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Smart CMOS Image Sensors and Applications [Kõva köide]

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(Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 266 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 566 g, 8 Tables, black and white; 162 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Optical Science and Engineering
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Sep-2007
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0849336813
  • ISBN-13: 9780849336812
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Smart CMOS Image Sensors and ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 266 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 566 g, 8 Tables, black and white; 162 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Optical Science and Engineering
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Sep-2007
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0849336813
  • ISBN-13: 9780849336812
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780849336812.html
Märksõnad:
Because of their high noise immunity and low static power supply drain, complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices produce less heat than other forms of logic and allow a high density of logic functions on a chip. These beneficial characteristics have fueled the use of CMOS image sensors in consumer electronics, robot vision, biotechnology, and medicine. With the introduction of smart functions in CMOS image sensors, even more versatile applications are now possible.

Exploring this popular technology, Smart CMOS Image Sensors and Applications focuses on the smart functions implemented in CMOS image sensors as well as the applications of these sensors. After discussing the history of smart CMOS image sensors, the book describes the fundamental elements of CMOS image sensors. It covers some optoelectronic device physics and introduces typical CMOS image sensor structures, such as an active pixel sensor (APS). Subsequent chapters elucidate the functions and materials of smart CMOS image sensors and present examples of smart imaging. The final chapter explores various applications of smart CMOS image sensors. Several appendices supply a range of information on constants, illuminance, MOSFET characteristics, and optical resolution.

This book provides a firm foundation in existing smart CMOS image sensor technology and applications, preparing you for the next phase of smart CMOS image sensors.

Arvustused

"It not only provides the foundation for understanding existing CMOS sensor technologies but a wealth of references and resources for further research."

In OPN, May 2008, Vol. 19, No. 5

1 Introduction 1
1.1 A general overview
1
1.2 Brief history of CMOS image sensors
2
1.3 Brief history of smart CMOS image sensors
5
1.4 Organization of the book
8
2 Fundamentals of CMOS image sensors 11
2.1 Introduction
11
2.2 Fundamentals of photodetection
12
2.2.1 Absorption coefficient
12
2.2.2 Behavior of minority carriers
13
2.2.3 Sensitivity and quantum efficiency
15
2.3 Photodetectors for smart CMOS image sensors
17
2.3.1 pn-junction photodiode
18
2.3.2 Photogate
26
2.3.3 Phototransistor
26
2.3.4 Avalanche photodiode
27
2.3.5 Photoconductive detector
27
2.4 Accumulation mode in PDs
29
2.4.1 Potential change in accumulation mode
30
2.4.2 Potential description
30
2.4.3 Behavior of photo-generated carriers in PD
32
2.5 Basic pixel structures
36
2.5.1 Passive pixel sensor
36
2.5.2 Active pixel sensor, 3T-APS
38
2.5.3 Active pixel sensor, 4T-APS
40
2.6 Sensor peripherals
42
2.6.1 Addressing
42
2.6.2 Readout circuits
45
2.6.3 Analog-to-digital converters
46
2.7 Basic sensor characteristics
48
2.7.1 Noise
48
2.7.2 Dynamic range
51
2.7.3 Speed
51
2.8 Color
51
2.9 Pixel sharing
53
2.10 Comparison between pixel architecture
55
2.11 Comparison with CCDs
55
3 Smart functions and materials 59
3.1 Introduction
59
3.2 Pixel structure
60
3.2.1 Current mode
60
3.2.2 Log sensor
62
3.3 Analog operation
64
3.3.1 Winner-take-all
64
3.3.2 Projection
65
3.3.3 Resistive network
65
3.4 Pulse modulation
66
3.4.1 Pulse width modulation
68
3.4.2 Pulse frequency modulation
70
3.5 Digital processing
78
3.6 Materials other than silicon
79
3.6.1 Silicon-on-insulator
79
3.6.2 Extending the detection wavelength
83
3.7 Structures other than standard CMOS technologies
85
3.7.1 3D integration
85
3.7.2 Integration with light emitters
86
3.7.3 Color realization using nonstandard structures
88
4 Smart imaging 93
4.1 Introduction
93
4.2 Low light imaging
94
4.2.1 Active reset for low light imaging
96
4.2.2 PFM for low light imaging
96
4.2.3 Differential APS
97
4.2.4 Geiger mode APD for a smart CMOS image sensor
97
4.3 High speed
99
4.3.1 Global shutter
99
4.4 Wide dynamic range
100
4.4.1 Principle of wide dynamic range
100
4.4.2 Dual sensitivity
101
4.4.3 Nonlinear response
102
4.4.4 Multiple sampling
105
4.4.5 Saturation detection
107
4.4.6 Diffusive brightness
108
4.5 Demodulation
108
4.5.1 Principles of demodulation
108
4.5.2 Correlation
109
4.5.3 Method of two accumulation regions
111
4.6 Three-dimensional range finder
116
4.6.1 Time of flight
116
4.6.2 Triangulation
121
4.6.3 Depth key
123
4.7 Target tracking
123
4.7.1 Maximum detection for target tracking
124
4.7.2 Projection for target tracking
124
4.7.3 Resistive network and other analog processing for target tracking
125
4.7.4 Digital processing for target tracking
125
4.8 Dedicated arrangement of pixel and optics
129
4.8.1 Non-orthogonal arrangement
129
4.8.2 Dedicated optics
132
5 Applications 137
5.1 Introduction
137
5.2 Information and communication applications
137
5.2.1 Optical ID tag
138
5.2.2 Optical wireless communication
144
5.3 Biotechnology applications
151
5.3.1 Smart CMOS image sensor with multi-modal functions
152
5.3.2 Potential imaging combining MEMS technology
155
5.3.3 Smart CMOS sensor for optical and electrochemical imaging
156
5.3.4 Fluorescence detection
159
5.4 Medical applications
165
5.4.1 Capsule endoscope
165
5.4.2 Retinal prosthesis
167
A Tables of constants 179
B Illuminance 181
C Human eye and CMOS image sensors 185
D Fundamental characteristics of MOS capacitors 189
E Fundamental characteristics of MOSFET 191
F Optical format and resolution 195
References 197
Index 241