Discover more powerful and versatile electronic devices beyond just silicon!
Nanotechnology has become the central focal point for much of the development of the latest, extremely reliable electronics. In particular, the bottom-up and top-down approaches for the creation of functional nanostructures have demonstrated that they are ideally suited for a broad scope of applications in fields such as flexible electronics, supercapacitors, tissue engineering, solar cells, and chemical sensors. With such a wide range of potential uses, nanomaterials appear to be the wave of the future.
Smart Nanomaterials for Electronics offers a comprehensive look at state-of-the-art research and development in the field of applications of smart nanostructures in electronics. Interdisciplinary research is vital to the success of this growing field, and this book facilitates the diffusion of this type of enquiry in the interrelated and rapidly converging fields of nanoelectronics. The book has a central focus on enhancing the performance of electronic devices using smart nanostructures with special attention given to nanobioelectronics and, more generally, on the approaches that seriously consider the economics and commercialization challenges inherent in the technology. The text also examines the ethical, legal, and social issues presented by nanoelectronics in detail.
Smart Nanomaterials for Electronics readers will also find:
A review of the latest technology breakthroughs in the application of nanostructures to electronics, with a focus on carbon materials A view of smart nanomaterials from the lab to the real world that facilitates the steps from proof-of concept devices to larger-scale production Discussion of the chances and challenges of commercialization of nanostructure-based electronic devices
Smart Nanomaterials for Electronics is a useful reference for materials scientists, electrical engineers, solid state physicists, semiconductor physicists, and the libraries that support them all.
Preface xv
1 Introduction to Nanomaterials 1
Joydip Sengupta, Arpita Adhikari, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Definition and Size Range 1
1.1.2 Classification by Dimensionality 1
1.1.3 Natural Versus Engineered Nanomaterials 3
1.2 Historical Development of Nanoscience 4
1.2.1 Ancient Applications 4
1.2.2 Twentieth-Century Foundations and Key Milestones 5
1.2.3 The Modern Era of Nanotechnology 6
1.3 Unique Properties at the Nanoscale 8
1.3.1 Quantum Confinement 8
1.3.2 Surface-to-Volume Ratio Effects 9
1.3.3 Emergent Physical Properties 11
1.4 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 13
1.4.1 Top-Down Approach 14
1.4.2 Bottom-Up Approach 15
1.5 Characterization Techniques 16
1.6 Applications Overview 20
1.7 Challenges and Future Direction 22
1.8 Conclusions 23
References 24
2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Exploring Key Methods 35
Selamu Duguna, Tanya Thakur, Ankita Dasila, and Sadanand Pandey
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Top-Down Synthesis Methods 37
2.2.1 Ball Milling Technique 37
2.2.2 Mechanical Attrition Method 37
2.2.3 Lithography Techniques 38
2.3 Bottom-Up Synthesis Method 39
2.3.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 39
2.3.2 Sol-Gel Method 40
2.3.3 Green Synthesis Methods 40
2.3.4 Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Methods 41
2.4 Advanced and Emerging Methods 42
2.4.1 Electrochemical Synthesis 42
2.4.2 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) 44
2.4.3 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis 45
2.4.4 Ultrasonic or Sonochemical Synthesis 47
2.5 Hybrid and Composite Nanomaterial Synthesis 48
2.5.1 Potential Applications of Hybrid Nanocomposites 48
2.6 Process Optimization of Nanomaterial Synthesis 49
2.6.1 Techniques Employed for Optimization of Nanomaterial Synthesis 51
2.6.1.1 Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) 51
2.6.1.2 Response Surface Methodology (RSM) 51
2.6.1.3 Design of Experiments (DOE) 51
2.7 Scalability of Nanomaterial Synthesis 52
2.7.1 Cost Comparison 53
2.7.2 Environmental Impact of Synthesis Processes 53
2.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 53
References 54
3 Nanomaterial Characterization Techniques 63
Samia Dhahri, Hanen Shall, Farah Nasraoui, and Najeh Thabet Mliki
3.1 Introduction 63
3.1.1 Overview of Nanomaterials 63
3.1.2 Importance of Characterization in Nanotechnology 63
3.1.3 Role of Nanomaterials in Electronics 65
3.2 Nanomaterial Characterization Techniques 67
3.2.1 Microscopic Techniques 67
3.2.1.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy 68
3.2.1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy 68
3.2.1.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy 69
3.2.2 Spectroscopic Techniques 71
3.2.2.1 X-ray Diffraction 71
3.2.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy 72
3.2.2.3 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 73
3.2.2.4 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 73
3.2.3 Spectrophotometric Techniques 74
3.2.3.1 UV-Vis Spectroscopy 74
3.2.3.2 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 75
3.2.3.3 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy 75
3.2.3.4 Dynamic Light Scattering 75
3.2.3.5 Zeta Potential (-potential) 76
3.3 Electronic and Structural Characterization Techniques 77
3.3.1 Band Gap and Electrical Conductivity Measurements 77
3.3.2 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller 77
3.3.3 Small-Angle X-ray Scattering 78
3.3.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 79
3.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 79
References 80
4 Key Properties of Nanomaterials for Electronics Applications 85
Ali Ben Ahmed, Fouad N. Ajeel, and Alaa M. Khudhair
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 Electronic Properties of Nanomaterials 86
4.2.1 Bandgap Tuning 86
4.2.2 Electrical Conductivity 87
4.2.3 Charge Carrier Mobility 88
4.3 Optical Properties of Nanomaterials 89
4.3.1 Quantum Confinement Effects 90
4.3.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance 90
4.3.3 Photodetectors and LEDs 91
4.4 Thermal Properties of Nanomaterials 92
4.4.1 High Thermal Conductivity 93
4.4.2 Phonon Engineering 94
4.5 Mechanical Properties of Nanomaterials 95
4.5.1 Strength and Flexibility 95
4.5.2 Defects and Mechanical Stability 96
4.6 Case Studies of Nanomaterials in Electronics 97
4.6.1 Graphene-Based Devices 98
4.6.2 Carbon Nanotubes 98
4.6.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 99
4.6.4 Quantum Dots 99
4.7 Challenges and Future Prospects 100
4.7.1 Challenges in Synthesizing and Integrating Nanomaterials 100
4.7.2 Emerging Trends in Nanomaterials for Electronics 101
4.7.3 Addressing Challenges for Future Applications 101
4.8 Conclusion 102
References 102
5 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Electronics Applications 109
Simge ER Zeybekler
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 Types of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 110
5.2.1 Graphene 111
5.2.2 Applications of Graphene in Electronics 112
5.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 121
5.2.3.1 Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Electronics 122
5.2.4 Carbon Dots 129
5.2.4.1 Applications of Carbon Dots in Electronics 129
5.2.5 Carbon Nanodiamonds 134
5.2.5.1 Applications of Carbon Nanodiamonds in Electronics 135
5.3 Conclusion 137
References 138
6 Metallic and Magnetic Nanomaterials for Electronics Applications 145
Hanen Shall, Samia Dhahri, and Najeh Thabet Mliki
6.1 Introduction 145
6.2 Metallic and Magnetic Nanomaterials: Key Electrical Properties for
Enhanced Electronic Applications 148
6.2.1 Quantum Confinement 148
6.2.2 Electron Conduction Mechanisms 149
6.2.3 Magnetic Properties 151
6.2.4 Optoelectronic Properties 152
6.2.5 Mechanical Properties 153
6.2.6 Correlation Between Nanomaterial Properties and Their Electronic
Application Potential 154
6.3 Electronic Applications of Metallic and Magnetic Nanomaterials:
Representative Use Cases 155
6.3.1 Metallic Nanoparticles for Inks for Flexible Electronics 155
6.3.2 Metallic Nanomaterials for Solar Cells 157
6.3.3 Magnetic Nanomaterials for Electromagnetic Shielding 159
6.3.4 Magnetic Nanomaterials for Sensors 161
6.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 163
References 164
7 Semiconductor Nanomaterials for Electronics Applications 175
Rakesh K. Sahoo, A.K. Pattanaik, Subash Chandra Sahu, and Joydip Sengupta
7.1 Introduction 175
7.2 Semiconductor Nanomaterials in Reduced Dimensions 176
7.2.1 Two-Dimensional Layered Materials 176
7.2.2 One-Dimensional Materials 178
7.2.3 Zero-Dimensional Materials 181
7.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) in Electronic Devices 182
7.3.1 CNTs in FET Devices 182
7.3.2 Advances Beyond Individual CNT Transistors 185
7.3.3 CNT Thin-Film Transistors (TFTs) for Flexible and Large-Area
Electronics 185
7.3.4 Aligned CNT Arrays and Metallic CNT Removal 186
7.3.5 Monodisperse CNT Solutions and Printed CNT Electronics 187
7.3.6 CNT Electronics for RF Applications 189
7.4 Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS 2) in Electronic Devices 189
7.4.1 Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS 2) in FET Devices 189
7.4.2 Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS 2) in D-Mode and E-Mode FETs 190
7.4.3 MoS 2 FET in Integrated NAND Logic Gate and SRAM Cell in Inverter
Operation 191
7.4.4 Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS 2) FET in Five-Stage Ring Oscillator 193
7.5 Conclusions 195
References 195
8 Polymeric and Hybrid Nanomaterials for Electronics Applications 207
Irshad Kammakakam, Muhammed Yoosuf, and Uldana Makhmut
8.1 Introduction 207
8.2 The General Synthetic Methods to Prepare Electrically Conductive
Polymers and Hybrid Nanomaterials 208
8.2.1 Preparation of Nanostructured CPs 209
8.2.1.1 Electrospinning 209
8.2.1.2 Direct Electrospinning of CPs 210
8.2.1.3 Electrospun Fibers as Templates 211
8.2.2 General Synthetic Methods to Prepare Nanomaterials 213
8.2.2.1 Top-down Approaches 214
8.2.2.2 Bottom-up Approaches 214
8.3 Electronic Applications of Polymeric and Hybrid Nanomaterials 215
8.3.1 Chemical Sensors And Biosensors 215
8.3.1.1 Biosensors 215
8.3.1.2 Chemical Sensors 218
8.3.2 Transistor and Switch 220
8.3.3 Energy Production and Storage 221
8.3.3.1 Polymer Hybrid Solar Cells 222
8.3.3.2 Fuel Cells 223
8.3.3.3 Batteries 224
8.3.4 Supercapacitor 224
8.3.5 Photovoltaic Cell 225
8.3.6 Electrochromic Device 227
8.3.7 Field Emission Display 228
8.3.8 Actuator 229
8.4 Future Perspectives 229
8.5 Conclusion 230
References 230
9 Nanomaterials in Sensors 243
Abhinav Sharma, Fumiya Inoue, Supriya Mishra, and Taka-aki Yano
9.1 Introduction 243
9.2 Metal-Oxide Nanomaterials 245
9.2.1 Metal-oxide-based Sensors 245
9.3 Carbon Nanomaterials 248
9.3.1 Carbon Nanomaterials-based Sensors 251
9.4 Graphene Nanomaterials 251
9.4.1 Graphene-based Sensors 252
9.5 Metal-Organic Frameworks 254
9.5.1 MOFs-based Sensors 255
9.6 Quantum Dots 256
9.6.1 QD-based Sensors 258
9.7 Limitations/Challenges and Future Aspects 259
9.8 Conclusions 260
References 261
10 Nanomaterials in Energy Storage 269
Sawaira Moeen, Afsah Mobeen Haider, and Muhammad Ikram
10.1 Introduction 269
10.2 Engineering of 2D Nanomaterials 272
10.3 Applications in Rechargeable Batteries 273
10.3.1 Basic Principle and Mechanism 273
10.3.2 Lithium-ion Batteries 275
10.3.3 Sodium-ion Batteries 280
10.3.4 Other Emerging Batteries 283
10.4 Electrochemical Supercapacitor 284
10.4.1 Basic Principle and Mechanism 284
10.4.2 Electrical Double-layer Supercapacitor 286
10.4.3 Pseudocapacitor 288
10.4.4 Hybrid Supercapacitors 288
10.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook 290
References 292
11 Nanomaterials for Wearable Electronics 301
Shahab Ahmadi Seyedkhani
11.1 Introduction 301
11.2 One-Dimensional NMs for Wearable Electronics 302
11.2.1 Fabrication Methods of 1D NMs in Soft Electronics 303
11.2.1.1 Direct Coating Methods 303
11.2.1.2 Transferring Methods 303
11.2.1.3 Printing Technologies: In situ Design, Fabrication, and Patterning
304
11.2.2 Soft Electronic Devices Based on 1D NMs 305
11.2.2.1 Stretchable Conductors: Electrical and Thermal 305
11.2.2.2 Wearable Pressure Sensors 306
11.2.2.3 Stretchable Strain Gauge Sensors 307
11.2.2.4 Flexible Supercapacitors 307
11.2.2.5 Flexible Batteries 307
11.2.2.6 Wearable Solar Cells 308
11.3 Two-Dimensional NMs for Wearable Electronics 308
11.3.1 2D NMs 309
11.3.1.1 Graphene 309
11.3.1.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 311
11.3.1.3 Other 2D NMs 315
11.3.2 Applications of 2D NMs in Wearable Devices 315
11.4 1D/2D Hybrid Multifunctional Wearable Electronics: Case Studies 317
11.5 Nanofiber TENGs for Wearable Electronics 324
11.5.1 Fabrication of TENG Nanofibers 324
11.5.2 Wearable Electronics Based on Nanofiber TENGs 327
11.6 Bio-inspired Electronics: Soft, Biohybrid, and Living Neural
Interfaces 328
11.6.1 Bio-inspired Soft Electronics 330
11.6.2 Biohybrid and Living Interfaces 330
11.7 Summary 331
Acknowledgment 333
References 333
12 Nanomaterials in Spintronics 343
Kai Wang
12.1 Fundamental Concept of Spin in Electronics 343
12.2 Graphene Spintronics 353
12.3 Organic Spintronics 357
12.4 Perovskite Spintronics 361
12.5 Summary 363
References 364
13 Nanomaterials in Quantum Computing 367
Nazia Rodoshi Khan
13.1 Introduction 367
13.2 Fundamental Nanomaterials for Quantum Bits (Qubits) 368
13.2.1 Superconducting Qubits 368
13.2.2 Semiconductor Qubits 369
13.2.3 Topological Qubits 371
13.3 Nanomaterials for Quantum Gates and Control 373
13.3.1 Nanoscale Electrodes and Interconnects in Quantum Computing 373
13.3.1.1 Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors (SNSPDs) 373
13.3.1.2 Topological Superconductor Interconnects 374
13.3.2 Photonic Nanostructures 375
13.3.2.1 Quantum Dots for Single-Photon Emission 375
13.3.2.2 Nanophotonic Waveguides and Cavities 375
13.4 Nanomaterials for Quantum Memory and Storage 376
13.4.1 Rare-Earth Ion-Doped Crystals 376
13.4.2 Nuclear Spin-based Quantum Memories 377
13.5 Challenges and Future Directions 378
13.5.1 Scalability and Integration 378
13.5.2 Coherence and Error Correction 380
13.6 Conclusion 380
References 381
14 Innovative Approaches to Nanomaterial Synthesis via Artificial
Intelligence (AI) and Internet-of-Things (IoT) Integration 385
Jaison Jeevanandam, Iqra Bano, and Michael K. Danquah
14.1 Introduction 385
14.2 Nanomaterials Synthesis Approaches 386
14.2.1 Physical Approaches 387
14.2.1.1 Milling via Mechanical Approach 387
14.2.1.2 Ablation via Laser 388
14.2.1.3 Physical Vapor Deposition 389
14.2.2 Chemical Synthesis of Nanomaterials 389
14.2.3 Biological Methods 391
14.3 Integration of AI and IoT in Nanomaterial Synthesis 392
14.3.1 Machine Learning for Predictive Nanomaterial Formation 393
14.3.1.1 Supervised Learning Algorithms 393
14.3.1.2 Unsupervised Learning Algorithms 394
14.3.1.3 Reinforcement Learning Algorithms 395
14.3.1.4 Hybrid and Ensemble Models 396
14.3.1.5 Application of Predictive Modeling in Nanomaterials 396
14.3.2 Real-time Monitoring and Controlling of Nanomaterial Synthesis Using
IoT Sensors 397
14.3.3 Data-driven Optimization of Synthesis Parameters 398
14.4 Computational Approaches for Nanomaterial Design 399
14.4.1 Predictive Modeling for Morphology and Stability of Nanomaterials
400
14.4.2 AI-driven Toxicity Prediction of Nanomaterials 401
14.4.3 Simulation of Nanoparticles Physicochemical Interactions 402
14.4.4 Virtual Screening of Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications 403
14.5 Applications of AI-designed Nanomaterials in Biomedical Fields 404
14.5.1 Bioelectronics and Biosensors 404
14.5.2 Systems to Deliver Drugs 404
14.5.3 Medical Imaging and Diagnostics 405
14.5.4 Other Biomedical Applications 406
14.6 Sustainability and Environmental Impact 407
14.7 Future Perspectives 408
14.8 Conclusion 409
Acknowledgment 410
References 410
15 Nanomaterial Challenges: Scaling, Production, and Environmental Impact
Assessment 427
Ayman M. Mostafa and Eman A. Mwafy
15.1 Introduction to Nanomaterials in Electronics 427
15.2 Scaling Nanomaterial Production: Lab to Industry 429
15.3 Fabrication Techniques and Translational Challenges 432
15.4 Environmental and Health Implications 435
15.5 Green Nanotechnology and Safe-by-Design Approaches 438
15.6 Regulatory and Policy Considerations 440
15.7 Future Directions and Interdisciplinary Solutions 443
15.8 Conclusion 444
References 445
Index 449
Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an Adjunct Professor and Director of laboratories in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, United States.
Joydip Sengupta, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronic Science at the Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri College, Kolkata, India.
Arpita Adhikari, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at the Techno Main Salt Lake, Kolkata, India.
