Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Human [Pehme köide]

  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 635 pages, kõrgus x laius: 240x170 mm, kaal: 1054 g, Illustrations
  • Sari: IARC Monographs v. 89
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Jan-2006
  • Kirjastus: World Health Organization
  • ISBN-10: 9283212894
  • ISBN-13: 9789283212898
Teised raamatud teemal:
Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to HumanSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 635 pages, kõrgus x laius: 240x170 mm, kaal: 1054 g, Illustrations
  • Sari: IARC Monographs v. 89
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Jan-2006
  • Kirjastus: World Health Organization
  • ISBN-10: 9283212894
  • ISBN-13: 9789283212898
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9789283212898.html
Märksõnad:
This eighty-ninth volume of the IARC Monographs is the third and last of a series on tobacco-related agents. Volume 83 reported on the carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking (second-hand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke) (IARC 2004a). Volume 85 summarized the evidence on the carcinogenic risk of chewing betel quid with and without tobacco (IARC 2004b). That volume explored the variety of products chewed in South Asia and other parts of the word that contain areca nut in combination with other ingredients, often including tobacco. In this eighty-ninth volume, the carcinogenic risks associated with the use of smokeless tobacco, including chewing tobacco and snuff, are considered in a first monograph. The second monograph reviews some tobacco-specific nitrosamines. These agents were evaluated earlier in Volume 37 of the Monographs (IARC 1985) and information gathered since that time has been summarized and evaluated.

NOTE TO THE READER 1
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 3
PREAMBLE 7
1. Background
9
2. Objective and Scope
9
3. Selection of Topics for Monographs
10
4. Data for Monographs
11
5. The Working Group
11
6. Working Procedures
11
7. Exposure Data
12
8. Studies of Cancer in Humans
14
9. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
17
10. Other Data Relevant to an Evaluation of Carcinogenicity and its Mechanisms
20
11. Summary of Data Reported
22
12. Evaluation
23
13. References
28
GENERAL REMARKS 33
Smokeless Tobacco 39
1. Description of Smokeless Tobacco Practices
41
1.1 Historical overview
41
1.1.1 Tobacco chewing
41
1.1.2 Snuff taking
43
1.1.3 Attitudes and beliefs regarding smokeless tobacco use
46
1.2 Manufacture and use of smokeless tobacco products
47
1.2.1 Oral use
49
1.2.2 Nasal use
54
1.3 Chemical composition of smokeless tobacco
55
1.3.1 General overview
55
1.3.2 Carcinogenic compounds in smokeless tobacco
57
1.3.3 Smokeless tobacco products
60
1.3.4 Kentucky (KY) reference smokeless tobacco products
85
1.3.5 Pesticide residues
86
1.4 Production, consumption and prevalence of use of smokeless tobacco products
86
1.4.1 Europe
88
1.4.2 North and South America
98
1.4.3 South Asia
109
1.4.4 Africa
137
1.4.5 Association between smokeless tobacco use and cigarette smoking
144
1.4.6 Occupational exposure to unburnt tobacco
154
1.5 Regulations
156
1.5.1 Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
156
1.5.2 Australia and New Zealand
156
1.5.3 Europe
157
1.5.4 North America
158
1.5.5 Asia
161
1.5.6 Africa
165
2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
166
2.1 Introduction
166
2.2 Oral use
167
2.2.1 Cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx
167
2.2.2 Precancerous lesions
191
2.2.3 Cancer of the oesophagus
201
2.2.4 Cancer of the pancreas
205
2.2.5 Cancers at other sites
209
2.3 Nasal use
229
2.3.1 Cancer of the oral cavity
229
2.3.2 Cancer of the oesophagus
231
2.3.3 Cancer of the paranasal sinus
231
2.3.4 Cancer of the larynx
231
2.3.5 Cancer of the lung
233
3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
233
3.1 Tobacco
233
3.1.1 Oral administration
233
3.1.2 Application to the oral mucosa or cheek pouch
234
3.1.3 Skin application
236
3.1.4 Other routes of administration
237
3.1.5 Skin application with known carcinogens or modifiers
238
3.2 Snuff tobacco
239
3.2.1 Oral administration
239
3.2.2 Application to the oral mucosa or cheek pouch
240
3.2.3 Subcutaneous administration
243
3.2.4 Administration with known carcinogens or modifiers
244
3.3 Bidi tobacco, mishri and naswar
247
3.3.1 Bidi tobacco
247
3.3.2 Mishri
247
3.3.3 Naswar
250
4. Other Data Relevant to an Evaluation of Carcinogenicity and its Mechanisms
251
4.1 Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
251
4.1.1 Humans
251
4.1.2 Experimental systems
267
4.2 Toxic effects
272
4.2.1 Humans
272
4.2.2 Experimental systems
333
4.3 Reproductive, developmental and hormonal effects
336
4.3.1 Humans
336
4.3.2 Experimental systems
338
4.4 Genetic and related effects
341
4.4.1 Humans
341
4.4.2 Experimental systems
359
4.5 Mechanistic considerations
362
5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
363
5.1 Exposure data
363
5.2 Human carcinogenicity data
363
5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data
366
5.4 Other relevant data
367
5.5 Evaluation
370
6. References
370
Some Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines 419
1. Exposure Data
421
1.1 Chemical and physical data (by compound)
421
1.2 Technical products and impurities, analysis, production and use
426
1.2.1 Technical products and impurities
426
1.2.2 Analysis
426
1.2.3 Production
427
1.2.4 Use
427
1.3 Occurrence
427
1.3.1 Fresh tobacco
429
1.3.2 Cured tobacco
429
1.3.3 Cigarette tobacco
431
1.3.4 Mainstream cigarette smoke
436
1.3.5 Sidestream cigarette smoke
442
1.3.6 Other smoked tobacco products
442
1.3.7 Secondhand tobacco smoke
444
1.3.8 Smokeless tobacco products
444
1.4 Biomonitoring in saliva, urine and other tissues
451
1.4.1 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and its metabolites
451
1.4.2 N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN)
455
1.4.3 N-Nitrosoanabasine (NAB)
456
1.4.4 N-Nitrosoanatabine (NAT)
456
2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
457
3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
457
3.1 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1 -(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)
457
3.1.1 Intraperitoneal administration
457
3.1.2 Intravesicular administration
460
3.1.3 Administration in the drinking-water
460
3.1.4 Oral cavity swabbing
461
3.1.5 Cheek pouch application
461
3.1.6 Subcutaneous administration
461
3.1.7 Transplacental or neonatal exposure
464
3.1.8 Administration with known carcinogens or modifying factors
467
3.1.9 Carcinogenicity of NNK metabolites
468
3.2 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL)
468
3.2.1 Intraperitoneal administration
469
3.2.2 Administration in the drinking-water
470
3.2.3 Administration with known carcinogens or modifying factors
470
3.3 N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN)
471
3.3.1 Intraperitoneal administration
471
3.3.2 Skin application
473
3.3.3 Oral administration
473
3.3.4 Cheek pouch application
474
3.3.5 Subcutaneous administration
475
3.3.6 Administration with known carcinogens or modifying factors
476
3.3.7 Carcinogenicity of NNN metabolites
477
3.4 N-Nitrosoanabasine (NAB)
478
3.4.1 Intraperitoneal administration
478
3.4.2 Administration in the drinking-water
479
3.4.3 Subcutaneous administration
479
3.5 N-Nitrosoanatabine (NAT)
479
4. Other Data Relevant to an Evaluation of Carcinogenicity and its Mechanism
480
4.1 Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion
480
4.1.1 Humans
480
4.1.2 Experimental systems
502
4.2 Toxic effects
530
4.2.1 Humans
530
4.2.2 Experimental systems
531
4.3 Reproductive and developmental effects
531
4.4 Genetic and related effects
532
4.4.1 Humans
532
4.4.2 Experimental systems
532
4.5 Mechanistic considerations
543
4.5.1 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)
543
4.5.2 N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN)
548
5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
548
5.1 Exposure data
548
5.2 Human carcinogenicity data
549
5.3 Animal carcinogenicity data
549
5.4 Other relevant data
551
5.5 Evaluation
553
6. References
553
GLOSSARY 585
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 589
CUMULATIVE INDEX TO THE MONOGRAPHS SERIES 593