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Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) Desalination: Energy consumption in plants, advanced low-energy technologies, and future developments for improving energy efficiency [Pehme köide]

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  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 180 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 234x156x18 mm
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-May-2023
  • Kirjastus: IWA Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1789061202
  • ISBN-13: 9781789061208
Teised raamatud teemal:
Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) Desalination: Energy consumption in plants, advanced low-energy technologies, and future developments for improving energy efficiencySuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 180 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 234x156x18 mm
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-May-2023
  • Kirjastus: IWA Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1789061202
  • ISBN-13: 9781789061208
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781789061208.html
Märksõnad:
High-energy consumption is a critical issue associated with seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination, although the SWRO has been regarded as one of the most energy-efficient processes for seawater desalination. This means that SWRO involves a larger amount of fossil fuel and other energy sources for water production, which imposes a negative impact on the environment such as greenhouse gas emission. Therefore, the high-energy consumption of SWRO should be addressed to minimize environmental impacts and to allow for sustainable exploitation of seawater. However, the recent trend of energy consumption in SWRO seems to have reached a saturation point, which is still higher than theoretical minimum energy. To find new and innovative strategies for lowering current energy consumption, a comprehensive understanding of energy use in SWRO plants from theoretical analysis to actual energy consumption in real SWRO plants is required. This book can provide readers with information about the current state of energy consumption in actual SWRO plants, the fundamental understanding of energy use of SWRO plants from theoretical point of view, and advanced technologies and processes that could be applied for future energy reduction. In addition, this book will offer a detailed methodology for analyzing energy issues in seawater desalination. Through this book, readers will obtain an insight into how to deal with and analyze the energy issues in SWRO desalination.
Chapter 1 Reverse osmosis
1(6)
1.1 Introduction
1(3)
1.2 Definition and Osmotic Pressure
4(1)
1.3 Principle of RO
5(2)
Chapter 2 SWRO desalination plants
7(30)
2.1 Overall Process
7(1)
2.2 SWRO Intake
8(2)
2.2.1 Open water intakes
9(1)
2.2.2 Subsurface intakes
9(1)
2.3 Pre-Treatment
10(8)
2.3.1 Dissolved air flotation
10(3)
2.3.2 Dual media nitration
13(2)
2.3.3 Membrane-based pretreatment
15(2)
2.3.4 Cartridge filter
17(1)
2.4 RO System Equipment
18(3)
2.4.1 High-pressure pump
18(1)
2.4.2 Energy-recovery device
19(2)
2.5 RO Membranes
21(2)
2.6 RO Configurations
23(8)
2.6.1 RO pass configuration
24(2)
2.6.2 SWRO system configuration
26(3)
2.6.3 BWRO system configuration
29(2)
2.7 Post-Treatment
31(3)
2.7.1 Stabilization and corrosion control
32(1)
2.7.2 pH adjustment
32(1)
2.7.3 Alkalinity adjustment
32(1)
2.7.4 Hardness (CaCO3) adjustment
33(1)
2.7.5 Disinfection
33(1)
2.7.6 Aeration and degasification
33(1)
2.8 Discharge
34(3)
2.8.1 Conventional discharge strategy
34(1)
2.8.2 Discharge to injection wells
34(1)
2.8.3 Discharge to offshore galleries and trenches
34(1)
2.8.4 Zero liquid discharge (ZLD)
35(1)
2.8.5 Dilution of concentrate using forward osmosis process
35(2)
Chapter 3 Energy consumption in SWRO operation
37(18)
3.1 Membrane Transport Mechanism in a Small-Scale System
37(11)
3.1.1 Solution--diffusion theory
37(2)
3.1.2 Permeate resistance
39(1)
3.1.3 Concentration polarization
40(2)
3.1.4 RO fouling
42(6)
3.2 Membrane Transport Mechanism in Module-Scale Operation
48(3)
3.3 Energy Consumption Model in the RO Process
51(4)
Chapter 4 Recent trends in the SEC of SWRO
55(18)
4.1 SWRO Plants Worldwide
55(1)
4.1.1 Data collection
55(1)
4.1.2 Data processing
55(1)
4.1.3 Trends in datasets
56(1)
4.2 Increasing Large-Scale SWRO Applications
56(8)
4.3 Using ERDs with High Energy Efficiency
64(1)
4.4 Increasing Product Water Quantity
65(1)
4.5 Improving Product Water Quality
66(1)
4.6 Applying Multiple Pretreatment Methods for Harmful Algal Blooms
67(3)
4.7 Performing Retrofitting and Expansion
70(1)
4.8 Utilizing Renewable Energy
71(2)
Chapter 5 Factors affecting the SEC of SWRO plants
73(12)
5.1 Specific Energy Consumption of Pre- and Post-Treatment
73(1)
5.2 Feed Conditions
74(2)
5.2.1 Feed salinity
74(1)
5.2.2 Feed temperature
74(1)
5.2.3 Overall feed conditions
75(1)
5.3 Equipment Efficiency
76(2)
5.3.1 ERD efficiency
76(1)
5.3.2 Pump efficiency
77(1)
5.4 Target Conditions
78(4)
5.4.1 Permeate quality
78(2)
5.4.2 Permeate quantity
80(2)
5.5 Summary and Future Directions
82(3)
Chapter 6 Advanced technologies for a low-energy SWRO process
85(66)
6.1 Theoretical Energy Calculation of the SWRO Process
85(10)
6.1.1 Exergy analysis for theoretical minimum energy
85(6)
6.1.2 Analysis of future directions for low-energy SWRO
91(3)
6.1.3 Maximum available margin for low-energy SWRO
94(1)
6.2 Minimizing Irreversibility in a High-Pressure Pump
95(12)
6.2.1 Multistage RO
95(3)
6.2.2 Semi-batch RO
98(1)
6.2.3 Batch RO
99(2)
6.2.4 Hybrid batch RO
101(4)
6.2.5 Energy comparison of minimizing irreversibility in HPP
105(2)
6.3 Reducing the Osmotic Pressure of Seawater
107(10)
6.3.1 Split partial single pass
107(2)
6.3.2 FO and reverse osmosis (RO) hybrid process
109(3)
6.3.3 Draw solution-assisted RO
112(2)
6.3.4 Energy comparison of reducing the osmotic pressure of seawater
114(3)
6.4 Osmotic Energy Recovery in Concentrate Streams
117(8)
6.4.1 Pressure retarded osmosis
117(3)
6.4.2 Reverse electrodialysis
120(4)
6.4.3 Osmotic energy recovery in a concentrate stream
124(1)
6.5 Improvement of RO Membranes
125(26)
6.5.1 Introduction of novel building blocks
126(1)
6.5.2 RO membrane surface modification
126(1)
6.5.3 Biomimetic RO membranes
127(1)
6.5.4 Inorganic RO membranes
128(1)
6.5.5 Mixed matrix RO membranes
129(2)
Chapter 7 Concluding remarks and epilogue
131(1)
Acknowledgments 132(1)
References 133(26)
Index 159