| Preface |
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10 | (1) |
| Acknowledgements |
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11 | (1) |
| Contributors |
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11 | (1) |
| Abbreviations |
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12 | (1) |
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Chapter 1 Equipment required for inhalant anesthesia |
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13 | (46) |
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14 | (1) |
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Components of the anesthetic machine |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (4) |
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20 | (5) |
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25 | (2) |
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Breathing circuits and components |
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27 | (1) |
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Rebreathing circuit (circle breathing system) |
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28 | (6) |
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34 | (5) |
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Selecting a breathing circuit |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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The oxygen consumption requirements of the anesthetized animal |
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41 | (1) |
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The amount of oxygen needed to carry inhalant anesthetic from the vaporizer to the patient |
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41 | (1) |
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Amount of oxygen flow required to remove the CO2 exhaled by the anesthetized animal from a non-rebreathing circuit |
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41 | (1) |
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Changes to the speed of inhalant anesthetic uptake during the transition from intravenous induction to inhalant maintenance |
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42 | (1) |
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Changes to the speed of chamber or face mask induction |
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42 | (1) |
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Changes of anesthetic depth during anesthesia maintenance |
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42 | (1) |
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Conservation of the patient's body temperature and airway moisture |
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43 | (1) |
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Reducing the cost of a given inhalant anesthetic agent |
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44 | (1) |
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Global issues, including pollution control and energy conservation |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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Types of endotracheal tubes |
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45 | (1) |
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Endotracheal tube construction |
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45 | (1) |
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Endotracheal tube selection |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (1) |
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Induction chambers and face masks |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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Checking the accuracy of the flowmeter |
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51 | (1) |
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Checking the anesthetic machine and breathing circuit for leaks |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (2) |
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Checking the scavenging system for leaks and malfunctions |
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56 | (1) |
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Monitoring of waste gas and pollution |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Preanesthetic medication: drugs and dosages |
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59 | (28) |
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60 | (1) |
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Reasons for preanesthetic medication |
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60 | (2) |
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Preanesthetic medication protocols |
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62 | (2) |
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Phenothiazines: acepromazine |
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64 | (1) |
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Quick points for consideration |
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64 | (1) |
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Preanesthetic medication doses |
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64 | (1) |
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Advantages of using acepromazine |
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64 | (1) |
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Disadvantages of using acepromazine |
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64 | (2) |
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Benzodiazepines: diazepam and midazolam |
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66 | (1) |
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Quick points for consideration |
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66 | (1) |
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Preanesthetic medication doses |
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66 | (1) |
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Differences between diazepam and midazolam |
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66 | (1) |
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Advantages of using benzodiazepines |
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66 | (1) |
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Disadvantages of using benzodiazepines |
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66 | (2) |
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Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists: xylazine, romifidine, medetomidine, and dexmedetomidine |
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68 | (1) |
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Quick points for consideration |
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68 | (1) |
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Preanesthetic medication doses |
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68 | (1) |
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Differences between the various alpha-2 adrenocepter agonists |
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68 | (2) |
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Advantages of using alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists |
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70 | (1) |
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Disadvantages of using alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists |
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70 | (2) |
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Dissociatives: ketamine and tiletamine |
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72 | (1) |
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Quick points for consideration |
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72 | (1) |
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Preanesthetic medication doses |
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72 | (1) |
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Differences between the dissociatives |
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72 | (2) |
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Advantages of using dissociatives |
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74 | (1) |
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Disadvantages of using dissociatives |
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74 | (1) |
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Anticholinergics: atropine and glycopyrrolate |
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75 | (1) |
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Quick points for consideration |
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75 | (1) |
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Preanesthetic medication doses |
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75 | (1) |
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Differences between atropine and glycopyrrolate |
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75 | (1) |
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Advantages of using anticholinergic agents |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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Quick points for consideration |
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77 | (1) |
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Preanesthetic medication doses and properties |
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77 | (2) |
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Differences between the various opioids |
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79 | (1) |
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Advantages of using opioids |
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79 | (1) |
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Disadvantages of using opioids |
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79 | (1) |
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Neuroleptic-analgesic combinations |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Sick (ASA III, IV, V, III-E, IV-E, V-E), pediatric, or geriatric dogs |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
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ASA III and IV dogs and cats |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Intravenous injection techniques and intravenous anesthetic agents |
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87 | (18) |
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88 | (1) |
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Intravenous injection techniques |
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88 | (1) |
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Intravenous anesthetic agents |
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88 | (1) |
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Induction or short-term restraint |
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88 | (1) |
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Arm---Brain (cephalic vein to brain) circulation time |
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88 | (1) |
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Apnea caused by intravenous anesthetic agents during induction |
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89 | (1) |
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Characteristics of intravenous anesthetic agents used in dogs and cats |
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90 | (2) |
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Thiopentone (thiopental) sodium |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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Short-term immobilization |
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92 | (1) |
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Other factors to consider |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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Short-term chemical restraint |
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95 | (1) |
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Total intravenous anesthesia |
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95 | (1) |
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Other factors to consider |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Induction and maintenance |
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97 | (1) |
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Other factors to consider |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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Induction and maintenance |
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99 | (1) |
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Other factors to consider |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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Induction and short-term immobilization |
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100 | (1) |
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Other factors to consider |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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Induction and immobilization |
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102 | (1) |
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Other factors to consider |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Inhalant anesthetic agents |
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105 | (18) |
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106 | (2) |
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Uptake and distribution of inhalant anesthetic agents |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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Anesthetic partial pressure gradient: induction phase |
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108 | (2) |
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Anesthetic partial pressure gradient: recovery phase |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (2) |
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Minimum alveolar concentration |
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112 | (1) |
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Factors that decrease minimum alveolar concentration values |
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112 | (1) |
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Factors that increase minimum alveolar concentration values |
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112 | (1) |
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Factors that do not affect minimum alveolar concentration values |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Pungency and airway irritation |
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113 | (1) |
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Isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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Face mask and chamber induction with overpressurizing techniques |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Technique for face mask induction |
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116 | (1) |
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Technique for chamber induction |
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117 | (2) |
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Advantages of using chamber followed by face mask induction |
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119 | (1) |
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Inconsistencies during anesthesia maintenance |
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119 | (1) |
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Premature awakening during a surgical procedure |
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119 | (1) |
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Anesthetic plane becomes too deep |
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120 | (1) |
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Recovery from inhalant anesthesia |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Anesthesia monitoring and management |
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123 | (40) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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Subjective assessment of circulatory function |
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125 | (1) |
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Objective assessment of circulatory function |
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125 | (3) |
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Monitoring and managing blood pressure |
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128 | (1) |
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Physiology of blood pressure monitoring |
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128 | (2) |
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Non-invasive blood pressure monitoring |
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130 | (4) |
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Invasive (or direct) arterial blood pressure monitoring |
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134 | (1) |
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Drug and surgical effects on blood pressure |
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134 | (1) |
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Interpretation of blood pressure values |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (5) |
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Monitoring oxygenation and management of hypoxemia |
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140 | (1) |
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Subjective assessment of oxygenation |
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140 | (1) |
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Objective assessment of oxygenation |
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140 | (1) |
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Hemoximetry and pulse oximetry |
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140 | (1) |
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Placement of the pulse oximeter probe |
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140 | (1) |
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Factors that influence pulse oximetry |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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Relationship between SpO2 (or SaO2) and PaO2 |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (4) |
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146 | (1) |
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Subjective assessment of ventilatory function |
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146 | (1) |
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Objective assessment of ventilatory function |
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146 | (4) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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Interpretation of ETCO2 concentrations |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (2) |
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Use of multigas (anesthetic gas) monitors |
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152 | (2) |
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Monitoring and managing other vital parameters |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Blood electrolytes, total protein, and packed cell volume |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (1) |
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Neuromuscular blockade monitoring |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (10) |
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164 | (1) |
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Composition and fluid distribution within animals |
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164 | (1) |
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Indications for fluid therapy under general anesthesia |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (3) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (3) |
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171 | (1) |
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Healthy patient undergoing general anesthesia for elective procedure |
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171 | (1) |
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Patient with suspected portosystemic shunt requiring general anesthesia |
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171 | (1) |
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Patient with hemolytic anemia to be anesthetized for bone marrow aspiration |
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171 | (1) |
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Patient with bleeding abdominal mass presented for surgery |
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171 | (1) |
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Patient with ruptured bladder presenting for bladder repair |
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171 | (1) |
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Two to three-month-old male puppy presented for laceration repair |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Anesthetic emergencies and cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
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173 | (14) |
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174 | (1) |
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Respiratory complications that result in anesthetic emergencies |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Cardiovascular complications that result in anesthetic emergencies |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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Other complications that result in anesthetic emergencies |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
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182 | (1) |
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Identification of arrest via checking of vital signs |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (1) |
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Some considerations regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 Airway management and ventilation |
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187 | (12) |
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188 | (1) |
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Managing the difficult airway |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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Airway occlusion and changing the endotracheal tube |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Perioperative oxygen administration |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Assessing ventilatory efficiency |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 Injectable sedative and anesthesia-analgesia combinations in dogs and cats |
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199 | (26) |
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200 | (1) |
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Dexmedetomidine/medetomidine-based protocols |
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200 | (1) |
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Dexmedetomidine/medetomidine-ketamine combinations |
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201 | (2) |
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Dexmedetomidine/medetomidine-butorphanol combinations |
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203 | (1) |
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Dexmedetomidine/medetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam/diazepam sedative combinations |
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204 | (2) |
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Dog-specific dexmedetomidine combinations |
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206 | (4) |
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Cat-specific combinations |
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210 | (1) |
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Dexmedetomidine/medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine-midazolam/diazepam combination |
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211 | (1) |
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Alternative injectable anesthetic combinations and techniques for giant breed dogs |
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212 | (1) |
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Chemical restraint combinations for animals with systemic illness or geriatric dogs and cats |
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213 | (2) |
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Tiletamine/zolazepam-based protocols |
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215 | (1) |
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Tiletamine/zolazepam-butorphanol-dexmedetomidine/medetomidine |
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215 | (3) |
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Tiletamine/zolazepam-dexmedetomidine/medetomidine combination without opioids |
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218 | (1) |
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Tiletamine/zolazepam-opioid combinations without dexmedetomidine/medetomidine |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (4) |
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224 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 Anesthetic considerations for specific diseases |
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225 | (24) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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Anesthetic management and pharmacologic considerations |
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227 | (1) |
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Examples of anesthetic protocols for dogs with liver dysfunction |
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227 | (1) |
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Anesthetic protocols for cats with liver dysfunction |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (2) |
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Anesthetic management and pharmacologic considerations |
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230 | (2) |
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Examples of anesthetic protocols for dogs with cardiac dysfunction |
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232 | (1) |
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Anesthetic protocols for cats with cardiac dysfunction |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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Anesthetic management and pharmacologic considerations |
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233 | (1) |
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Examples of anesthetic protocols for dogs and cars with respiratory dysfunction |
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234 | (1) |
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Central nervous system dysfunction |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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Anesthetic management and pharmacologic considerations |
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236 | (1) |
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Examples of anesthetic protocols for dogs with central neervous system dysfunction |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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Anesthetic management and pharmacologic considerations |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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Anesthetic management and pharmacologic considerations |
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238 | (1) |
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Examples of anesthetic protocols for dogs and cats with endocrine disorders |
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238 | (1) |
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Urinary and renal dysfunction |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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Anesthetic management and pharmacologic considerations |
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239 | (1) |
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Examples of anesthetic protocols for dogs and cats with urinary and renal dysfunction |
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240 | (1) |
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Gastrointestinal dysfunction |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Anesthetic management and pharmacologic considerations |
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241 | (1) |
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Examples of anesthetic protocols for dogs with gastric dilatation/volvulus |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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Anesthetic management and pharmacologic considerations |
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243 | (1) |
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Examples of anesthetic protocols for cesarean section in dogs |
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244 | (1) |
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Resuscitation of neonates |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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Anesthetic management and pharmacologic considerations |
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247 | (1) |
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Examples of anesthetic protocols for traumatized orthopedic patients |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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Chapter 11 Local anesthetic agents and anesthetic techniques |
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249 | (26) |
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250 | (1) |
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Pharmacology of local anesthetic agents |
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250 | (1) |
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Types of local anesthetic agent |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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Factors that determine the potency, onset, duration, and toxicity of a local anesthetic agent |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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Toxicity of local anesthetics and treatments |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (2) |
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Ring and point blocks for feline forelimb declawing or interdigital growth removal |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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|
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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|
258 | (1) |
|
Nerve blocks for thoracic surgeries |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Intercostal nerve blocks for thoracotomy |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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|
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259 | (1) |
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|
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260 | (1) |
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|
260 | (1) |
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|
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260 | (1) |
|
Intrapleural infusion nerve blocks for thoracotomy |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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|
|
260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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|
260 | (1) |
|
Lumbosacral epidural blocks |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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|
262 | (4) |
|
Epidural catheter placement |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Intravenous regional blocks (Bier blocks) |
|
|
267 | (1) |
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|
|
267 | (1) |
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|
|
267 | (1) |
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|
|
267 | (1) |
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|
|
267 | (1) |
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|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Local anesthesia as an adjunct to general anesthesia for eye surgery |
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|
268 | (1) |
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|
268 | (1) |
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|
268 | (1) |
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|
|
268 | (1) |
|
|
|
268 | (2) |
|
Lidocaine regional constant rate infusion |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
|
271 | (2) |
|
Intra-articular injection of a local anesthetic |
|
|
273 | (1) |
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|
|
273 | (2) |
|
Chapter 12 Acute pain management |
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|
275 | (20) |
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|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Principles of pain management |
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|
276 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of pain and mechanism-based pain management |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
Origins of somatic and visceral pain and pain management |
|
|
277 | (3) |
|
Analgesic therapies for acute pain |
|
|
280 | (1) |
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|
280 | (1) |
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|
|
280 | (1) |
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|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Drugs used in analgesic therapies for acute pain |
|
|
280 | (2) |
|
Drugs and dosages for pre-emptive/preoperative pain management |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
|
282 | (2) |
|
Drugs and dosages for intraoperative pain management |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
Other constant rate infusion alternatives |
|
|
284 | (2) |
|
Local anesthetic blocks during surgery |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
Drugs and dosages for postoperative pain management |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
Take-home pain medication |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
|
288 | (2) |
|
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
Similarities and differences between lidocaine patches and fentanyl patches |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
|
292 | (2) |
|
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Chapter 13 Chronic pain management for osteoarthritis and neuropathic pain |
|
|
295 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
Medications used in the management of chronic pain |
|
|
298 | (3) |
|
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
NMDA-receptor antagonists |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Tricyclic antidepressants |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
Other drugs that should be considered |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Examples of pain management protocols |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
For mild to moderate osteoarthritic pain in dogs |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
For severe osteoarthritic pain in dogs |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
For mild to moderate neuropathic pain in dogs |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
For severe neuropathic pain in dogs |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
For mild to moderate osteoarthritis pain in cats |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
For severe osteoarthritis pain in cats |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
For neuropathic pain in cats |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
|
303 | (2) |
|
Chapter 14 Cancer pain management |
|
|
305 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Prevalence of cancer pain |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Tumors associated with pain |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Physiology of cancer pain |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Drugs for cancer pain control |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
Other treatments for cancer pain |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Chapter 15 Anesthesia in shelter medicine and high volume/high quality spay and neuter programs |
|
|
311 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
312 | (2) |
|
Preimmobilization and anesthesia considerations |
|
|
314 | (2) |
|
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Tiletamine/zolazepam (Telazol/Zoletil), butorphanol (Torbugesic), dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor) (TTDex) |
|
|
316 | (6) |
|
Monitoring of anesthesia in shelters, high volume/high quality spay and neuter clinics, and trap-neuter-release environments |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
|
323 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Euthanasia under general anesthesia |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Two-stage approach to euthanasia: anesthesia-sedation prior to euthanasia |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Drugs and solutions used for euthanasia |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Barbiturate-based solutions |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Intravenous access for drug administration |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Avoiding agonal breathing and muscle spasms |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
| Appendix Anesthetic dosage reference ranges |
|
329 | (1) |
| Index |
|
330 | |
