Preface |
|
xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
|
xxi | |
|
Introduction to Simulation Modeling |
|
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
Analytical Versus Simulation Modeling |
|
|
2 | (2) |
|
Simulation Modeling and Analysis |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
Simulation Costs and Risks |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
Example: A Production Control Problem |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
|
8 | (3) |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
Discrete Event Simulation |
|
|
|
Elements of Discrete Event Simulation |
|
|
11 | (2) |
|
|
13 | (2) |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Single Machine with Failures |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Single Machine with an Inspection Station and Associated Inventory |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
Monte Carlo Sampling and Histories |
|
|
15 | (4) |
|
Example: Work Station Subject to Failures and Inventory Control |
|
|
16 | (3) |
|
|
19 | (5) |
|
|
20 | (4) |
|
Elements of Probability and Statistics |
|
|
|
Elementary Probability Theory |
|
|
24 | (3) |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
Conditional Probabilities |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
Dependence and Independence |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
27 | (3) |
|
Probability Mass Functions |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
Cumulative Distribution Functions |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
Probability Density Functions |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
|
30 | (2) |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
Common Discrete Distributions |
|
|
33 | (3) |
|
Generic Discrete Distribution |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
Common Continuous Distributions |
|
|
36 | (11) |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
|
42 | (2) |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
|
47 | (3) |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
Regenerative (Renewal) Processes |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
|
51 | (5) |
|
|
52 | (4) |
|
Random Number and Variate Generation |
|
|
|
Variate and Process Generation |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
Variate Generation Using the Inverse Transform Method |
|
|
57 | (4) |
|
Generation of Uniform Variates |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
Generation of Exponential Variates |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
Generation of Discrete Variates |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
Generation of Step Variates from Histograms |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
|
61 | (5) |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
Non-Iid Process Generation |
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
|
63 | (3) |
|
|
|
|
66 | (3) |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
Animate and Animate Transfer Bars |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
Example: A Simple Workstation |
|
|
69 | (5) |
|
Arena Data Storage Objects |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
Arena Output Statistics Collection |
|
|
75 | (2) |
|
Statistics Collection via the Statistic Module |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
Statistics Collection via the Record Module |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
Arena Simulation and Output Reports |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
Example: Two Processes in Series |
|
|
78 | (6) |
|
Example: A Hospital Emergency Room |
|
|
84 | (16) |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
|
86 | (7) |
|
|
93 | (3) |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
|
97 | (3) |
|
Specifying Time-Dependent Parameters via a Schedule |
|
|
100 | (7) |
|
|
103 | (4) |
|
Model Testing and Debugging Facilities |
|
|
|
Facilities for Model Construction |
|
|
107 | (3) |
|
Facilities for Model Checking |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
Facilities for Model Run Control |
|
|
111 | (3) |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
Keyboard-Based Run Control |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
|
114 | (4) |
|
Example: Open-Ended Tracing |
|
|
114 | (2) |
|
Example: Tracing Selected Blocks |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
Example: Tracing Selected Entities |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
Visualization and Animation |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
Animate Connectors Button |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
|
119 | (5) |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
|
120 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
|
125 | (2) |
|
Modeling Time Series Data |
|
|
127 | (3) |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
Maximal Likelihood Estimation Method |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
130 | (4) |
|
Goodness-of-Fit Tests for Distributions |
|
|
134 | (3) |
|
|
134 | (3) |
|
Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) Test |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
|
137 | (5) |
|
|
138 | (4) |
|
Model Goodness: Verification and Validation |
|
|
|
Model Verification via Inspection of Test Runs |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
Input Parameters and Output Statistics |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
Model Verification via Performance Analysis |
|
|
143 | (6) |
|
Generic Workstation as a Queueing System |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
Queueing Processes and Parameters |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
Queueing Performance Measures |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
Regenerative Queueing Systems and Busy Cycles |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
Steady-State Flow Conservation |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
Examples of Model Verification |
|
|
149 | (12) |
|
Model Verification in a Single Workstation |
|
|
149 | (4) |
|
Model Verification in Tandem Workstations |
|
|
153 | (8) |
|
|
161 | (5) |
|
|
162 | (4) |
|
|
|
Terminating and Steady-State Simulation Models |
|
|
166 | (2) |
|
Terminating Simulation Models |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
Steady-State Simulation Models |
|
|
166 | (2) |
|
Statistics Collection from Replications |
|
|
168 | (3) |
|
Statistics Collection Using Independent Replications |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
Statistics Collection Using Regeneration Points and Batch Means |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
|
171 | (2) |
|
Point Estimation from Replications |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
Point Estimation in Arena |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
Confidence Interval Estimation |
|
|
173 | (4) |
|
Confidence Intervals for Terminating Simulations |
|
|
173 | (3) |
|
Confidence Intervals for Steady-State Simulations |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Confidence Interval Estimation in Arena |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Output Analysis via Standard Arena Output |
|
|
177 | (5) |
|
Working Example: A Workstation with Two Types of Parts |
|
|
177 | (2) |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
Statistics Summary: Multiple Replications |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
Output Analysis via the Arena Output Analyzer |
|
|
182 | (8) |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
Batching Data for Independent Observations |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
Confidence Intervals for Means and Variances |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
Comparing Means and Variances |
|
|
187 | (2) |
|
Point Estimates for Correlations |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
Parametric Analysis via the Arena Process Analyzer |
|
|
190 | (5) |
|
|
193 | (2) |
|
|
|
Correlation in Input Analysis |
|
|
195 | (2) |
|
Correlation in Output Analysis |
|
|
197 | (2) |
|
Autocorrelation Modeling with TES Processes |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Introduction to TES Modeling |
|
|
200 | (15) |
|
|
202 | (3) |
|
|
205 | (6) |
|
Inversion of Distribution Functions |
|
|
211 | (4) |
|
Generation of TES Sequences |
|
|
215 | (4) |
|
Generation of TES+ Sequences |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
Generation of TES- Sequences |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
Combining TES Generation Algorithms |
|
|
216 | (3) |
|
Example: Correlation Analysis in Manufacturing Systems |
|
|
219 | (4) |
|
|
220 | (3) |
|
Modeling Production Lines |
|
|
|
|
223 | (2) |
|
Models of Production Lines |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
Example: A Packaging Line |
|
|
225 | (12) |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
Manufacturing Process Modules |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
Model Blocking Using the Hold Module |
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Simulation Output Reports |
|
|
231 | (6) |
|
Understanding System Behavior and Model Verification |
|
|
237 | (2) |
|
Modeling Production Lines via Indexed Queues and Resources |
|
|
239 | (7) |
|
An Alternative Method of Modeling Blocking |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
Modeling Machine Failures |
|
|
247 | (4) |
|
Estimating Distributions of Sojourn Times |
|
|
251 | (2) |
|
|
253 | (3) |
|
|
256 | (2) |
|
Model Verification for Production Lines |
|
|
258 | (7) |
|
|
259 | (6) |
|
Modeling Supply Chain Systems |
|
|
|
Example: A Production/Inventory System |
|
|
265 | (11) |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Inventory Management Segment |
|
|
267 | (3) |
|
Demand Management Segment |
|
|
270 | (2) |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Experimentation and Analysis |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
Example: A Multiproduct Production/Inventory System |
|
|
276 | (17) |
|
|
276 | (2) |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
Inventory Management Segment |
|
|
278 | (6) |
|
Demand Management Segment |
|
|
284 | (6) |
|
Model Input Parameters and Statistics |
|
|
290 | (2) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Example: A Multiechelon Supply Chain |
|
|
293 | (21) |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Inventory Management Segment for Retailer |
|
|
295 | (2) |
|
Inventory Management Segment for Distribution Center |
|
|
297 | (2) |
|
Inventory Management Segment for Output Buffer |
|
|
299 | (4) |
|
Production/Inventory Management Segment for Input Buffer |
|
|
303 | (2) |
|
Inventory Management Segment for Supplier |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
|
306 | (8) |
|
Modeling Transportation Systems |
|
|
|
Advanced Transfer Template Panel |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Example: A Bulk-Material Port |
|
|
316 | (16) |
|
|
317 | (3) |
|
|
320 | (4) |
|
|
324 | (4) |
|
|
328 | (2) |
|
|
330 | (2) |
|
|
332 | (14) |
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
Dispatching Cars to Tollbooths |
|
|
336 | (4) |
|
Serving Cars at Tollbooths |
|
|
340 | (4) |
|
Simulation Results for the Toll Plaza Model |
|
|
344 | (2) |
|
Example: A Gear Manufacturing Job Shop |
|
|
346 | (13) |
|
|
349 | (2) |
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
|
353 | (5) |
|
Simulation Results for the Gear Manufacturing Job Shop Model |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Example: Sets Version of the Gear Manufacturing Job Shop Model |
|
|
359 | (12) |
|
|
365 | (6) |
|
Modeling Computer Information Systems |
|
|
|
Client/Server System Architectures |
|
|
371 | (3) |
|
Message-Based Communications |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Two-Tier Client/Server Example: A Human Resources System |
|
|
375 | (9) |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Communications Network Segment |
|
|
378 | (2) |
|
|
380 | (3) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Three-Tier Client/Server Example: An Online Bookseller System |
|
|
384 | (21) |
|
Request Arrivals and Transmission Network Segment |
|
|
386 | (2) |
|
Transmission Network Segment |
|
|
388 | (3) |
|
|
391 | (8) |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (5) |
|
Appendix A Frequently Used Arena Constructs |
|
|
|
Frequently Used Arena Built-in Variables |
|
|
405 | (2) |
|
Entity-Related Attributes and Variables |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Simulation Time Variables |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
General-Purpose Global Variables |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Statistics Collection Variables |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Miscellaneous Variables and Functions |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Frequently Used Arena Modules |
|
|
407 | (9) |
|
Access Module (Advanced Transfer) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Assign Module (Basic Process) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Batch Module (Basic Process) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Create Module (Basic Process) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Decide Module (Basic Process) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Delay Module (Advanced Process) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Dispose Module (Basic Process) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Dropoff Module (Advanced Process) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Free Module (Advanced Transfer) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Halt Module (Advanced Transfer) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Hold Module (Advanced Process) |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Match Module (Advanced Process) |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
PickStation Module (Advanced Transfer) |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Pickup Module (Advanced Process) |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
Process Module (Basic Process) |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
ReadWrite Module (Advanced Process) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Record Module (Basic Process) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Release Module (Advanced Process) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Remove Module (Advanced Process) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Request Module (Advanced Transfer) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Route Module (Advanced Transfer) |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Search Module (Advanced Process) |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Seize Module (Advanced Process) |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Separate Module (Basic Process) |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Signal Module (Advanced Process) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Station Module (Advanced Transfer) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Store Module (Advanced Process) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Transport Module (Advanced Transfer) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Unstore Module (Advanced Process) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
414 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Resolving Object Name Ambiguities |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Obtaining Access to the Application Object |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (2) |
|
Example: Using VBA in Arena |
|
|
419 | (12) |
|
Changing Inventory Parameters Just Before a Simulation Run |
|
|
419 | (2) |
|
Changing Inventory Parameters during a Simulation Run |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Changing Customer Arrival Distributions Just before a Simulation Run |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
Writing Arena Data to Excel via VBA Code |
|
|
424 | (4) |
|
Reading Arena Data from Excel via VBA Code |
|
|
428 | (3) |
References |
|
431 | (4) |
Index |
|
435 | |