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Signal Processing for Solar Array Monitoring, Fault Detection, and Optimization [Pehme köide]

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  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 120 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x191 mm, kaal: 194 g
  • Sari: Synthesis Lectures on Power Electronics
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Sep-2012
  • Kirjastus: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
  • ISBN-10: 1608459489
  • ISBN-13: 9781608459483
Teised raamatud teemal:
Signal Processing for Solar Array Monitoring, Fault Detection, and OptimizationSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 120 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x191 mm, kaal: 194 g
  • Sari: Synthesis Lectures on Power Electronics
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Sep-2012
  • Kirjastus: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
  • ISBN-10: 1608459489
  • ISBN-13: 9781608459483
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781608459483.html
Although the solar energy industry has experienced rapid growth recently, high-level management of photovoltaic (PV) arrays has remained an open problem. As sensing and monitoring technology continues to improve, there is an opportunity to deploy sensors in PV arrays in order to improve their management. In this book, we examine the potential role of sensing and monitoring technology in a PV context, focusing on the areas of fault detection, topology optimization, and performance evaluation/data visualization. First, several types of commonly occurring PV array faults are considered and detection algorithms are described. Next, the potential for dynamic optimization of an array’s topology is discussed, with a focus on mitigation of fault conditions and optimization of power output under non-fault conditions. Finally, monitoring system design considerations such as type and accuracy of measurements, sampling rate, and communication protocols are considered. It is our hope that the benefits of monitoring presented here will be sufficient to offset the small additional cost of a sensing system, and that such systems will become common in the near future.
1 Introduction
1(4)
2 Overview of Photovoltaics
5(18)
2.1 Operation of a Photovoltaic Cell
5(9)
2.1.1 Electrical Parameters of a Photovoltaic Cell/Module
9(2)
2.1.2 Resistive Losses in a Solar Cell
11(1)
2.1.3 Bypass Diodes in a PV Module
12(1)
2.1.4 Effect of Temperature and Irradiance
13(1)
2.2 Modeling of Photovoltaic Modules
14(3)
2.2.1 The Sandia Model
15(1)
2.2.2 The Five-Parameter Model
16(1)
2.2.3 Comparison of the Sandia and the Five-Parameter Models
17(1)
2.3 Photovoltaic Array Topologies
17(2)
2.4 Summary
19(4)
3 Causes Performance Degradation and Outage
23(14)
3.1 Shading
23(4)
3.1.1 Bypass Diodes
23(4)
3.2 Module Mismatch
27(1)
3.2.1 Mismatches in Current
27(1)
3.2.2 Mismatches in Diode Parameters
28(1)
3.3 Module Soiling
28(3)
3.4 Ground Fault
31(1)
3.5 Dc Arc Fault
31(3)
3.6 High-resistance Connections
34(1)
3.7 Inverter Failure
35(1)
3.8 Islanding
35(1)
3.9 Summary
35(2)
4 Fault Detection Methods
37(10)
4.1 Current Methods in Photovoltaics
37(1)
4.2 Anomaly Detection and Statistics
38(3)
4.2.1 The Euclidean Distance
38(1)
4.2.2 The Mahalanobis Distance
38(2)
4.2.3 The Minimum Covariance Determinant (MCD)
40(1)
4.2.4 k-Nearest Neighbor Methods
40(1)
4.3 Machine Learning methods
41(3)
4.3.1 Feed-Forward Neural Networks
41(1)
4.3.2 Drawbacks of Neural Networks
42(1)
4.3.3 Support Vector Machines
43(1)
4.4 Summary
44(3)
5 Array Topology Optimization
47(10)
5.1 Fixed Array Topology Design
47(1)
5.1.1 Sizing Stand-Alone PV Arrays
47(1)
5.1.2 Sizing Grid Connected PV Arrays
48(1)
5.2 Need for Reconfigurable Topology
48(3)
5.2.1 Increasing Inverter Uptime
49(1)
5.2.2 Improving Array Output
49(2)
5.3 Existing Reconfiguration Methods
51(4)
5.3.1 Irradiance Equalization
52(1)
5.3.2 Adaptive Banking
53(1)
5.3.3 Other Methods
54(1)
5.4 Requirements for Reconfigurable PV Systems
55(1)
5.5 Summary
55(2)
6 Monitoring of PV Systems
57(10)
6.1 The Need for Ac Side Monitoring
57(1)
6.1.1 Prevent Outages
57(1)
6.1.2 Islanding Protection
57(1)
6.1.3 Improve Power Quality
58(1)
6.1.4 Performance Evaluation
58(1)
6.2 The Need for Dc Side Monitoring
58(1)
6.2.1 Identify Faults
59(1)
6.2.2 Evaluating Trends
59(1)
6.3 Existing Methods of Monitoring
59(2)
6.4 Monitoring System Considerations
61(5)
6.4.1 Sensor Measurements
61(3)
6.4.2 Sensor to Server Communication
64(1)
6.4.3 User Interface
65(1)
6.5 Summary
66(1)
7 Summary
67(2)
A Matlab Code
69(4)
A.1 Sandia Performance Model
69(4)
A.1.1 Parameters for Sharp NT175U1
69(1)
A.1.2 IV Curve for Sandia Performance Model
70(3)
Bibliography 73(8)
Authors' Biographies 81