Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

Small Signal Audio Design 2nd edition [Pehme köide]

  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 752 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x191 mm, kaal: 1338 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Aug-2014
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 0415709733
  • ISBN-13: 9780415709736
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Pehme köide
  • Hind: 117,99 €*
  • * saadame teile pakkumise kasutatud raamatule, mille hind võib erineda kodulehel olevast hinnast
  • See raamat on trükist otsas, kuid me saadame teile pakkumise kasutatud raamatule.
  • Kogus:
  • Lisa ostukorvi
  • Tasuta tarne
  • Lisa soovinimekirja
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 752 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x191 mm, kaal: 1338 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Aug-2014
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 0415709733
  • ISBN-13: 9780415709736
Teised raamatud teemal:
"This second edition of Small Signal Audio Design is the essential and unique guide to the design of high-quality analogue circuitry for preamplifiers, mixing consoles, and many other signal-processing devices. You will learn to use inexpensive and readily available parts to obtain state-of-the-art performance in all the vital parameters of noise, distortion, crosstalk, etc. This practical handbook provides a repertoire of circuit blocks from which almost any type of audio system can be built. Essential points of theory that determine practical performance are lucidly and thoroughly explained, with the mathematics at a minimum. Virtually every page reveals nuggets of specialized knowledge not found elsewhere. Douglas' background in design for manufactureensures he keeps a wary eye on the cost of things. Learn how to: - Make amplifiers with apparently impossibly low noise - Design discrete circuitry that can handle enormous signals with vanishingly low distortion - Use ordinary bipolar transistors to make amplifiers with an input impedance of more than 50 Megohms - Transform the performance of low-cost-opamps, and how to make filters with very low noise and distortion - Make incredibly accurate volume controls - Make a huge variety of audio equalisers - Make magnetic cartridge preamplifiers that have noise so low it is limited by basic physics - Sum, switch, clip, compress, and route audio signals effectively - Build reliable power-supplies, with many practical ways to keep both the noise and the cost down"--

Learn to use inexpensive and readily available parts to obtain state-of-the-art performance in all the vital parameters of noise, distortion, crosstalk and so on. With ample coverage of preamplifiers and mixers and a new chapter on headphone amplifiers, this practical handbook provides an extensive repertoire of circuits that can be put together to make almost any type of audio system.

A resource packed full of valuable information, with virtually every page revealing nuggets of specialized knowledge not found elsewhere. Essential points of theory that bear on practical performance are lucidly and thoroughly explained, with the mathematics kept to a relative minimum. Douglas' background in design for manufacture ensures he keeps a wary eye on the cost of things. Includes a chapter on power-supplies, full of practical ways to keep both the ripple and the cost down, showing how to power everything.

Douglas wears his learning lightly, and this book features the engaging prose style familiar to readers of his other books. You will learn why mercury cables are not a good idea, the pitfalls of plating gold on copper, and what quotes from Star Trek have to do with PCB design.

Learn how to:

  • make amplifiers with apparently impossibly low noise
  • design discrete circuitry that can handle enormous signals with vanishingly low distortion
  • use humble low-gain transistors to make an amplifier with an input impedance of more than 50 Megohms
  • transform the performance of low-cost-opamps, how to make filters with very low noise and distortion
  • make incredibly accurate volume controls
  • make a huge variety of audio equalisers
  • make magnetic cartridge preamplifiers that have noise so low it is limited by basic physics
  • sum, switch, clip, compress, and route audio signals

The second edition is expanded throughout (with added information on new ADCs and DACs, microcontrollers, more coverage of discrete op amp design, and many other topics), and includes a completely new chapter on headphone amplifiers.

Arvustused

"Its tempting to look at analog circuitry through a DSP lens and wonder Why? However, analog still has charm, is homebrew- able with a low entry-fee, and certain aspects remain unavoidable. Importantly, this book goes a long way to bury much of the bad and misinformation on the internet, while affording a fighting chance of creating something that will work well. (...) Bravo, Douglas Self."

- Steve Dove in the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society "Self provides solid, well-explained technical information throughout the book, all gained from years of experience and a thorough understanding of the entire topic, and all verified by measurement and practical applications in the field. His book exudes skilful engineering on every page, and I found it a very refreshing, enjoyable, and inspirational read. Self writes in his preface that he dares to hope that he has moved analogue audio design a bit further forward. He certainly has for me, and if you have the slightest interest in audio circuit design this book has to be considered an essential reference. Very highly recommended." - Hugh Robjohns, Sound on Sound Magazine

Dedication xxi
Preface xxii
Acknowledgments xxvi
Acronyms xxvii
Chapter 1 Basics 1(34)
Signals
1(1)
Amplifiers
2(1)
Voltage amplifiers
2(1)
Transconductance amplifiers
2(1)
Current amplifiers
3(1)
Transimpedance amplifiers
3(1)
Negative feedback
3(2)
Nominal signal levels and dynamic range
5(1)
Gain structures
6(2)
Amplification then attenuation
6(1)
Attenuation then amplification
7(1)
Raising the input signal to the nominal level
7(1)
Active gain-controls
8(1)
Noise
8(1)
Johnson noise
9(2)
Shot noise
11(1)
1/f noise (flicker noise)
12(1)
Popcorn noise
13(1)
Summing noise sources
13(1)
Noise in amplifiers
14(2)
Noise in bipolar transistors
16(5)
Bipolar transistor voltage noise
16(1)
Bipolar transistor current noise
17(4)
Noise in JFETs
21(2)
Noise in opamps
21(2)
Low-noise opamp circuitry
23(1)
Noise measurements
23(1)
How to attenuate quietly
24(2)
How to amplify quietly
26(1)
How to invert quietly
27(1)
How to balance quietly
28(1)
Ultra low-noise design with multipath amplifiers
28(4)
Ultra low-noise voltage buffers
29(1)
Ultra low-noise amplifiers
30(2)
Multiple amplifiers for greater drive capability
32(3)
Chapter 2 Components 35(42)
Conductors
35(6)
Copper and other conductive elements
36(1)
The metallurgy of copper
37(1)
Gold and its uses
38(1)
Cable and wiring resistance
38(1)
PCB track resistance
39(2)
PCB track-to-track crosstalk
41(1)
Impedances and crosstalk: a case history
42(2)
Resistors
44(19)
Through-hole resistors
45(1)
Surface-mount resistors
46(2)
Resistor accuracy
48(5)
Other resistor combinations
53(2)
Resistor value distributions
55(1)
The uniform distribution
56(2)
Resistor imperfections
58(1)
Resistor excess noise
58(2)
Resistor non-linearity
60(3)
Capacitors
63(11)
Capacitor non-linearity examined
65(1)
Non-electrolytic capacitor non-linearity
66(5)
Electrolytic capacitor non-linearity
71(3)
Inductors
74(3)
Chapter 3 Discrete transistor circuit?) 77(42)
Why use discrete transistor circuitry?
77(1)
Bipolars and FETs
78(1)
Bipolar junction transistors
78(1)
The transistor equation
79(1)
Beta
80(1)
Unity-gain buffer stages
80(15)
The simple emitter-follower
81(3)
The constant-current emitter-follower
84(2)
The push-pull emitter-follower
86(1)
Emitter-follower stability
87(1)
CFP emitter-followers
88(2)
Improved unity-gain buffers
90(5)
Gain stages
95(1)
One-transistor shunt-feedback gain stages
95(1)
One-transistor series-feedback gain stages
96(1)
Two-transistor shunt-feedback gain stages
97(4)
Two-transistor shunt-feedback stages: improving linearity
101(4)
Two-transistor shunt-feedback stages: noise
105(1)
Two-transistor shunt-feedback stages: bootstrapping
105(2)
Two-transistor shunt-feedback stages as summing amplifiers
107(1)
Two-transistor series-feedback gain stages
108(2)
Discrete opamp design
110(6)
Discrete opamp design: the input stage
111(3)
Discrete opamp design: the second stage
114(1)
Discrete opamp design: the output stage
115(1)
High input impedance bipolar stages
116(3)
Chapter 4 Opamps and their properties 119(48)
Introduction
119(1)
A very brief history of opamps
119(1)
Opamp properties: noise
120(1)
Opamp properties: slew rate
121(1)
Opamp properties: common mode range
122(1)
Opamp properties: input offset voltage
123(1)
Opamp properties: bias current
123(1)
Opamp properties: cost
124(1)
Opamp properties: distortion
125(18)
Opamp internal distortion
125(2)
Slew rate limiting distortion
127(1)
Distortion due to loading
128(1)
Thermal distortion
128(1)
Common-mode distortion
129(14)
Bipolar input opamps
129(5)
JFET opamps
134(2)
Rail bootstrapping to reduce CM distortion
136(3)
Simpler rail bootstrapping
139(1)
Bootstrapping series-feedback JFET opamp stages
140(3)
Selecting the right opamp
143(1)
Opamps surveyed: BJT input types
143(14)
The LM741 opamp
144(1)
The NE5532/5534 opamp
145(3)
Deconstructing the 5532
146(2)
The LM4562 opamp
148(3)
The AD797 opamp
151(1)
The OP27 opamp
152(2)
The OP270 opamp
154(1)
The OP275 opamp
155(2)
Opamps surveyed: JFET input types
157(10)
The TL072 opamp
157(2)
The TL052 opamp
159(1)
The OPA2134 opamp
160(2)
The OPA604 opamp
162(1)
The OPA627 opamp
163(4)
Chapter 5 Opamps for low voltages 167(14)
High fidelity from low voltages
167(1)
Running opamps from a single +5 V supply rail
168(1)
Opamps for 5 V operation
169(1)
The NE5532 in +5 V operation
170(1)
The LM4562 in +5 V operation
170(1)
The AD8022 in +5 V operation
171(1)
The AD8397 in +5 V operation
172(5)
Opamps for 3.3 V single-rail operation
177(4)
Chapter 6 Filters 181(16)
Introduction
181(1)
Passive filters
181(1)
Active filters
182(1)
Low-pass filters
182(1)
High-pass filters
183(1)
Combined low-pass and high-pass filters
183(1)
Bandpass filters
183(1)
Notch filters
184(1)
All-pass filters
184(1)
Filter characteristics
184(1)
Sallen and Key filters
184(5)
Distortion in Sallen and Key filters
189(2)
Multiple-feedback bandpass filters
191(1)
Notch filters
192(2)
Differential filters
194(3)
Chapter 7 Preamplifier architectures 197(8)
Passive preamplifiers
197(2)
Active preamplifiers
199(1)
Amplification and the gain-distribution problem
200(2)
Active gain controls
202(1)
Recording facilities
202(1)
Tone controls
203(2)
Chapter 8 Moving-magnet inputs: levels and RIAA equalisation 205(68)
Cartridge types
205(1)
The vinyl medium
206(1)
Spurious signals
207(1)
Other problems with vinyl
208(1)
Maximum signal levels on vinyl
209(5)
Moving-magnet cartridge sensitivities
214(1)
Overload margins and amplifier limitations
215(2)
Equalisation and its discontents
217(1)
The unloved IEC Amendment
218(1)
The 'Neumann pole'
218(1)
Opamp MM disc input stages
219(1)
Calculating the RIAA equalisation components
219(1)
Implementing RIAA equalisation
220(3)
Implementing the IEC Amendment
223(3)
RIAA equalisation by cartridge loading
226(1)
RIAA series-feedback network configurations
227(1)
RIAA configurations compared for capacitor cost
228(5)
RIAA network optimisation: Cl as a single E6 capacitor
233(2)
RIAA network optimisation: Cl as multiple 10 nF capacitors
235(4)
RIAA configurations compared for capacitor voltages
239(1)
Equivalent RIAA configurations
240(1)
RIAA components
240(2)
RIAA component sensitivity: Configuration-A
242(1)
RIAA component sensitivity: Configuration-C
243(1)
Open-loop gain and RIAA accuracy
243(6)
Switched-gain RIAA amplifiers
249(1)
Shunt-feedback RIAA equalisation
250(1)
Simulating inverse RIAA equalisation
251(1)
Physical inverse RIAA equalisation
252(1)
Passive and semi-passive RIAA equalisation
252(4)
MM cartridge loading and frequency response
256(1)
MM cartridge—preamplifier interaction
257(1)
MM cartridge DC and AC coupling
258(1)
Switched-gain flat stages
258(2)
Subsonic filters
260(3)
Ultrasonic filters
263(1)
Combining subsonic and ultrasonic filters in one stage
264(1)
Scratch filters
264(1)
A practical MM amplifier: #1
265(3)
A practical MM amplifier: #2
268(5)
Chapter 9 Moving-magnet inputs: archival and non-standard equalisation 273(16)
Archival transcription
273(1)
Coarse groove discs
273(1)
Wax cylinders
274(1)
Non-standard replay equalisation
275(5)
Scratch filters
280(1)
Variable-slope scratch filters: LC solutions
281(1)
Variable-slope scratch filters: active solutions
282(3)
Variable-slope scratch filters: the Hamill filter
285(4)
Chapter 10 Moving-magnet inputs: discrete circuitry 289(20)
Discrete MM input stages
289(1)
One-transistor MM input stages
289(2)
Two-transistor MM input stages
291(10)
Two-transistors: increasing supply voltage to +24 V
295(2)
Two-transistors: increasing supply voltage to +30 V
297(1)
Two-transistors: gain distribution
297(2)
Two-transistors: dual supply rails
299(1)
Two-transistors: the historical Dinsdale MM circuit
299(2)
Three-transistor MM input stages
301(2)
Four-transistor MM input stages
303(2)
More complex discrete-transistor MM input stages
305(4)
Chapter 11 Moving-magnet inputs: noise and distortion 309(20)
Noise in MM RIAA preamplifiers
309(1)
Cartridge impedances
310(1)
Noise modelling of RIAA preamplifiers
311(7)
Noise and A-weighting
318(2)
RIAA noise measurements
320(1)
RIAA amps driven from MC head amp
321(1)
Cartridge load synthesis for lower noise
321(3)
The history of load synthesis
324(1)
Distortion in MM RIAA amplifiers
324(2)
Conclusions
326(3)
Chapter 12 Moving-coil head amplifiers 329(12)
Moving-coil cartridge characteristics
329(1)
The limits on MC noise performance
330(1)
Amplification strategies
331(1)
Moving-coil transformers
331(2)
Moving-coil input amplifiers
333(2)
An effective MC amplifier configuration
335(3)
The complete circuit
338(1)
Performance
338(3)
Chapter 13 Volume controls 341(48)
Volume controls
341(1)
Volume control laws
342(2)
Loaded linear pots
344(3)
Dual-action volume controls
347(2)
Tapped volume controls
349(4)
Slide faders
353(2)
Active volume controls
355(5)
The Baxandall active volume control
360(1)
The Baxandall volume control law
361(1)
A practical Baxandall active volume stage
362(2)
Low-noise Baxandall active volume stages
364(1)
The Baxandall volume control: loading effects
365(3)
Baxandall active volume stage plus passive control
368(2)
Potentiometers and DC
370(1)
Motorised potentiometers
370(2)
Stepped volume controls
372(1)
Switched attenuator volume controls
372(9)
Relay-switched volume controls
381(1)
Transformer-tap volume controls
381(1)
Integrated circuit volume controls
382(1)
Loudness controls
382(7)
Chapter 14 Balance controls 389(12)
The ideal balance law
389(2)
Balance controls: passive
391(4)
Balance controls: active
395(1)
Combining balance controls with other stages
396(1)
Switched balance controls
396(2)
Mono-stereo switches
398(1)
Width controls
398(3)
Chapter 15 Tone controls and equalisers 401(50)
Introduction
401(1)
Passive tone controls
402(1)
Baxandall tone controls
403(2)
The Baxandall one-LF-capacitor tone control
405(4)
The Baxandall two-LF-capacitor tone control
409(1)
The Baxandall two-HF-capacitor tone control
410(2)
The Baxandall tone control: impedance and noise
412(3)
Switched-HF-frequency Baxandall controls
415(2)
Variable-frequency HF EQ
417(2)
Variable-frequency LF EQ
419(1)
A new type of switched-frequency LF EQ
420(2)
Variable-frequency HF and LF EQ in one stage
422(7)
Tilt or tone-balance controls
429(2)
Middle controls
431(10)
Fixed frequency Baxandall middle controls
431(2)
Three-band Baxandall EQ in one stage
433(1)
Wien fixed middle EQ
434(3)
Variable-frequency middle EQ
437(1)
Single-gang variable-frequency middle EQ
438(3)
Switched-Q variable-frequency Wien middle EQ
441(1)
Switchable peak/shelving LF/HF EQ
442(2)
Parametric middle EQ
444(3)
Graphic equalisers
447(4)
Chapter 16 Mixer architectures 451(18)
Introduction
451(1)
Performance factors
451(1)
Mixer internal levels
452(1)
Mixer architecture
453(1)
The split mixing architecture
454(2)
The in-line mixing architecture
456(2)
A closer look at split format modules
458(8)
The channel module (split format)
458(3)
Effect return modules
461(1)
The group module
461(2)
The master module
463(1)
Talkback and oscillator systems
464(2)
The in-line channel module
466(3)
Chapter 17 Microphone preamplifiers 469(14)
Microphone preamplifier requirements
469(1)
Transformer microphone inputs.
470(1)
The simple hybrid microphone preamplifier
471(2)
The balanced-feedback hybrid microphone preamplifier (BFMA)
473(1)
Microphone and line input pads
474(2)
The padless microphone preamplifier
476(3)
Capacitor microphone head amplifiers
479(4)
Chapter 18 Line inputs 483(54)
External signal levels
483(1)
Internal signal levels
483(1)
Input amplifier functions
484(1)
Unbalanced inputs
484(4)
Balanced interconnections
488(2)
The advantages of balanced interconnections
489(1)
The disadvantages of balanced interconnections
489(1)
Balanced cables and interference
490(2)
Balanced connectors
492(1)
Balanced signal levels
492(1)
Electronic vs transformer balanced inputs
493(1)
Common mode rejection
493(3)
The basic electronic balanced input
496(2)
Common-mode rejection: the basic balanced input and opamp effects
498(2)
Opamp frequency response effects
500(1)
Opamp CMRR effects
501(1)
Amplifier component mismatch effects
501(4)
A practical balanced input
505(3)
Variations on the balanced input stage
508(17)
Combined unbalanced and balanced inputs
508(1)
The Superbal input
509(1)
Switched-gain balanced inputs
510(1)
Variable-gain balanced inputs
511(3)
High input-impedance balanced inputs
514(1)
The inverting two-opamp input
515(1)
The instrumentation amplifier
516(1)
Instrumentation amplifier applications
517(1)
The instrumentation amplifier with 4X gain
518(4)
The instrumentation amplifier at unity gain
522(3)
Transformer balanced inputs
525(1)
Input overvoltage protection
526(1)
Low-noise balanced inputs
527(5)
Low-noise balanced inputs in action
532(1)
Ultra-low-noise balanced inputs
533(4)
Chapter 19 Line outputs 537(22)
Unbalanced outputs
537(1)
Zero-impedance outputs
538(1)
Ground-cancelling outputs: basics
539(2)
Ground-cancelling outputs: CMRR
541(2)
Ground-cancelling outputs: send amplifier noise
543(1)
Balanced outputs: basics
544(2)
Balanced outputs: output impedance
546(1)
Balanced outputs: noise
547(1)
Quasi-floating outputs
548(1)
Transformer balanced outputs
549(1)
Output transformer frequency response
550(2)
Output transformer distortion
552(1)
Reducing output transformer distortion
553(6)
Chapter 20 Headphone amplifiers 559(14)
Driving heavy loads
559(1)
Driving headphones
559(1)
Special opamps
560(1)
Multiple opamps
560(2)
Opamp-transistor hybrid amplifiers
562(4)
Discrete Class-AB headphone amplifiers
566(2)
Discrete Class-A headphone amplifiers
568(3)
Balanced headphone amplifiers
571(2)
Chapter 21 Signal switching 573(32)
Mechanical switches
573(1)
Input-select switching
574(1)
The Virtual Contact
575(2)
Relay switching
577(1)
Electronic switching
577(1)
Switching with CMOS analogue gates
577(28)
CMOS gates in voltage mode
579(6)
CMOS gates in current mode
585(1)
CMOS series-shunt current mode
586(2)
Control voltage feedthrough in CMOS gates
588(1)
CMOS gates at higher voltages
588(1)
CMOS gates at low voltages
588(1)
CMOS gate costs
589(1)
Discrete JFET switching
590(1)
The series JFET switch in voltage mode
590(5)
The shunt JFET switch in voltage mode
595(1)
JFETS in current mode
596(2)
Reducing distortion by biasing
598(2)
JFET drive circuitry
600(2)
Physical layout and offness
602(1)
Dealing with the DC conditions
602(1)
A soft changeover circuit
603(1)
Control voltage feedthrough in JFETS
604(1)
Chapter 22 Mixer sub-systems 605(54)
Introduction
605(1)
Mixer bus systems
605(1)
Input arrangements
606(1)
Equalisation
606(1)
Insert points
606(2)
How to move a circuit block
608(2)
Faders
610(1)
Postfade amplifiers
610(2)
Direct outputs
612(1)
Panpots
613(11)
Passive panpots
614(5)
The active panpot
619(2)
LCR panpots
621(3)
Routing systems
624(5)
Auxiliary sends
629(1)
Group module circuit blocks
629(1)
Summing systems: voltage summing
630(1)
Summing systems: virtual-earth summing
631(1)
Balanced summing systems
632(1)
Ground-cancelling summing systems
633(2)
Distributed summing systems
635(4)
Summing amplifiers
639(6)
Hybrid summing amplifiers
641(3)
Balanced hybrid summing amplifiers
644(1)
PFL systems
645(6)
PFL summing
647(1)
PFL switching
647(1)
PFL detection
647(2)
Virtual-earth PFL detection
649(2)
AFL systems
651(1)
Solo-in-place systems
651(1)
Talkback microphone amplifiers
652(1)
Line-up oscillators
653(3)
Console cooling and component lifetimes
656(3)
Chapter 23 Level indication and metering 659(16)
Signal-present indication
659(2)
Peak indication
661(1)
The Log Law Level LED (LLLL)
662(1)
Distributed peak detection
663(2)
Combined LED indicators
665(1)
VU meters
665(2)
PPM meters
667(1)
LED bar-graph metering
668(2)
A more efficient LED bargraph architecture
670(3)
Vacuum fluorescent displays
673(1)
Plasma displays
673(1)
Liquid crystal displays
674(1)
Chapter 24 Level control and special circuits 675(32)
Gain-control elements
675(7)
A brief history of gain-control elements
675(1)
JFETs
675(3)
Operational transconductance amplifiers
678(1)
Voltage-controlled amplifiers
679(3)
Compressors and limiters
682(6)
Attack artefacts
685(1)
Decay artefacts
686(1)
Subtractive VCA control
686(2)
Noise gates
688(2)
Clipping
690(13)
Diode clipping
690(3)
Active clipping with transistors
693(2)
Active clipping with opamps
695(8)
Clipping by clamping
695(3)
Negative-feedback clipping
698(3)
Feedforward clipping
701(2)
Noise generators
703(1)
Pinkening filters
704(3)
Chapter 25 Power supplies 707(16)
Opamp supply rail voltages
707(2)
Designing a ±15 V supply
709(2)
Designing a ±17 V supply
711(2)
Using variable-voltage regulators
713(2)
Improving ripple performance
715(1)
Dual supplies from a single winding
716(1)
Power supplies for discrete circuitry
716(1)
Larger power supplies
717(1)
Mutual shutdown circuitry
718(1)
Very large power supplies
719(1)
Microcontroller and relay supplies
719(1)
+48 V phantom power supplies
720(3)
Chapter 26 Interfacing with the digital domain 723(12)
Introduction
723(1)
PCB layout considerations
723(1)
Nominal levels and ADCs
724(1)
Some typical ADCs
725(1)
Interfacing with ADC inputs
726(2)
Some typical DACs
728(1)
Interfacing with DAC outputs
729(2)
Interfacing with microcontrollers
731(4)
Index 735
Douglas Self studied engineering at Cambridge University, then psychoacoustics at Sussex University. He has spent many years working at the top level of design in both the professional audio and hifi industries, and has taken out a number of patents in the field of audio technology. He currently acts as a consultant engineer in the field of audio design.