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Soil Quality Standards for Trace Elements: Derivation, Implementation, and Interpretation [Pehme köide]

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  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 184 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 453 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Sep-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367383462
  • ISBN-13: 9780367383466
Teised raamatud teemal:
Soil Quality Standards for Trace Elements: Derivation, Implementation, and InterpretationSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 184 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 453 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Sep-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 0367383462
  • ISBN-13: 9780367383466
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780367383466.html

Addressing the derivation of soil standards for trace elements and the implementation of these standards within regulatory and risk assessment frameworks, this comprehensive, practical overview describes the application of soil quality standards in the assessment of human and environmental risk. It covers scientific developments useful for resolving discrepancies in setting and implementing soil quality standards and provides tips and advice on how to deal with specific issues such as variation in the natural background and soil-type dependant toxicity.



A comprehensive and practical overview of the state of the science, Soil Quality Standards for Trace Elements: Derivation, Implementation, and Interpretation addresses the derivation of soil quality standards for trace elements and the implementation of these standards within regulatory and risk assessment frameworks. Forty experts from 11 countries across Europe, Asia, and North America—a multidisciplinary group of government policy makers and regulators, academics, industry representatives, and consultants—provide a focused discussion on the science and methods underpinning the derivation of soil quality standards for trace elements.







  • Outlines the supporting science for setting environmental and human health standards


  • Covers the application and practical use of soil quality standards for trace elements


  • Contains recommendations on the development and use of soil quality standards for trace elements


  • Identifies best practices in accounting for (bio)availability and exposure modelling in standard setting for soils




The book provides a clear description of how to derive and implement soil quality standards for trace elements in order to assess human and environmental risks. It covers scientific developments useful for resolving discrepancies in the setting and implementation of soil quality standards. It provides useful tips, including do's, and don'ts on how to deal with issues such as variation of the natural background and soil type dependent toxicity.

List of Figures
xi
List of Tables
xiii
Acknowledgments xv
About the Editors xvii
Workshop Participants xix
Chapter 1 Workshop on Deriving, Implementing, and Interpreting Soil Quality Standards for Trace Elements
1(6)
Graham Merrington
Ilse Schoeters
1.1 Introduction to the Workshop
1(2)
1.2 Deriving, Implementing, and Interpreting SQS for TEs
3(2)
1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Meeting
5(1)
References
5(2)
Chapter 2 Derivation of Ecologically Based Soil Standards for Trace Elements
7(74)
Mike J. McLaughlin
Steve Lofts
Michael St. J. Warne
Monica J.B. Amorim
Anne Fairbrother
Roman Lanno
William Hendershot
Chris E. Schlekat
Yibing Ma
Graeme I. Paton
2.1 Introduction
7(1)
2.2 Soil Factors Affecting Effective Dose
7(6)
2.2.1 Background Concentrations
7(5)
2.2.2 How Soils Affect the Availability and Toxicity of Added TEs
12(1)
2.3 Conceptual Model of the Soil-Organism System
13(2)
2.4 Implications for Setting Soil Quality Standards
15(1)
2.5 Models of TE Uptake and Toxicity to Soil Organisms
16(1)
2.6 Mechanistic Models
17(6)
2.6.1 The Free Ion Activity Model and Biotic Ligand Model
17(5)
2.6.2 Models Using Adsorption Isotherms
22(1)
2.6.3 The Free Ion Approach
22(1)
2.7 Empirical Toxicity Models
23(3)
2.8 Direct Measurement of TE Pools
26(4)
2.9 Consideration of Modifying Soil Factors in Soil Quality Standards
30(4)
2.9.1 Differences between Laboratory and Field Conditions in Ecotoxicity Studies
33(1)
2.10 Effects of Spiking Soils with Soluble TE Salts on Soil Solution Chemistry and Toxicity Measurements
34(2)
2.11 Minimizing Spiking-Induced Artifacts in the Laboratory
36(1)
2.12 Correction Factors for Existing Toxicity Data
37(1)
2.13 Recommended "Best Practice" TE Dosing in Laboratory Ecotoxicity Experiments
38(1)
2.14 Biotic Factors Affecting Organism Response to TE Dose
39(24)
2.14.1 Quantity and Quality of the Ecotoxicological Data
40(3)
2.14.2 Minimum Number of Ecotoxicity Data Points
43(1)
2.14.3 Taxonomic Diversity Needed
43(1)
2.14.4 Selection of Species
44(2)
2.14.4.1 Use of Microbial Ecotoxicological Data for Development of SQS
46(4)
2.14.5 Appropriateness of Toxicity Endpoints
50(1)
2.14.6 Type of Ecotoxicity Data
51(1)
2.14.7 Use of Acute and Chronic Data
52(1)
2.14.8 Dealing with Multiple Toxicity Data for Species
53(1)
2.14.9 Choice of Distribution for SSD
54(1)
2.14.10 Level of Protection to be Provided
55(1)
2.14.11 Acclimation and Adaptation
56(1)
2.14.12 Mixture Considerations
56(5)
2.14.13 Secondary Poisoning
61(2)
2.15 Conclusions
63(3)
2.15.1 Modeling
63(2)
2.15.2 Measurement
65(1)
References
66(15)
Chapter 3 Variation in Soil Quality Criteria for Trace Elements to Protect Human Health: Exposure and Effects Estimation
81(42)
Beverley Hale
Nick Basta
Craig Boreiko
Teresa Bowers
Betty Locey
Michael Moore
Marylene Moutier
Leonard Ritter
Erik Smolders
Use Schoeters
Shu Tao
3.1 Introduction
81(1)
3.2 Exposure Characterization
82(3)
3.2.1 Background Exposure
82(1)
3.2.2 Comparison among Jurisdictions
82(1)
3.2.3 Proportion of Total Exposure Allocated to Background
83(2)
3.3 Inhalation
85(4)
3.3.1 Particle Size Domain
86(1)
3.3.2 Particle Deposition
86(2)
3.3.3 Toxicity
88(1)
3.4 Soil Ingestion
89(5)
3.4.1 Recommended Soil Ingestion Values for Children Based on Tracer Studies
91(2)
3.4.2 Recommended Soil Ingestion Values for Adults Based on Tracer Studies
93(1)
3.5 Food Chain Exposure
94(4)
3.5.1 Land Use Scenarios: The Issue of Selecting Appropriate Background Exposure
95(1)
3.5.2 Dietary Preferences
95(1)
3.5.3 Soil-Plant Transfer
96(2)
3.5.4 Soil-Crop-Animal and Soil-Animal Transfer
98(1)
3.6 Statistical Characterization of Exposure
98(3)
3.6.1 Probabilistic versus Deterministic Assessments
99(1)
3.6.2 Uncertainty Factors
100(1)
3.7 Essential TEs
101(4)
3.7.1 Homeostasis and the Setting of SQSs
102(1)
3.7.2 Dose-Response Relationships for Essential Elements
103(1)
3.7.3 Interaction of Essential and Nonessential TEs
104(1)
3.8 Bioavailability and Bioaccessibility
105(5)
3.8.1 Use of In Vitro Gastrointestinal Methods to Estimate TE Bioavailability
108(2)
3.9 Effects of Characterization
110(4)
3.9.1 Benchmark Dose versus NOAEL/LOAEL
110(1)
3.9.2 Bridging Ambient Exposure to Literature Doses
111(2)
3.9.3 Sensitive Subpopulations
113(1)
3.9.3.1 Children Subpopulations
113(1)
3.9.3.2 Adult Subpopulations
114(1)
3.10 Summary and Conclusions
114(2)
References
116(7)
Chapter 4 Implementation and Use of Terrestrial Standards for Trace Elements
123(18)
Graham Merrington
Ilse Schoeters
Michael St. J. Warne
Beverley Hale
Victor Dries
Co Molenaar
Jaana Sorvari
Jussi Reinikainen
Seung-Woo Jeong
Chris Oates
Gladys Stephenson
Lucia Buve
John Chapman
Diane Heemsbergen
Randy Wentsel
Andreas Bieber
Wang Guoqing
4.1 Introduction
123(1)
4.2 The Use of Soil Quality Standards
124(2)
4.3 Frameworks for the Implementation and Use of SQSs for TEs
126(1)
4.4 Accounting for Ambient Background Concentrations in the Implementation of TE SQSs
127(3)
4.5 Accounting for (Bio)availability in the Derivation of TE SQSs
130(3)
4.6 Accounting for Mixtures of TEs in Regulatory Frameworks
133(1)
4.7 Monitoring and Assessment
134(1)
4.8 Data Sources
134(1)
4.9 Communication
135(1)
4.10 Conclusions
136(1)
References
136(5)
Chapter 5 Recommendations for the Derivation of Interpretable and Implementable Soil Quality Standards for Trace Elements
141(3)
Graham Merrington
Ilse Schoeters
Michael St. J. Warne
Beverley Hale
Mike J. McLaughlin
5.1 Introduction
141(1)
5.2 Soil Quality Standards for TEs and Best Practice
142(2)
References 144(1)
Abbreviations 145(6)
Index 151
Graham Merrington, Ilse Schoeters