| Preface |
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xi | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xiii | |
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1 | (6) |
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1.1 Background And Motivation For This Book |
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2 | (3) |
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1.2 Scope, Objectives And Organization |
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5 | (2) |
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2 State-Of-The-Art In Explosion Modeling |
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7 | (18) |
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2.1 Explosion Models And Simulations |
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9 | (9) |
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2.1.1 Empirical/Co-relation Models |
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11 | (2) |
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2.1.2 Phenomenological/physical Models |
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13 | (2) |
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2.1.3 CFD/Numerical Models |
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15 | (3) |
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2.2 A-To-Z Comparison Matrix |
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18 | (5) |
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2.3 Discussion and Future Directions |
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23 | (2) |
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3 Explosion Modeling For A Suicide Bombing Attack |
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25 | (19) |
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3.1 Physics Of An Explosion |
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25 | (5) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (4) |
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3.2 Primary Effects Of IEDs |
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30 | (1) |
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3.3 TNT Equivalence Of Explosive Materials |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (9) |
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35 | (3) |
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38 | (1) |
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3.5.3 Kingrey-Bulmash Model |
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39 | (1) |
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3.5.4 J. Clutter With Reflection |
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40 | (1) |
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3.5.5 Henrych Smith Model |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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3.5.7 Kinney Gilbert Model |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
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42 | (1) |
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3.6.2 Overpressure As Damage Markers |
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43 | (1) |
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4 How To Model Blast Injuries In A Suicide Bombing Attack |
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44 | (19) |
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4.1 Types of Blast Injuries |
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45 | (6) |
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4.1.1 Primary Blast Injuries (PBI) |
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46 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Secondary Blast Injuries (SBI) |
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47 | (1) |
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4.1.3 Tertiary Blast Injuries (TBI) |
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47 | (1) |
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4.1.4 Miscellaneous Blast Injuries (MBI) |
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48 | (1) |
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4.1.5 Percentage of Injuries and Triage |
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48 | (3) |
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4.2 Fragments and Shrapnel Injuries |
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51 | (1) |
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4.3 Confined and Open Injuries |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (9) |
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4.4.1 Catherine Lee Injury Model |
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53 | (1) |
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4.4.2 C. T. Born Injury Model |
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54 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Charles Stewart Injury Model |
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54 | (1) |
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4.4.4 Bowen's Lethality Curves |
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55 | (3) |
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4.4.5 Lethality Curves with Reflection |
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58 | (1) |
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4.4.6 ICE (Institute of Chemical Engineers) Injury Model |
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59 | (2) |
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4.5 Safe Distance Approximations |
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61 | (2) |
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5 Blockage And Fragmentation Modeling |
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63 | (14) |
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63 | (6) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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5.1.3 Statistical Analysis of Blockers |
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67 | (2) |
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5.2 Fragmentation and Shrapnel |
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69 | (6) |
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70 | (3) |
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5.2.2 Shrapnel and Claymore Effect |
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73 | (2) |
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5.3 Impact of Blockers on Severity of Injuries and Fragmentation |
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75 | (2) |
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6 Suicide Bombing Database and Validation Scenarios |
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77 | (7) |
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77 | (1) |
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6.2 Real-Life Scenarios from Pakistan |
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78 | (6) |
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6.2.1 Scenario
1. -- Lahore, Jamia Naeemia |
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79 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Scenario 2 -- Wah-Cantt, Pakistan Ordinance Factory |
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80 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Scenario 3 -- Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu-Kashmir |
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81 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Scenario 4 -- Marriott Hotel, Islamabad |
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81 | (1) |
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6.2.5 Scenario 5 -- Islamabad Airport |
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81 | (1) |
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6.2.6 Scenario 6 -- Aab-Para Market Restaurant |
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82 | (1) |
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6.2.7 Scenario 7 -- ISI Bus, Rawalpindi |
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82 | (1) |
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6.2.8 Scenario 8 -- Isfandyar Walt House |
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82 | (1) |
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6.2.9 Scenario 9 -- Joint Chief of Army Staff, Rawalpindi |
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83 | (1) |
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6.2.10 Scenario 10 -- Benazir Bhutto |
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83 | (1) |
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7 Blastsim Simulation Framework |
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84 | (6) |
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84 | (3) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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3 Crowd Formations and Scenarios |
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86 | (1) |
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4 Suicide Bombing Database |
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86 | (1) |
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7.2 Simulation Tool Development |
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87 | (3) |
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90 | (25) |
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90 | (3) |
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93 | (2) |
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8.3 BlastSim Appraisal Functions |
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95 | (5) |
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8.3.1 Score 1 -- Weighted Absolute Difference wrt Model 0 |
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97 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Score 2 -- Dead Count Difference wrt Model 0 |
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98 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Score 3 -- Major Injury Difference wrt Model 0 |
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98 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Score 4 -- Weighted Difference wrt Model 0 (not including Minor Injuries) |
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98 | (1) |
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8.3.5 Score 5 -- Total Count Difference wrt Model 0 |
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99 | (1) |
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8.3.6 Score 6 -- Euclidian Weighted Difference wrt Model 0 |
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99 | (1) |
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8.4 Interpretation pf Scores |
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100 | (1) |
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8.5 Analysis of BlastSim Model Performance |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (12) |
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8.5.2 Performance Assessment Model by Model |
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101 | (1) |
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8.5.3 Performance Assessment Scenario by Scenario |
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102 | (4) |
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8.5.4 Blockage Assessment |
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106 | (4) |
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8.5.5 Assessing the Impact of Crowd Density |
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110 | (1) |
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8.5.6 Sensitivity Analysis |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (2) |
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9 Conclusion And Future Work |
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115 | (4) |
| References |
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119 | (12) |
| About The Authors |
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131 | |
