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Social Variation and the Latin Language [Pehme köide]

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(All Souls College, Oxford)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 956 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 230x153x50 mm, kaal: 1500 g, Worked examples or Exercises; 3 Line drawings, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Sep-2016
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 131662949X
  • ISBN-13: 9781316629499
Teised raamatud teemal:
Social Variation and the Latin LanguageSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 956 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 230x153x50 mm, kaal: 1500 g, Worked examples or Exercises; 3 Line drawings, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Sep-2016
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 131662949X
  • ISBN-13: 9781316629499
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781316629499.html
Märksõnad:
Languages show variations according to the social class of speakers and Latin was no exception, as readers of Petronius are aware. The Romance languages have traditionally been regarded as developing out of a 'language of the common people' (Vulgar Latin), but studies of modern languages demonstrate that linguistic change does not merely come, in the social sense, 'from below'. There is change from above, as prestige usages work their way down the social scale, and change may also occur across the social classes. This book is a history of many of the developments undergone by the Latin language as it changed into Romance, demonstrating the varying social levels at which change was initiated. About thirty topics are dealt with, many of them more systematically than ever before. Discussions often start in the early Republic with Plautus, and the book is as much about the literary language as about informal varieties.

A major history of many of the developments undergone by the Latin language as it changed into Romance languages. A distinction is made between linguistic change emanating from higher social/educational groups ('change from above') and that emanating from lower social/educational groups ('change from below').

Arvustused

'Surprisingly accessible Adams prizes clarity and precision The book emerges as an intellectual cousin of Sir Ronald Syme's classic analysis of the rise of the Emperor Augustus, The Roman Revolution.' Times Literary Supplement 'More than any scholar of the modern era, [ Adams] has revealed features of Latin which bring the language to life as a dynamic vehicle of communication among everyday speakers. The present study reflects [ his] mastery of an extraordinary range of Latin texts. [ Adams] has given us a rich resource for consultation; he has addressed a range of topics worthy of further research; he frequently provides a potent corrective and supplement to standard Latin grammars and accounts of the rise of Romance languages.' Philip Baldi and Paul B. Harvey, The Classical Review ' Adams' unsurpassed knowledge of the Latin language and his outstanding philological acumen [ are] everywhere on display in this book, which contains a wealth of new insights into Latin texts of all periods. There will be a temptation for Latin scholars to buy this book and use it as a work of reference. The organization of the chapters, the level of detail and the excellent indices mean that it could profitably service as such Those who read [ it] will undoubtedly be richly rewarded.' James Clackson, The Journal of Roman Studies

Muu info

A major history of many of the developments undergone by the Latin language as it changed into Romance languages.
Preface xv
List of abbreviations
xix
PART 1 INTRODUCTION
1(28)
I Introduction: `Vulgar Latin' and social variation
3(26)
1 `Vulgar Latin'
3(2)
2 Aspects of social variation in language
5(2)
3 Vulgar Latin, Classical Latin and the source of the Romance languages
7(1)
4 Early Latin, Vulgar Latin and the Romance languages
8(1)
5 `Vulgar Latin' as a serviceable term: the evidence for social variation in Latin
8(3)
6 Speech and writing
11(1)
7 Sources of information
12(10)
8 Aims and methods
22(1)
9 Narratives of social variation and linguistic change from Latin to Romance
23(2)
10 Analysing the chronology of change in a dead language
25(4)
PART 2 PHONOLOGY AND ORTHOGRAPHY
29(170)
II Phonology: introductory remarks
31(6)
1 Aims
31(1)
2 The interpretation of misspellings
32(5)
III Vowel system
37(34)
1 Vocalic misspellings and their interpretation
37(1)
2 The Classical Latin vowel system
38(1)
3 Vowel systems of the Romance languages
39(2)
4 Republican and imperial Latin
41(1)
5 Vowel confusions in early Latin
41(2)
6 The stress accent and its effect on the vowel system
43(8)
7 Early imperial evidence for changes in the front-vowel system
51(10)
8 The Latin and Oscan vowel systems
61(1)
9 Later Latin and front vowels
61(2)
10 The back-vowel merger
63(3)
11 Later Latin and back vowels
66(1)
12 Conclusions
67(1)
13 Regional variation
67(2)
14 Final conclusions; social variation and vowels
69(2)
IV Diphthongs
71(19)
1 Introduction
71(1)
2 AE
71(10)
3 AV
81(6)
4 Final conclusions: diphthongs and social variation
87(3)
V Syncope
90(11)
1 Introduction
90(3)
2 Case studies
93(6)
3 Conclusions: social variation and other factors
99(2)
VI Hiatus
101(24)
1 Definition
101(1)
2 i for e in hiatus
102(2)
3 Yod in hiatus: the significance of I longa
104(4)
4 Omission of i in hiatus
108(2)
5 Contraction in hiatus
110(3)
6 Glides in hiatus
113(5)
7 Palatalisation
118(5)
8 Hiatus and social variation
123(2)
VII The aspirate
125(3)
VIII Final consonants
128(36)
1 -M
128(4)
2 -S
132(15)
3 -T/D
147(15)
4 Some general conclusions: final consonants and social variation
162(2)
IX Contact assimilation
164(19)
1 Introduction
164(1)
2 Non-standard assimilations forming a system
165(1)
3 The four assimilations
166(7)
4 Some conclusions
173(1)
5 Latin and Italic
174(4)
6 The assimilations and social variation
178(1)
7 A Different Case: NS > S
178(5)
X B and V
183(8)
1 Introduction
183(3)
2 The Romance languages
186(1)
3 Misspellings in different positions in the word in Latin
187(2)
4 Regional variation in Latin (?)
189(1)
5 Conclusions
190(1)
XI Phonology: conclusions
191(8)
1 Phonological variables and social class
191(3)
2 Speech and writing
194(1)
3 Vulgar and Classical Latin
195(2)
4 Lexical restriction
197(1)
5 Monitoring
197(2)
PART 3 CASE AND PREPOSITIONS
199(182)
XII The nominative and accusative
201(56)
1 Introduction
201(1)
2 Accusative forms and the Romance languages
201(3)
3 Nominative for oblique cases in names, headings, personal designations and appositional expressions, and naming constructions
204(21)
4 Conclusions: the nominative used out of syntax
225(1)
5 The nominative and accusative in lists
226(8)
6 The accusative with nominative function or as a base form
234(18)
7 Conclusions
252(5)
XIII Oblique cases and prepositional expressions
257(64)
1 Background to the spread of prepositional expressions
257(3)
2 Prepositional expressions: republican and early imperial Latin
260(3)
3 Prepositional expressions and literary artifice
263(4)
4 The genitive and prepositional expressions
267(11)
5 The dative and prepositional expressions
278(16)
6 Prepositions and the instrumental ablative
294(22)
7 Appendix: overlapping instrumental or quasi-instrumental expressions
316(5)
XIV Miscellaneous uses of the accusative
321(6)
1 The accusative of price
321(2)
2 Some double accusative constructions
323(2)
3 Conclusions
325(2)
XV Locative, directional and separative expressions: some variations and conflations
327(19)
1 Introduction: some topics
327(1)
2 Prepositions with names of towns
328(4)
3 The locative to express `motion towards'
332(3)
4 Locative for accusative in place names
335(2)
5 The other side of the coin: accusative for locative
337(7)
6 Conclusions
344(2)
XVI The reflexive dative
346(17)
1 The pleonastic reflexive dative
346(1)
2 The reflexive dative as `colloquial'
347(1)
3 The ethic dative
347(1)
4 The reflexive dative with some transitive verbs
348(5)
5 The reflexive dative with some intransitive verbs
353(6)
6 Romance
359(2)
7 Conclusions
361(2)
XVII Prepositions and comparative expressions
363(8)
1 Introduction
363(1)
2 Expressions with ab
364(1)
3 Expressions with de
365(4)
4 Conclusions
369(2)
XVIII Case and prepositions: some conclusions
371(10)
1 A Visigothic tablet and the case system
371(5)
2 The case system and social variation: a summary
376(4)
3 Final conclusions
380(1)
PART 4 ASPECTS OF NOMINAL, PRONOMINAL AND ADVERBIAL MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX
381(232)
XIX Gender
383(70)
1 Aims
383(1)
2 From Latin to Romance
383(1)
3 Factors causing change or variation of gender
384(8)
4 Plautus
392(27)
5 Petronius
419(6)
6 The Vindolanda tablets
425(1)
7 Masculine and neuter in later Latin
425(3)
8 Transitional expressions in the shift from neuter to masculine
428(3)
9 `Ambigenerics' in some Romance languages and the neuter plural in some late Latin texts
431(6)
10 The neuter plural ending -ora
437(1)
11 Neuters and collectives
437(11)
12 Some final conclusions
448(5)
XX Demonstrative pronouns: some morphological variations
453(29)
1 Introduction: some non-standard demonstrative forms
453(1)
2 Forms of ille and iste with the deictic particle -c(e)
454(5)
3 The feminine dative illei and related forms in later Latin
459(5)
4 Forms of iste
464(1)
5 Ecce, Eccum and Their Use in Compounded Demonstrative Forms
465(15)
6 General conclusions
480(2)
XXI The definite article and demonstrative pronouns
482(46)
1 Introduction
482(1)
2 Some early usages
483(3)
3 Some uses of articles in modern languages: anaphoric versus associative
486(2)
4 The interpretation of anaphoric and associative uses: the Latin evidence
488(16)
5 Recapitulation: identifying article-like usages in a written language
504(2)
6 Some article-like uses particularly of ille but also of ipse
506(6)
7 The Peregrinatio Aetheriae
512(8)
8 The Mulomedicina Chironis
520(2)
9 Conclusions
522(6)
XXII Suffocation (mainly adjectival) and non-standard Latin
528(54)
1 Introduction: some questions about suffixation
528(4)
2 Reanalysis of root and suffix
532(1)
3 Interchange of suffixes or substitutions of one for another
533(12)
4 Extended adjectival suffixes
545(15)
5 Conclusions
560(3)
6 Hybrid formations
563(3)
7 A Diminutive Formation
566(3)
8 -io
569(1)
9 -innus
569(1)
10 Back-formations
570(1)
11 A Special Case: The Suffix -Osus
571(7)
12 General conclusions: suffixation and social variation
578(4)
XXIII Compound adverbs and prepositions
582(31)
1 Introduction: compound adverbs/prepositions in Latin, Romance and Greek
582(5)
2 Between early and late Latin
587(2)
3 The adverbial system of Latin and the late flowering of separative compounds
589(2)
4 Loss of separative force
591(2)
5 Attitudes of grammarians
593(5)
6 Some late compounds
598(8)
7 A Case Study: Veterinary Texts
606(2)
8 Conclusions: compounds, Vulgar Latin and later Greek
608(5)
PART 5 ASPECTS OF VERBAL MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX
613(128)
XXIV Past participle + habeo
615(37)
1 Classical Latin and Romance
615(1)
2 Meanings and functions of habeo
616(24)
3 Thielmann's historical overview
640(5)
4 Agreement of participle and object
645(1)
5 Final conclusions
646(6)
XXV The periphrastic future and conditional; and present for future
652(22)
1 Future
652(8)
2 Conditional
660(6)
3 Present indicative with future reference
666(6)
4 Final conclusions
672(2)
XXVI Reflexive constructions and the passive
674(51)
1 Loss of the synthetic passive, Latin to Romance
674(1)
2 The infrequency of the passive
674(3)
3 Some terminology
677(2)
4 Romance developments
679(1)
5 Further observations on the reflexive passive
680(3)
6 The reflexive middle/passive in Latin: some narratives
683(3)
7 Early and Classical Latin
686(9)
8 Pliny the Elder
695(1)
9 The Mulomedicina Chironis and Vegetius
696(10)
10 Celsus
706(3)
11 Vitruvius
709(2)
12 The reflexive middle and the reflexive passive
711(1)
13 Conclusions
711(8)
14 Some other replacements for the synthetic passive of the infectum
719(5)
15 Final remarks
724(1)
XXVII The ablative of the gerund and the present participle
725(16)
1 Instrumental and `participial' uses of the ablative of the gerund
725(6)
2 Extended uses of the ablative of the gerund
731(8)
3 Conclusions
739(2)
PART 6 ASPECTS OF SUBORDINATION
741(34)
XXVIII Reported speech
743(4)
XXIX Indirect questions
747(28)
1 Indirect questions with indicative verbs
747(23)
2 The infinitive in indirect deliberative questions and potential/generic relative clauses
770(5)
PART 7 ASPECTS OF THE LEXICON AND WORD ORDER
775(64)
XXX The lexicon, a case study: anatomical terms
777(15)
1 Introduction
777(2)
2 Anatomical terms
779(10)
3 Conclusions
789(3)
XXXVI The Lexicon: Suppletion and the Verb `Go'
792(29)
1 Suppletion and the Romance languages
792(2)
2 Classical Latin
794(1)
3 Early Latin
795(5)
4 Substitutes for monosyllabic forms of ire
800(17)
5 Non-literary texts
817(2)
6 Conclusions
819(2)
XXXII Word order, a case study: infinitive position with auxiliary verbs
821(18)
1 Introduction
821(2)
2 Romance languages
823(1)
3 Specimen passages of Latin
824(1)
4 Coepi + Infinitive
825(2)
5 Oportet + Infinitival constructions
827(2)
6 Position of the infinitive with all governing verbs
829(3)
7 Some reservations about `pragmatic determinants'
832(3)
8 Some determinants of infinitive placement
835(2)
9 Conclusions
837(2)
PART 8 Summing Up
839(33)
XXXIII Final conclusions
841(31)
1 The social background of Romance phenomena
841(15)
2 The problem of submerged Latin
856(6)
3 Conclusions: innovation in Latin and social class
862(1)
4 Early Latin and the Romance languages
862(2)
5 Grammarians
864(2)
6 Social variation and Latin literature
866(4)
7 Greek and Latin
870(2)
Bibliography 872(39)
Subject Index 911(3)
Index verborum 914(7)
Index locorum potiorum 921
J. N. Adams is an Emeritus Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford and a Fellow of the British Academy. He was previously a Professor of Latin at the Universities of Manchester and Reading. He is the author of many books on the Latin language, including most recently The Regional Diversification of Latin, 200 BCAD 600 (Cambridge, 2007) and Bilingualism and the Latin Language (Cambridge, 2003).