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Signals and Systems [Pehme köide]

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(, Netaki Institue of Technology, Dwarka, Delhi)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 912 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 241x185x34 mm, kaal: 1200 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Nov-2010
  • Kirjastus: OUP India
  • ISBN-10: 0198066791
  • ISBN-13: 9780198066798
Teised raamatud teemal:
Signals and SystemsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 912 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 241x185x34 mm, kaal: 1200 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Nov-2010
  • Kirjastus: OUP India
  • ISBN-10: 0198066791
  • ISBN-13: 9780198066798
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780198066798.html
Märksõnad:
Signals and Systems is a comprehensive textbook designed for undergraduate students of engineering for a course on signals and systems. Each topic is explained lucidly by introducing the concepts first through abstract mathematical reasoning and illustrations, and then through solved examples.

The book provides a simultaneous coverage of continuous-time and discrete-time signals and systems. Beginning with classifying signals, the book sequentially covers important topics such as convolution and correlation of signals, continuous-time Fourier series, discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time Fourier transform, sampling. Hilbert transform, Laplace transform, and z-transform. A chapter on MATLAB programs presenting the applicability of the software to problems of signals and systems has also been included at the end of the book

Signals and Systems is a textbook designed for undergraduate students of engineering for a course by the same title. This textbook uses a student-friendly approach to explain the fundamental concepts of the subject. It includes numerous solved examples with step-by-step solutions for easier understanding of the theoretical concepts.

Beginning with classifying signals, the book moves on to other topics such as convolution and correlation of signals, CTFS, DTFS, CTFT, Sampling, Laplace Transform, and z-Transform. One complete chapter is devoted to MATLAB programs and another chapter is entirely devoted to Hilbert Transform.

The subject matter is presented by illustrating the concepts first through abstract mathematical reasoning and then through solved examples. Solving the number of multiple choice questions and numerical exercises at the end of the chapters will help students to apply the concepts learnt in the chapters.
Preface v
1 Introduction to Signals and Systems
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Classification of Signals
1(2)
1.2.1 Continuous-time and Discrete-time Signals
1(1)
1.2.2 Continuous-valued and Discrete-valued Signals
2(1)
1.2.3 Multichannel and Multidimensional Signals
2(1)
1.2.4 Deterministic and Random Signals
3(1)
1.3 Transformations of the Independent Variable (Time)
3(6)
1.3.1 Time Shifting
3(1)
1.3.2 Time Scaling
3(1)
1.3.3 Time Reversal
4(2)
1.3.4 Combined Operations
6(3)
1.4 Singularity Functions: Unit Step, Unit Impulse, and Unit Ramp Functions
9(20)
1.4.1 Unit Step Function
10(1)
1.4.2 Unit Impulse Function
10(9)
1.4.3 Unit Ramp Function
19(10)
1.5 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
29(7)
1.5.1 Properties of Periodic Signals
30(6)
1.6 Some Elementary Signals
36(4)
1.6.1 Real Exponential Signals
36(1)
1.6.2 Complex Exponential Signals
37(2)
1.6.3 Signum Function
39(1)
1.6.4 Sampling Function
39(1)
1.7 Energy and Power Signals
40(9)
1.8 Even and Odd Signals
49(9)
1.8.1 Even and Odd Components of a Signal
50(1)
1.8.2 Properties of Continuous-time Even and Odd Signals
50(3)
1.8.3 Properties of Discrete-time Even and Odd Signals
53(5)
1.9 Causal, Anticausal, and Noncausal Signals
58(1)
1.10 Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Systems
59(1)
1.11 Basic System Properties
59(38)
1.11.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems
59(5)
1.11.2 Time-varying and Time-invariant Systems
64(2)
1.11.3 Causal Systems
66(2)
1.11.4 Stable Systems
68(2)
1.11.5 Systems With and Without Memory
70(1)
1.11.6 Invertibility and Inverse Systems
70(27)
2 Convolution and Correlation
97(65)
2.1 Introduction
97(1)
2.2 Continuous-Time LTI systems: The Convolution Integral
97(9)
2.2.1 Unit Impulse Response
98(1)
2.2.2 Convolution Integral
98(8)
2.3 Properties of Convolution Integral
106(15)
2.3.1 Commutative Property
106(1)
2.3.2 Associative Property
106(1)
2.3.3 Distributive Property
107(1)
2.3.4 Shift Property
108(1)
2.3.5 Convolution with an Impulse
108(1)
2.3.6 Width Property
109(1)
2.3.7 Differentiation Property
110(1)
2.3.8 Time-scaling Property
110(11)
2.4 Discrete-Time LTI Systems: The Convolution Sum
121(10)
2.4.1 Convolution Sum
121(10)
2.5 Properties of the Convolution Sum
131(2)
2.5.1 Commutative Property
131(1)
2.5.2 Distributive Property
131(1)
2.5.3 Associative Property
132(1)
2.5.4 Shifting Property
132(1)
2.5.5 Convolution with an Impulse
132(1)
2.5.6 Width Property
132(1)
2.5.7 Sum Property
133(1)
2.6 Relationship between LTI System Properties and the Impulse Response
133(6)
2.6.1 LTI Systems With and Without Memory
133(1)
2.6.2 Causality for LTI Systems
134(1)
2.6.3 Stability for LTI Systems
135(1)
2.6.4 Invertibility for LTI Systems
136(1)
2.6.5 Unit Step Response of an LTI System
136(3)
2.7 Correlation of Signals
139(23)
2.7.1 Crosscorrelation Function of Energy Signals
139(1)
2.7.2 Crosscorrelation Function of Power Signals
140(1)
2.7.3 Autocorrelation Function of Continuous-time Signals
141(1)
2.7.4 Properties of Crosscorrelation and Autocorrelation Functions
141(3)
2.7.5 Crosscorrelation Sequence of Discrete-time Energy Signals
144(1)
2.7.6 Crosscorrelation Sequence of Power Signals
145(1)
2.7.7 Autocorrelation Sequence of Discrete-time Signals
146(1)
2.7.8 Properties of Crosscorrelation and Autocorrelation Sequences
146(16)
3 Continuous-Time Fourier Series
162(63)
3.1 Introduction
162(7)
3.1.1 A Vector View of Signals: Orthogonal Representations
162(7)
3.2 Fourier Series
169(30)
3.2.1 Trigonometric Fourier Series
169(1)
3.2.2 Polar Form Representation of the Fourier series
170(1)
3.2.3 Evaluation of Fourier Series Coefficients
171(4)
3.2.4 Symmetry Conditions
175(16)
3.2.5 Gibbs Phenomenon
191(1)
3.2.6 Exponential Fourier Series
191(1)
3.2.7 Relationship Between Trigonometric and Exponential Fourier Series
192(2)
3.2.8 Line Spectrum
194(1)
3.2.9 Concept of Negative Frequency
195(4)
3.3 Dirichlet Conditions
199(1)
3.4 Properties of Continuous-Time Fourier Series
200(8)
3.4.1 Linearity
200(1)
3.4.2 Time Shifting
201(1)
3.4.3 Frequency Shifting
201(1)
3.4.4 Time Reversal
202(1)
3.4.5 Time Scaling
202(1)
3.4.6 Periodic Convolution
203(1)
3.4.7 Multiplication
203(1)
3.4.8 Differentiation
204(1)
3.4.9 Integration
205(1)
3.4.10 Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry
205(2)
3.4.11 Parseval's Theorem for Power Signals
207(1)
3.5 Systems with Periodic Inputs
208(17)
4 Discrete-Time Fourier Series
225(33)
4.1 Introduction
225(1)
4.2 Discrete-Time Fourier Series (DTFS)
225(11)
4.2.1 Evaluation of DTFS Coefficients
226(2)
4.2.2 Magnitude and Phase Spectrum of Discrete-Time Periodic Signals (Fourier Spectra)
228(8)
4.3 Properties of DTFS
236(9)
4.3.1 Linearity
236(1)
4.3.2 Time Shifting
237(1)
4.3.3 Frequency Shifting
237(1)
4.3.4 Time Reversal
238(1)
4.3.5 Time Scaling
238(1)
4.3.6 Periodic Convolution
239(1)
4.3.7 Multiplication
240(1)
4.3.8 First Difference
241(1)
4.3.9 Running Sum or Accumulation
242(1)
4.3.10 Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry
242(2)
4.3.11 Parseval's Relation
244(1)
4.4 Systems with Periodic Inputs
245(13)
5 Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
258(94)
5.1 Introduction
258(1)
5.2 Fourier Transform Representation of Aperiodic Signals
258(3)
5.3 Convergence of Fourier Transform
261(14)
5.4 Properties of Fourier Transform
275(24)
5.4.1 Linearity
275(1)
5.4.2 Time Shifting
276(1)
5.4.3 Frequency Shifting
277(1)
5.4.4 Time and Frequency Scaling
277(1)
5.4.5 Time Reversal
278(1)
5.4.6 Differentiation in Time Domain
278(2)
5.4.7 Convolution Property
280(1)
5.4.8 Multiplication (or Modulation) Property
281(5)
5.4.9 Differentiation in Frequency Domain
286(1)
5.4.10 Integration
287(1)
5.4.11 Duality
288(6)
5.4.12 Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry
294(2)
5.4.13 Area Under x(t)
296(1)
5.4.14 Area Under X(w)
297(1)
5.4.15 Parseval's Relation
298(1)
5.5 Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
299(3)
5.6 Signal Transmission Through LTI Systems
302(16)
5.6.1 Linear and Nonlinear Phase
307(1)
5.6.2 Phase Delay and Group Delay
308(10)
5.7 Ideal and Practical Filters
318(5)
5.7.1 Paley-Wiener Criterion
320(3)
5.8 Energy Spectral Density (ESD)
323(1)
5.8.1 Relationship Between Input and Output Energy Spectral Densities of an LTI System
323(1)
5.8.2 Relation of ESD to Autocorrelation
324(1)
5.9 Power Spectral Density (PSD)
324(3)
5.9.1 Relationship Between Input and Output Power Spectral Densities of an LTI System
326(1)
5.9.2 Relation of PSD to Autocorrelation
326(1)
5.10 PSD of Periodic Signals
327(25)
6 Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
352(89)
6.1 Introduction
352(1)
6.2 Fourier Transform Representation of Aperiodic Discrete-Time Signals
352(3)
6.3 Periodicity of the DTFT
355(1)
6.4 Convergence of DTFT
355(16)
6.4.1 Gibbs Phenomenon
357(14)
6.5 Properties of DTFT
371(15)
6.5.1 Linearity
372(1)
6.5.2 Time Shifting
372(2)
6.5.3 Frequency Shifting
374(1)
6.5.4 Time Reversal
375(1)
6.5.5 Time Expansion
376(1)
6.5.6 Differencing in Time Domain
376(1)
6.5.7 Differentiation in Frequency Domain
377(2)
6.5.8 Convolution Property
379(2)
6.5.9 Accumulation Property
381(1)
6.5.10 Multiplication (or Modulation or Windowing) Property
382(1)
6.5.11 Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry
383(2)
6.5.12 Parseval's Relation
385(1)
6.6 Some Important Results
386(5)
6.7 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals
391(4)
6.8 Signal Transmission Through LTI Systems
395(16)
6.8.1 Response to Complex Exponentials
396(1)
6.8.2 Steady-State and Transient Responses
397(2)
6.8.3 Response to a Causal Exponential Sequence
399(7)
6.8.4 Linear and Nonlinear Phase
406(1)
6.8.5 Phase Delay and Group Delay
407(4)
6.9 Ideal and Practical Filters
411(7)
6.9.1 Paley-Wiener Criterion
415(3)
6.10 Energy Spectral Density (ESD)
418(1)
6.10.1 Relationship Between Input and Output ESDs of an LTI System
419(1)
6.10.2 Relation of ESD to Autocorrelation
419(1)
6.11 Power Spectral Density (PSD)
419(22)
6.11.1 Relationship Between Input and Output PSDs of an LTI System
421(1)
6.11.2 Relation of ESD to Autocorrelation
421(20)
7 Hilbert Transform
441(39)
7.1 Introduction
441(1)
7.2 Continuous-Time Hilbert Transform
441(6)
7.2.1 Hilbert Transform Relations for Complex Signals
443(4)
7.3 Properties of Continuous-Time Hilbert Transform
447(5)
7.4 Pre-Envelope of Continuous-Time Signals
452(1)
7.5 Complex Envelope and Bandpass Signals
453(3)
7.6 Discrete-Time Hilbert Transform
456(6)
7.6.1 Hilbert Transform Relations for Complex Sequences
459(3)
7.7 Properties of Discrete-Time Hilbert Transform
462(4)
7.8 Pre-Envelope of Discrete-Time Signals
466(1)
7.9 Complex Envelope and Bandpass Signals
467(13)
8 Sampling
480(68)
8.1 Introduction
480(1)
8.2 Sampling
480(1)
8.3 Sampling Theorem for Low-pass Signals
480(12)
8.3.1 Aliasing or Spectrum Folding
484(8)
8.4 Sampling Techniques
492(1)
8.5 Impulse Sampling or Ideal Sampling or Instantaneous Sampling
492(1)
8.6 Natural Sampling or Chopper Sampling
493(3)
8.7 Flat-Top Sampling
496(3)
8.7.1 Aperture Effect
498(1)
8.8 Reconstruction of a signal from Its Samples using Interpolation
499(6)
8.8.1 Zero-order-Hold Interpolation
502(1)
8.8.2 First-order-Hold Interpolation (or Linear Interpolation)
503(2)
8.9 Sampling of Sinusoidal Signals
505(5)
8.10 Sampling Theorem for Real-Valued Bandpass Signals
510(5)
8.10.1 Reconstruction of Real Bandpass Signal
514(1)
8.11 Sampling Theorem for Complex Bandpass Signals
515(6)
8.11.1 Reconstruction of Complex Bandpass Signal
517(4)
8.12 Sampling of Discrete-Time Signals
521(12)
8.12.1 Decimation or Down-sampling
525(2)
8.12.2 Interpolation or Up-sampling
527(2)
8.12.3 Fractional Delays
529(4)
8.13 Relationship Between DTFT and CTFT
533(15)
9 Laplace Transform
548(130)
9.1 Introduction
548(1)
9.2 The Bilateral (Two-sided) Laplace Tranform
549(2)
9.2.1 Inverse Laplace Transform
549(2)
9.3 Relationship Between Laplace Transform and Fourier Transform
551(1)
9.4 Region of Convergence (ROC) for Laplace Transforms
551(1)
9.5 s-Plane
552(6)
9.5.1 Poles and Zeros
553(5)
9.6 Properties of ROC
558(15)
9.7 Properties of the Laplace Transform
573(21)
9.7.1 Linearity
573(1)
9.7.2 Time Shifting
574(3)
9.7.3 Shifting in the s-Domain
577(2)
9.7.4 Time Scaling
579(3)
9.7.5 Scaling in the s-Domain
582(1)
9.7.6 Time Reversal
583(2)
9.7.7 Differentiation in the Time Domain
585(1)
9.7.8 Differentiation in the s-Domain
586(2)
9.7.9 Convolution Property
588(2)
9.7.10 Multiplication Property
590(1)
9.7.11 Integration in the Time Domain
591(2)
9.7.12 Conjugation Property
593(1)
9.8 Laplace Transform of Causal Periodic Signals
594(3)
9.9 Analysis and Characterization of LTI Systems Using the Laplace Transform
597(18)
9.9.1 The Transfer Function and Differential-equation System Description
598(1)
9.9.2 Impulse Response and Step Response
598(3)
9.9.3 Causality
601(4)
9.9.4 Stability
605(1)
9.9.5 Stability of a Causal LTI System
605(10)
9.10 Unilateral (One-Sided) Laplace Transform
615(3)
9.11 Relationship Between Bilateral and Unilateral Laplace Transforms
618(2)
9.12 Properties of Unilateral Laplace Transform
620(14)
9.12.1 Linearity
620(1)
9.12.2 Time Scaling
620(1)
9.12.3 Shifting in the s-Domain
620(1)
9.12.4 Conjugation
620(1)
9.12.5 Differentiation in s-Domain
620(1)
9.12.6 Convolution
621(1)
9.12.7 Multiplication
622(1)
9.12.8 Integration in the s-Domain
623(4)
9.12.9 Time Shifting
627(1)
9.12.10 Differentiation in the Time Domain
627(1)
9.12.11 Integration in the Time Domain
628(2)
9.12.12 Initial-value Theorem
630(2)
9.12.13 Final-value Theorem
632(2)
9.13 Solution of Differential and Integro-Differential Equations
634(6)
9.13.1 Zero-input Response (or Natural Response) and Zero-state Response (or Forced Response)
635(5)
9.14 Block Diagram Representation
640(2)
9.14.1 Cascade Interconnection
640(1)
9.14.2 Parallel Interconnection
641(1)
9.14.3 Feedback Interconnection
641(1)
9.15 System Realization
642(36)
9.15.1 Direct Form I Realization
643(2)
9.15.2 Direct Form II (or Canonic) Realization
645(4)
9.15.3 Cascade and Parallel Realization
649(4)
9.15.4 Transposed Realization
653(25)
10 z-Transform
678(142)
10.1 Introduction
678(1)
10.2 Bilateral (Two-sided) z-Transform
678(2)
10.2.1 Inverse z-Transform
679(1)
10.3 Relationship Between z-Transform and Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
680(1)
10.4 z-plane
681(2)
10.4.1 Poles and Zeros
682(1)
10.5 Region-of-Convergence for z-Transforms
683(4)
10.6 Properties of ROC
687(15)
10.7 s- to z-Plane Mapping
702(3)
10.8 Properties of the z-Transform
705(22)
10.8.1 Linearity
705(1)
10.8.2 Time Shifting
706(1)
10.8.3 Scaling in the z-Domain
707(2)
10.8.4 Time Reversal
709(1)
10.8.5 Differentiation in the z-Domain
710(5)
10.8.6 Time Expansion
715(3)
10.8.7 Convolution Property
718(3)
10.8.8 Correlation Property
721(2)
10.8.9 Accumulation Property
723(2)
10.8.10 First Difference
725(1)
10.8.11 Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry
725(2)
10.9 z-Transform of Causal Periodic Signals
727(2)
10.10 Inversion of the z-Transform
729(18)
10.10.1 Contour Integration Method (or Residue Method)
729(4)
10.10.2 Power Series Expansion Method (or Long Division Method)
733(5)
10.10.3 Partial Fraction Expansion Method
738(9)
10.11 Analysis and Characterization of LTI Systems Using the z-Transform
747(18)
10.11.1 Transfer Function and Difference-equation System Description
748(1)
10.11.2 Impulse Response and Step Response
748(7)
10.11.3 Causality
755(3)
10.11.4 Stability
758(1)
10.11.5 Stability of a Causal LTI System
758(7)
10.12 Unilateral (One-Sided) z-Transform
765(4)
10.13 Properties of Unilateral z-Transform
769(18)
10.13.1 Linearity
769(1)
10.13.2 Scaling in the z-Domain
769(1)
10.13.3 Differentiation in the z-Domain
770(1)
10.13.4 Time Expansion
770(1)
10.13.5 Conjugation Property
770(1)
10.13.6 Convolution Property
770(1)
10.13.7 Accumulation Property
771(1)
10.13.8 Time-delay (Right-shift) Property
772(3)
10.13.9 Time-Advance (Left-shift) Property
775(2)
10.13.10 First Difference
777(1)
10.13.11 Initial-value Theorem
777(2)
10.13.12 Final-value Theorem
779(3)
10.13.13 Solving Difference Equations Using the Unilateral z-Transform
782(2)
10.13.14 Zero-input Response (or Natural Response) and Zero-state Response (or Forced Response)
784(3)
10.14 Block Diagram Representation
787(2)
10.14.1 Cascade Interconnection
788(1)
10.14.2 Parallel Interconnection
788(1)
10.14.3 Feedback Interconnection
789(1)
10.15 System Realization
789(31)
10.15.1 Direct Form I Realization
790(2)
10.15.2 Direct Form II (or Canonic) Realization
792(2)
10.15.3 Cascade and Parallel Realization
794(2)
10.15.4 Transposed Realization
796(24)
11 State Space Analysis
820(37)
11.1 Introduction
820(1)
11.2 Advantages of State Space Representations
820(1)
11.3 The Concept of State
820(1)
11.3.1 State and State Variables
820(1)
11.3.2 State Vector
821(1)
11.3.3 State Space
821(1)
11.3.4 Selection of State Variables
821(1)
11.4 State Space Representation of Continuous-Time LTI Systems
821(7)
11.4.1 Systems Described by Differential Equations
821(3)
11.4.2 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output System
824(1)
11.4.3 Electrical Circuits
825(2)
11.4.4 System Described by Transfer Function
827(1)
11.5 Solution of State Equations for Continuous-Time LTI Systems
828(12)
11.5.1 Laplace Transform Method
828(3)
11.5.2 Solution in the Time Domain
831(4)
11.5.3 Evaluation of State Transition Matrix φ(t) = eAt
835(5)
11.5.4 Properties of STM φ(t) = eAt
840(1)
11.6 State Space Representation of Discrete-Time LTI Systems
840(3)
11.6.1 Systems Described by Difference Equations
840(2)
11.6.2 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output System
842(1)
11.7 Solution of State Equations for Discrete-Time LTI Systems
843(14)
11.7.1 Solution in the Time Domain
843(1)
11.7.2 z-Transform Method
844(1)
11.7.3 Determination of An
845(12)
12 MATLAB Programs
857(14)
12.1 Introduction
857(1)
12.2 MATLAB Variables---Scalars, Vectors, and Matrices
857(1)
12.2.1 Complex Number Operations
858(1)
12.2.2 Generating Vectors
858(1)
12.2.3 Accessing Vector Elements
858(1)
12.3 Matrix Operations
858(2)
12.3.1 Arithmetic Matrix Operations
859(1)
12.3.2 Relational Operations
859(1)
12.4 Flow Control Operations
860(1)
12.5 Math Functions
860(1)
12.6 Simple Plotting Commands
860(11)
A Mathematical Relations
871(5)
A.1 Trigonometric Identities
871(1)
A.2 Power Series Expansion
872(1)
A.3 Sums of Powers of Natural Numbers
873(1)
A.3.1 Series of Exponentials
873(1)
A.4 Derivatives
873(1)
A.5 Definite Integrals
874(1)
A.6 Indefinite Integrals
875(1)
A.7 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
875(1)
A.8 Taylor Series
875(1)
B Complex Numbers
876(2)
B.1 Representation of Complex Numbers
876(1)
B.2 Addition, Multiplication, and Division
877(1)
B.3 Complex Conjugate
877(1)
B.4 Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers
877(1)
C Partial Fraction Expansion
878(3)
Model Question Papers 881(6)
Bibliography 887(1)
Index 888