-treatment
61(22)
3.2.1 Intakes, shore wells / beach wells
63(1)
3.2.2 Conventional pre-treatment processes
64(1)
3.2.3 Screens
65(1)
3.2.4 Chlorination
66(1)
3.2.5 Granular media filters
67(1)
3.2.5.1 Filter media
68(2)
3.2.5.2 Vulnerability of media filtration
70(1)
3.2.5.3 Filtration rate
71(1)
3.2.5.4 Filters
72(1)
3.2.5.5 Media and quality effluent
73(1)
3.2.5.6 Dual and multimedia filtration
74(1)
3.2.6 Inline coagulation (direct filtration)
74(1)
3.2.6.1 Commonly applied coagulants
75(1)
3.2.7 Flocculation -- sedimentation -- media filtration
75(1)
3.2.8 Dissolved air flotation
76(2)
3.2.9 Cartridge filtration
78(1)
3.2.10 Membrane pre-treatment
78(3)
3.2.11 Comparison between conventional and membrane pre-treatment
81(2)
3.3 References
83(2)
Chapter 4 Particulate fouling
85(40)
4.1 Introduction
85(2)
4.2 Particles
87(1)
4.3 Particulate fouling equation
88(11)
4.3.1 Constant pressure filtration
90(1)
4.3.2 Constant flux filtration
90(2)
4.3.2.1 Cross-flow and dead-end filtration
92(1)
4.3.3 Modelling particle deposition in RO
92(1)
4.3.3.1 Mass balance equations
93(3)
4.3.3.2 Particle deposition mechanisms
96(2)
4.3.4 The particulate fouling prediction model
98(1)
4.3.4.1 At constant pressure
98(1)
4.3.4.2 At constant flux
98(1)
4.4 Silt density index (SDI)
99(8)
4.4.1 Weaknesses of the SDI
102(1)
4.4.1.1 SDI versus turbidity
103(1)
4.4.1.2 Non-correlation with concentration of particles
103(1)
4.4.1.3 Membrane material
104(1)
4.4.1.4 Water temperature
105(1)
4.4.2 Predictive value of the SDI
106(1)
4.5 Modified fouling index (MFI)
107(5)
4.5.1.1 Effect of membrane support holder in SDI and MFI0.45
110(1)
4.5.2 Predicting the rate of fouling in spiral wound RO elements with MFI.045
111(1)
4.6 Modified fouling index-ultrafiltration (MFI-UF)
112(6)
4.6.1 MFI-UF constant pressure
112(2)
4.6.2 MFI-UF constant flux
114(1)
4.6.2.1 Membranes
115(1)
4.6.2.2 Flux rate
115(1)
4.6.3 Predicting pressure increase in RO systems
116(2)
4.7 Predicting pressure development in micro- and ultrafiltration systems
118(4)
4.8 References
122(3)
Chapter 5 Organic and biological fouling
125(20)
5.1 What is organic fouling and biofouling?
125(3)
5.2 Impact of organic fouling and biofouling on plant operation
128(2)
5.3 Pretreatments
130(1)
5.4 Prediction of biofouling potential in RO feedwater
130(2)
5.4.1 Colony forming units (CFU)
131(1)
5.4.2 Total direct cell (TDC) count
131(1)
5.4.3 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content
131(1)
5.4.4 Assimilable organic carbon (AOC)
132(1)
5.5 Membrane cleaning
132(4)
5.5.1 Chemical cleaning
132(1)
5.5.2 Acid and base coupled with chelating agents
133(2)
5.5.3 Biocides
135(1)
5.5.4 Surfactants
136(1)
5.6 Membrane fouling characterization methods
136(1)
5.6.1 Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR)
136(1)
5.6.2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
137(1)
5.6.3 Confocal scanning electron microscopy (CLSM)
137(1)
5.6.4 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
137(1)
5.7 Present efforts and future research directions
137(3)
5.7.1 Membrane surface modification
137(1)
5.7.2 Biological agents
138(2)
5.8 References
140(5)
Chapter 6 Algal blooms and RO desalination
145(42)
6.1 Introduction
145(1)
6.2 Algal blooms
146(7)
6.2.1 Factors triggering algal blooms
147(2)
6.2.2 Type of blooms
149(1)
6.2.2.1 Toxic micro-algal blooms
149(1)
6.2.2.2 Non-toxic micro-algal blooms
149(1)
6.2.2.2 Macro-algal blooms
150(1)
6.2.3 Algal-derived organic matter
150(1)
6.2.3.1 Extracellular organic matter
151(1)
6.2.3.2 Intracellular organic matter
152(1)
6.2.3.3 Taste and odour compounds
152(1)
6.3 RO challenges during algal blooms
153(6)
6.3.1 Algal toxins
153(1)
6.3.1.1 Fate of algal toxins through RO
154(1)
6.3.2 Pre-treatment challenges
155(1)
6.3.2.1 Clogging of granular media filters
155(1)
6.3.2.2 Fouling of MF/UF
156(1)
6.3.3 RO fouling
157(2)
6.4 Algal bloom monitoring in RO plants
159(7)
6.4.1 Conventional parameters
159(1)
6.4.2 Algae concentration
159(1)
6.4.2.1 Cell count
160(1)
6.4.2.2 Cholorophyll-a
160(1)
6.4.2.3 Remote sensing to monitor algal bloom transport and landfall
160(1)
6.4.3 Algal organic matter characterisation
161(1)
6.4.3.1 Liquid chromatography - organic carbon detection (LC-OCD)
162(1)
6.4.3.2 FEEM
162(1)
6.4.3.3 TEP concentration
163(1)
6.4.3.4 HAB toxins
163(1)
6.4.3.5 Taste and odour compounds
164(1)
6.4.4 Particulate fouling potential
164(1)
6.4.5 Biological fouling potential
165(1)
6.5 Operational & pretreatment strategies
166(10)
6.5.1 Toxin risk management in RO plants
166(1)
6.5.2 Seawater intake design considerations
167(1)
6.5.3 Chlorination and de-chlorination
168(1)
6.5.4 Dissolved air flotation
169(1)
6.5.5 Granular media filtration
170(1)
6.5.6 Microfiltration and ultrafiltration
170(2)
6.5.7 Emerging pretreatment solutions
172(1)
6.5.7.1 Ultrasonic algae control at the water intake
172(1)
6.5.7.2 Integrated flotation-filtration pretreatment
173(1)
6.5.7.3 Auto-adaptive operation of MF/UF pretreatment
174(2)
6.6 References
176(11)
Chapter 7 Inorganic fouling
187(20)
7.1 Introduction
187(1)
7.2 Origin of iron and manganese
188(3)
7.2.1 Anaerobic conditions
189(1)
7.2.2 Aerobic conditions
190(1)
7.2.3 Degree of anaerobia
190(1)
7.3 Composition of groundwater and beach wells
191(4)
7.3.1 Beach/shore wells
195(1)
7.4 Membrane fouling due to iron and manganese
195(2)
7.4.1 Fouling due to iron
195(1)
7.4.2 Fouling due to manganese
196(1)
7.5 Rate of oxidation iron (II) and manganese (II)
197(1)
7.6 How to avoid fouling due to iron (II) and manganese (II)
198(6)
7.6.1 Controlling membrane fouling due to iron and manganese
199(1)
7.6.2 Removal of iron and manganese
200(1)
7.6.2.1 Aeration followed by sand filtration
200(1)
7.6.2.2 Iron removal
200(2)
7.6.2.3 Manganese removal
202(1)
7.6.2.4 Polishing with cartridge filtration
203(1)
7.7 Summarizing
204(2)
7.8 References
206(1)
Chapter 8 Scaling
207(36)
8.1 Membrane scaling
207(6)
8.1.1 Solubility of salts and supersaturation
208(3)
8.1.2 Precipitation kinetics
211(1)
8.1.2.1 Nucleation
211(1)
8.1.2.2 Crystal growth
212(1)
8.1.2.3 Concept of induction time
212(1)
8.2 Factors affecting scaling
213(3)
8.2.1 pH in RO concentrate and in RO permeate
214(2)
8.3 Types of scale encountered in RO
216(4)
8.3.1 Calcium carbonate scaling
216(1)
8.3.2 Calcium sulphate scaling
217(1)
8.3.3 Silica/metal silicates
218(1)
8.3.4 Barium sulphate scaling
218(1)
8.3.5 Calcium phosphate scaling
219(1)
8.4 Prediction of scaling tendency
220(3)
8.4.1 Scaling indices
220(1)
8.4.1.1 Saturation index (SI)
220(1)
8.4.1.2 Supersaturation ratio (Sr)
221(1)
8.4.1.3 Langelier saturation index (LSI)
222(1)
8.4.1.4 Stiff-Davis stability index (S&DSI)
222(1)
8.4.1.5 Calcium carbonate precipitation potential (CCPP)
222(1)
8.5 Scaling predictions with computer software
223(1)
8.5.1 Commercial programs
223(1)
8.5.2 PHREEQC
224(1)
8.6 Monitoring scaling in RO
224(7)
8.6.1 Sensors and data monitoring
224(1)
8.6.2 Parameters used to monitor scaling in RO systems
225(4)
8.6.3 Monitoring systems
229(2)
8.7 Scaling control and antiscalants
231(3)
8.7.1 Altering feed water characteristics
231(1)
8.7.2 Optimization of operating parameters and system design
232(1)
8.7.3 Addition of scale inhibitors/antiscalants
232(1)
8.7.4 Antiscalants
233(1)
8.8 Determination of antiscalant dose in ro systems
234(2)
8.8.1 Dosage determination of scale inhibitor (antiscalant)
234(1)
8.8.2 Dosage control and optimization
235(1)
8.8.3 Summarizing
236(1)
8.9 Scaling in seawater reverse osmosis
236(3)
8.9.1 Case study: SWRO pilot plant at the North Sea in the Netherlands
236(3)
8.10 References
239(4)
Chapter 9 Process design of reverse osmosis systems
243(22)
9.1 Introduction
243(4)
9.1.1 Basic data
244(1)
9.1.2 Membrane type
245(2)
9.2 Design guidelines
247(1)
9.3 Process design steps
248(16)
9.3.1 Step 1 - Simplified calculation of permeate concentration
248(1)
9.3.2 Step 2 - Calculation number of elements and pressure vessels
249(1)
9.3.3 Step 3 - Membrane permeability coefficients for water and salt
250(1)
9.3.3.1 Calculation of membrane permeability coefficient for water (Kw)
250(2)
9.3.3.2 Calculation of membrane permeability coefficient for salt (Ks)
252(1)
9.3.4 Step 4 - Preliminary calculation of feed pressure
253(1)
9.3.5 Step 5 - Calculations of flows, recovery, and concentration polarization factor for each element
254(4)
9.3.5.1 Calculation of the concentration polarization factor
258(1)
9.3.6 Step 6 - Calculations of permeate quality
259(1)
9.3.6.1 Assuming a constant salt rejection (no flux effect)
259(1)
9.3.6.2 Salt rejection depends on the flux
259(2)
9.3.7 Step 7 - Cross-flow velocity calculation
261(1)
9.3.8 Step 8 - Energy consumption
261(1)
9.3.8.1 Energy to raise the pressure of 1 m3 to 1 bar
261(1)
9.3.8.2 Without energy recovery device (ERD)
262(1)
9.3.8.3 With energy recovery device (ERD)
262(1)
9.3.9 Step 9-Summary
262(2)
9.4 References
264(1)
Chapter 10 Recent advances in SWRO and emerging membrane-based processes for seawater desalination
265
10.1 Introduction and background
265(1)
10.2 Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO)
266(2)
10.2.1 Recent trends in seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO)
266(1)
10.2.2 High Permeability reverse osmosis (HR-RO) membranes
267(1)
10.2.3 Anti-fouling reverse osmosis (AF-RO) Membranes
267(1)
10.2.4 Closed circuit reverse osmosis (CC-RO)
268(1)
10.2.5 Flow reversal reverse osmosis (FR-RO)
268(1)
10.3 Other membrane-based seawater desalination processes
268(3)
10.3.1 Forward osmosis (FO) desalination
268(1)
10.3.2 Membrane distillation (MD) desalination
269(1)
10.3.3 Electrodialysis (ED) desalination
270(1)
10.4 Membrane based salinity gradient energy processes
271(1)
10.4.1 Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO)
271(1)
10.4.2 Reverse electrodialysis (RED)
272(1)
10.5 Renewable energy-driven desalination
272(1)
10.6 Innovations and trends in SWRO pre- and post-treatment
273(1)
10.6.1 Innovations in SWRO pre-treatment
273(1)
10.6.2 SWRO post-treatment trends
273(1)
10.7 References
274