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xv | |
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xvii | |
Preface |
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xix | |
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1 | (72) |
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3 | (16) |
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1.1 The Study of Second Language Acquisition |
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3 | (3) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.3 The Nature of Language |
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7 | (6) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (2) |
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1.3.4 Morphology and the Lexicon |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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1.4 The Nature of Nonnative Speaker Knowledge |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (5) |
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2 Where Do Data Come From? |
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19 | (54) |
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19 | (7) |
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26 | (5) |
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31 | (1) |
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2.3.7 Measuring General Proficiency |
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31 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Measuring Nonlinguistic Information |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (2) |
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2.3.3.2 Stimulated Recall |
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38 | (2) |
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2.3.3.3 Post-Production Interviews |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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2.3.5 Language Elicitation Measures |
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43 | (1) |
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2.3.5.1 Elicited Imitation |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (4) |
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48 | (1) |
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2.3.5.4 Discourse Completion |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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2.3.6.2 Self-Paced Reading |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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2.3.6.4 Neurolinguistic Data |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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2.6 Issues in Data Analysis |
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56 | (8) |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (7) |
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PART TWO HISTORICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF SLA RESEARCH |
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73 | (82) |
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3 The Role of the Native Language: A Historical Overview |
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75 | (29) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Linguistic Background |
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76 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Psychological Background |
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78 | (2) |
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3.3 Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis |
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80 | (5) |
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85 | (8) |
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93 | (11) |
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104 | (29) |
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104 | (1) |
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4.2 First Language Acquisition |
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104 | (7) |
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107 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Sounds and Pronunciation |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (3) |
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4.4 Child L2 Morpheme Order Studies |
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114 | (4) |
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4.5 Adult L2 Morpheme Order Studies |
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118 | (5) |
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123 | (6) |
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4.6.1 The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis |
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123 | (1) |
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4.6.2 The Natural Order Hypothesis |
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124 | (1) |
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4.6.3 The Monitor Hypothesis |
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124 | (2) |
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4.6.4 The Input Hypothesis |
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126 | (1) |
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4.6.5 The Affective Filter Hypothesis |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (4) |
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5 Alternative Approaches to the Role of Previously Known Languages |
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133 | (22) |
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5.1 Revised Perspectives on the Role of the Native Language |
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133 | (16) |
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135 | (2) |
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5.1.2 Differential Learning Rates |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (3) |
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141 | (1) |
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5.1.5 Predictability/Selectivity |
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142 | (6) |
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5.1.6 L1 Influences in L2 Processing |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (6) |
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PART THREE A FOCUS ON FORM: LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS |
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155 | (58) |
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6 Formal Approaches to SLA |
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157 | (38) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (18) |
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161 | (1) |
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6.2.1.1 Fundamental Difference Hypothesis |
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162 | (1) |
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6.2.1.2 Access to UG Hypothesis |
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163 | (6) |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (3) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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6.3 Transfer: The Generative/UG Perspective |
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176 | (2) |
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6.3.1 Levels of Representation |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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6.4 The Fundamental Difference Hypothesis Revised |
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178 | (2) |
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6.5 Semantics and the Syntax-Semantics Interface Hypothesis |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Syntax and Semantics: The Interface Hypothesis |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (9) |
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6.6.7 Markedness Differential Hypothesis |
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182 | (2) |
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6.6.2 Similarity/Dissimilarity: Speech Learning Model |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (2) |
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6.6.4 Ontogeny Phytogeny Model |
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187 | (3) |
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190 | (5) |
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195 | (18) |
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7.1 Typological Universals |
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195 | (10) |
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7.7.7 Test Case I: The Accessibility Hierarchy |
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198 | (3) |
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7.1.2 Test Case II: The Acquisition of Questions |
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201 | (2) |
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7.1.3 Test Case III: VoicedA/oiceless Consonants |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (1) |
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7.3 Typological Universals: Conclusion |
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206 | (1) |
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7.4 Typological Primacy Model |
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206 | (2) |
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7.5 The Role of the L1: Three Approaches |
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208 | (1) |
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7.6 Conclusion: General Comments about Universals |
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208 | (5) |
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PART FOUR A FOCUS ON MEANING |
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213 | (58) |
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8 Meaning-Based Approaches |
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215 | (16) |
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215 | (1) |
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8.2 Functional Approaches |
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215 | (3) |
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8.2.7 The Relationship between Form and Function |
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215 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Concept-Oriented Approach |
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216 | (2) |
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8.3 Tense and Aspect: The Aspect Hypothesis |
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218 | (6) |
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8.4 The Discourse Hypothesis |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (5) |
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231 | (40) |
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9.1 The Significance of the Lexicon |
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231 | (2) |
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9.2 Lexical Knowledge: What Does it Mean to Know a Word? |
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233 | (15) |
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9.2.1 Production and Reception |
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234 | (2) |
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9.2.2 Knowledge and Control |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (2) |
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239 | (1) |
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9.2.5 Word Associations and Networks |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (1) |
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9.2.7 Formulaic Language, Collocations, and Chunking |
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243 | (1) |
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9.2.7.1 Use of Multiword Units |
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243 | (1) |
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9.2.7.2 Learning of Multiword Units |
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244 | (2) |
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9.2.7.3 Processing of Multiword Units |
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246 | (2) |
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9.3 Influences on L2 Vocabulary and Development |
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248 | (11) |
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248 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Incidental Vocabulary Learning |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (2) |
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9.3.2.2 What Helps Learning? |
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252 | (4) |
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9.3.3 Depth of Processing |
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256 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Incremental Vocabulary Learning |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (6) |
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259 | (4) |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (6) |
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PART FIVE COGNITIVE AND PROCESSING APPROACHES TO SLA |
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271 | (60) |
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10 Psycholinguistic Approaches to Learning |
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273 | (28) |
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273 | (1) |
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10.2 Models of Language Production |
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273 | (1) |
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10.3 Processability Theory |
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274 | (4) |
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278 | (3) |
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278 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Processing Determinism |
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279 | (1) |
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10.4.3 Autonomous Induction Theory |
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280 | (1) |
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10.4.4 Shallow Structure Hypothesis |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (9) |
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282 | (5) |
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10.5.2 Frequency-Based Accounts |
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287 | (3) |
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10.6 Complex Dynamic Systems |
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290 | (2) |
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10.7 Skill Acquisition Theory |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (8) |
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11 Psycholinguistic Constructs and Knowledge Types |
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301 | (30) |
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301 | (1) |
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11.2 Information Processing |
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301 | (19) |
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301 | (4) |
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305 | (2) |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (3) |
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311 | (4) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (4) |
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320 | (5) |
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11.3.1 Acquisition/Learning |
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320 | (1) |
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11.3.2 Declarative/Procedural |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (2) |
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11.3.4 Representation/Control |
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323 | (2) |
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11.4 Interface of Knowledge Types |
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325 | (3) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (3) |
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PART SIX THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT OF LEARNING |
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331 | (168) |
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12 Interlanguage in Context |
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333 | (57) |
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333 | (1) |
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12.2 Sociocultural Approaches |
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333 | (11) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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12.2.3 Zone of Proximal Development |
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335 | (4) |
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339 | (3) |
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12.2.5 Learning in a Sociocultural Framework |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (2) |
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12.3 Sociolinguistic Variation |
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344 | (3) |
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12.4 Systematic Variation |
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347 | (18) |
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72.4.7 Linguistic Context |
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348 | (3) |
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12.4.2 Social Context Relating to the Native Language |
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351 | (2) |
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12.4.3 Social Context Relating to Interlocutor, Task Type, and Conversational Topic |
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353 | (11) |
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12.4.4 Sociolinguistic Norms |
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364 | (1) |
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12.5 Conversation Analysis |
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365 | (3) |
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12.6 Communication Strategies |
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368 | (2) |
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370 | (7) |
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12.8 Conclusion: SLA and Other Disciplines |
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377 | (13) |
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13 Input, Interaction, and Output |
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390 | (64) |
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390 | (1) |
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390 | (4) |
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394 | (5) |
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399 | (8) |
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407 | (7) |
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73.5.7 Hypothesis Testing |
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410 | (4) |
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414 | (1) |
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13.5.3 Meaning-Based to Grammar-Based Processing |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (16) |
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416 | (3) |
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13.6.2 Corrective Feedback |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (9) |
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429 | (1) |
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13.6.2.3 Metalinguistic Feedback |
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430 | (1) |
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13.7 The Role of Input and Interaction in Language Learning |
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430 | (16) |
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73.7.7 The Functions of Input and Interaction |
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430 | (8) |
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13.7.2 Effectiveness of Feedback |
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (1) |
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440 | (2) |
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13.7.2.3 Metalinguistic Awareness |
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442 | (1) |
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13.7.3 Who Benefits from Interaction: When and Why? |
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443 | (3) |
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13.8 Limitations of Input |
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446 | (1) |
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447 | (7) |
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14 Contexts of Language Learning: Classrooms, Study Abroad, and Technology |
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454 | (45) |
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454 | (1) |
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14.2 Classroom-Based Instruction |
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455 | (20) |
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74.2.7 Classroom Language |
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455 | (5) |
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14.2.2 Teachability/Learnability |
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460 | (4) |
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14.2.3 Focus on Form and Task-Based Language Teaching |
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464 | (5) |
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469 | (2) |
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14.2.3.2 Forms to Focus On |
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471 | (1) |
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472 | (2) |
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14.2.3.4 Input Manipulation and Input Enhancement |
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474 | (1) |
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14.3 Complexity, Accuracy, Fluency, and Planning |
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475 | (3) |
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14.4 Processing Instruction |
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478 | (3) |
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14.5 Uniqueness of Instruction |
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481 | (3) |
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14.6 Effectiveness of Instruction |
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484 | (3) |
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14.7 SLA and Classroom Practices |
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487 | (1) |
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488 | (6) |
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488 | (3) |
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14.8.2 Technology-Enhanced Language Learning |
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491 | (3) |
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494 | (5) |
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PART SEVEN THE INDIVIDUAL LANGUAGE LEARNER |
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499 | (74) |
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15 Learner-Internal Influences |
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501 | (47) |
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501 | (1) |
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15.2 The Influence of Psychology in SLA |
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502 | (1) |
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15.3 Methodological Considerations |
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502 | (1) |
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503 | (11) |
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514 | (8) |
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522 | (8) |
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15.6.1 Motivation as a Function of Time and Success |
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524 | (1) |
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525 | (2) |
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15.6.3 The L2 Motivational Self System |
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527 | (2) |
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15.6.4 Influence of Success on Motivation and Demotivation |
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529 | (1) |
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530 | (3) |
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531 | (1) |
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15.7.2 Other Emotional Variables |
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532 | (1) |
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533 | (3) |
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75.8.7 Extroversion and Introversion |
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534 | (1) |
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535 | (1) |
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536 | (6) |
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542 | (6) |
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16 Related Disciplines: A Focus on the Multilingual and Multimodal Learner |
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548 | (25) |
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548 | (1) |
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16.2 Bilingual Acquisition |
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549 | (7) |
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16.3 Third Language Acquisition/Multilingualism |
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556 | (7) |
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16.4 Heritage Language Acquisition |
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563 | (3) |
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16.5 SLA by the Deaf/Hard of Hearing |
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566 | (3) |
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569 | (4) |
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573 | (27) |
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17 An Integrated View of Second Language Acquisition |
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575 | (25) |
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17.1 An Integration of Subareas |
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575 | (12) |
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578 | (3) |
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17.1.2 Comprehended Input |
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581 | (2) |
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583 | (1) |
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584 | (2) |
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586 | (1) |
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587 | (13) |
Glossary |
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600 | (12) |
References |
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612 | (106) |
Author Index |
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718 | (17) |
Subject Index |
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735 | |