Preface |
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xiii | |
Author |
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xv | |
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Sintering of Ceramics: Fundamentals |
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1 | (44) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (3) |
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Characterization of Sintering |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Driving Force for Sintering |
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4 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Defects in Crystalline Solids |
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6 | (13) |
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Point Defects and Defect Chemistry |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (2) |
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Defect Chemistry and Sintering |
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18 | (1) |
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Diffusion in Crystalline Solids |
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19 | (10) |
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19 | (2) |
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Solutions of the Diffusion Equation |
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21 | (1) |
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Atomistic Diffusion Processes |
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22 | (4) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Trends in Diffusion Coefficients |
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28 | (1) |
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Types of Diffusion Coefficients |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (7) |
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Chemical Potential of a Mixture of Gases |
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30 | (1) |
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Chemical Potential of Solids and Liquids |
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31 | (1) |
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Chemical Potential of Atoms and Vacancies in a Crystal |
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31 | (1) |
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Chemical Potential of Atoms and Vacancies beneath a Curved Surface |
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32 | (2) |
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Equilibrium Vacancy Concentration beneath a Curved Surface |
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34 | (1) |
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Vapor Pressure over a Curved Surface |
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35 | (1) |
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Diffusional Flux Equations |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Diffusion in Ionic Crystals: Ambipolar Diffusion |
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37 | (4) |
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41 | (4) |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (2) |
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Solid-State and Viscous Sintering |
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45 | (60) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (2) |
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Effects of Grain Boundaries |
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48 | (2) |
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Theoretical Analysis of Sintering |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (4) |
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Derivation of the Scaling Law |
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51 | (1) |
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Scaling Law for Lattice Diffusion |
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52 | (1) |
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Application and Limitation of the Scaling Law |
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53 | (1) |
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Relative Rates of Sintering Mechanisms |
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53 | (1) |
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Limitation of the Scaling Law |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (18) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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Modeling the Sintering Process |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (3) |
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Summary of the Initial Stage Sintering Equations |
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61 | (1) |
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Limitations of the Initial Stage Sintering Equations |
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62 | (1) |
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Intermediate Stage Models |
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63 | (1) |
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Geometrical Model for Solid-State Sintering |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (4) |
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Geometrical Model for Viscous Sintering |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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Geometrical Model for Solid-State Sintering |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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Geometrical Model for Viscous Sintering |
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72 | (1) |
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Limitations of the Analytical Models |
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73 | (1) |
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Numerical Simulation of Sintering |
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73 | (5) |
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Numerical Simulation of Solid-State Sintering |
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74 | (2) |
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Numerical Simulation of Viscous Sintering |
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76 | (2) |
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Phenomenological Sintering Equations |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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Construction of the Diagrams |
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80 | (1) |
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Limitations of the Diagrams |
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81 | (1) |
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Sintering with an Externally Applied Pressure |
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81 | (8) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (3) |
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Densification Rate in Hot Pressing |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (3) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Stress Intensification Factor and Sintering Stress |
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89 | (8) |
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Stress Intensification Factor |
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89 | (2) |
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91 | (2) |
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Measurement of the Sintering Stress and Stress Intensification Factor |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (3) |
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96 | (1) |
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Alternative Derivation of the Sintering Equations |
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97 | (4) |
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General Isothermal Sintering Equation |
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100 | (1) |
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General Isothermal Creep Equation for Porous Solids |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (4) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (3) |
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Grain Growth and Microstructure Control |
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105 | (72) |
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105 | (1) |
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General Features of Grain Growth |
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106 | (4) |
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Grain Growth and Coarsening |
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106 | (1) |
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Occurrence of Grain Growth |
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106 | (1) |
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Driving Force for Grain Growth |
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107 | (1) |
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Normal and Abnormal Grain Growth |
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107 | (1) |
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Importance of Controlling Grain Growth |
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108 | (1) |
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Effect of Grain Size on Properties |
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108 | (2) |
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Attainment of High Density |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (7) |
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112 | (1) |
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Ostwald Ripening Controlled by the Interface Reaction |
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112 | (2) |
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Ostwald Ripening Controlled by Diffusion |
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114 | (1) |
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Modifications to the LSW Theory |
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115 | (2) |
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Time-Dependent Ostwald Ripening |
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117 | (1) |
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Topological and Interfacial Tension Requirements |
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117 | (2) |
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Normal Grain Growth in Dense Solids |
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119 | (8) |
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The Model of Burke and Turnbull |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (2) |
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Topological Analysis of Grain Growth |
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123 | (2) |
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Computer Simulation of Normal Grain Growth |
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125 | (2) |
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Abnormal Grain Growth in Dense Solids |
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127 | (6) |
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Causes of Abnormal Grain Growth |
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128 | (3) |
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Application of Controlled Abnormal Grain Growth |
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131 | (2) |
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Grain Growth in Thin Films |
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133 | (2) |
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Mechanisms Controlling the Boundary Mobility |
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135 | (9) |
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Pinning by Fine Second-Phase Particles |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (1) |
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Computer Simulations of Particle-Inhibited Grain Growth |
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138 | (2) |
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Comparison with Experimental Results |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (3) |
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Grain Growth and Pore Evolution in Porous Solids |
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144 | (16) |
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Pore Evolution during Sintering |
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146 | (2) |
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Thermodynamic Analysis of Pore Shrinkage |
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148 | (4) |
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Kinetics and Mechanisms of Grain Growth in Porous Solids |
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152 | (1) |
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Grain Growth in Very Porous Solids |
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152 | (4) |
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Grain Growth in Less Porous Solids |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (3) |
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Kinetics of Pore-Boundary Interactions |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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Simultaneous Densification and Grain Growth |
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160 | (8) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (3) |
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Yan, Cannon, and Chowdhry Model |
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165 | (3) |
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Computer Simulations of Microstructural Evolution |
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168 | (1) |
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Fabrication Principles for Ceramics with Controlled Microstructure |
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168 | (3) |
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171 | (6) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (5) |
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177 | (54) |
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177 | (1) |
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Elementary Features of Liquid-Phase Sintering |
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178 | (2) |
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Enhancement of Densification |
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178 | (1) |
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Driving Force for Densification |
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179 | (1) |
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Formation of the Liquid Phase |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Stages of Liquid-Phase Sintering |
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180 | (2) |
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Thermodynamic and Kinetic Factors |
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182 | (10) |
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Wetting and Spreading of the Liquid |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (1) |
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Liquid Penetration of the Grain Boundary |
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185 | (1) |
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Shape of the Liquid and the Grains |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (4) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (4) |
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The Basic Mechanisms of Liquid-Phase Sintering |
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196 | (18) |
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Stage 1: Rearrangement and Liquid Redistribution |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (3) |
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200 | (2) |
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Stage 2: Solution-Precipitation |
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202 | (1) |
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Densification by Contact Flattening |
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203 | (2) |
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Densification Accompanied by Ostwald Ripening |
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205 | (1) |
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Assessment of the Densification Models |
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206 | (1) |
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Grain Shape Accommodation |
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206 | (2) |
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208 | (1) |
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Stage 3: Ostwald Ripening |
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209 | (1) |
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Densification by Pore Filling |
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209 | (2) |
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Microstructural Coarsening |
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211 | (3) |
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Numerical Modeling of Liquid-Phase Sintering |
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214 | (1) |
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Hot Pressing with a Liquid Phase |
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215 | (1) |
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Use of Phase Diagrams in Liquid-Phase Sintering |
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215 | (5) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (3) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (3) |
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The Controlling Parameters |
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222 | (1) |
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Vitrification of Silicate Systems |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (7) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (4) |
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Special Topics in Sintering |
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231 | (74) |
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231 | (1) |
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Inhomogeneities and Their Effects on Sintering |
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232 | (8) |
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Differential Densification |
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232 | (2) |
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Control of Inhomogeneities |
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234 | (1) |
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Correction of Inhomogeneities |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (4) |
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Constrained Sintering I: Rigid Inclusions |
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240 | (18) |
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Volume Fraction of Inclusions |
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241 | (1) |
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Densification Rate of the Composite and the Matrix |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (2) |
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Transient Stresses during Sintering |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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Effect of Transient Stresses on Sintering |
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246 | (1) |
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Calculation of Transient Stresses and Strain Rates |
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247 | (4) |
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Percolation and Network Formation |
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251 | (2) |
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The Concept of Percolation |
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253 | (1) |
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Effect of Percolation on Sintering |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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Factors Influencing the Sintering of Ceramic Composites |
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255 | (3) |
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Constrained Sintering II: Adherent Thin Films |
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258 | (6) |
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Models for Constrained Sintering of Thin Films |
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258 | (2) |
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Experimental Observations of Sintering of Thin Films |
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260 | (2) |
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Crack Growth and Damage in Constrained Sintering of Films |
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262 | (2) |
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Constrained Sintering III: Multilayers |
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264 | (1) |
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Constitutive Models for Porous Sintering Materials |
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265 | (1) |
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Morphological Stability of Continuous Phases |
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266 | (6) |
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Rayleigh Instability and Microstructural Evolution |
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267 | (2) |
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Morphological Stability of Thin Films |
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269 | (3) |
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Solid Solution Additives and the Sintering of Ceramics |
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272 | (10) |
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Effect of Additives on Kinetic Factors |
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273 | (1) |
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Effect of Additives on Thermodynamic Factors |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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Electrostatic Interaction and the Space Charge Concept |
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276 | (4) |
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280 | (2) |
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Sintering with Chemical Reaction: Reaction Sintering |
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282 | (7) |
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Influence of Process Variables |
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284 | (1) |
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Particle Size of Reacting Powders |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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Processing Trajectories in Reaction Sintering |
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285 | (1) |
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Experimental Observations of Reaction Sintering |
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286 | (3) |
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Viscous Sintering with Crystallization |
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289 | (8) |
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Effect of Process Variables |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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Analysis of Viscous Sintering with Crystallization |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (3) |
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Analysis in Terms of Sintering with Rigid Inclusions |
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294 | (2) |
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Experimental Observations of Sintering with Crystallization |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (8) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (7) |
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Sintering Process Variables and Sintering Practice |
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305 | (66) |
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305 | (1) |
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Sintering Measurement Techniques |
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305 | (4) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (39) |
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Particle and Green Compact Effects |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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Particle Size Distribution |
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310 | (1) |
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Particle Shape and Particle Structure |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (1) |
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Anisotropic Sintering Shrinkage |
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315 | (1) |
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315 | (3) |
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318 | (2) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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Stage 2: Low-Temperature Soak |
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321 | (1) |
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Stage 3: Heat-Up to the Sintering Temperature |
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321 | (1) |
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Stage 4: Isothermal Sintering |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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Stage 6: Cool-Down to Room Temperature |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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Constant Heating Rate Sintering |
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323 | (1) |
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Effect of Heating Rate on Sintering |
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323 | (6) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (1) |
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Rate-Controlled Sintering |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (4) |
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338 | (1) |
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Water Vapor in the Sintering Atmospheres |
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338 | (2) |
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Volatilization and Decomposition |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (4) |
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Defect Chemistry and Stoichiometry |
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346 | (1) |
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Production of Controlled Sintering Atmospheres |
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346 | (2) |
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348 | (9) |
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Interaction of Microwaves with Matter |
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349 | (3) |
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Microwave Sintering Techniques |
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352 | (1) |
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Microwave Sintering of Ceramics |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (1) |
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Plasma-Assisted Sintering |
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356 | (1) |
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Pressure-Assisted Sintering |
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357 | (7) |
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357 | (2) |
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Hot Pressing Process Variables |
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359 | (1) |
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Analysis of Hot Pressing Data |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (2) |
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Hot Isostatic Pressing: Process Variables |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (7) |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (5) |
Appendix A Physical Constants |
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371 | (2) |
Appendix B SI Units---Names and Symbols |
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373 | (2) |
Appendix C Conversion of Units |
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375 | (2) |
Appendix D Ionic Crystal Radii (in units of 10-10 m) |
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377 | (2) |
Appendix E Density and Melting Point of Some Elements and Ceramics |
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379 | (4) |
Index |
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383 | |