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Solubility and Solubilization in Aqueous Media [Kõva köide]

(Professor, University of Arizona)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 496 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 242x160x29 mm, kaal: 951 g, 134 line figures
  • Sari: ACS Professional Reference Book
  • Ilmumisaeg: 29-Jul-1999
  • Kirjastus: American Chemical Society
  • ISBN-10: 0841235767
  • ISBN-13: 9780841235762
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 496 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 242x160x29 mm, kaal: 951 g, 134 line figures
  • Sari: ACS Professional Reference Book
  • Ilmumisaeg: 29-Jul-1999
  • Kirjastus: American Chemical Society
  • ISBN-10: 0841235767
  • ISBN-13: 9780841235762
Teised raamatud teemal:
Provides a working knowledge of the various means of controlling the solubility and dissolution rates of drugs and other biologically active compounds. Begins by describing factors that govern solubility in general and aqueous solubility in particular, then outlines various techniques for altering solubility and dissolution rates of organic compounds. Covers most commonly used solubility enhancers, such as buffers, cosolvents, surfactants, and complexants. A conceptual basis for understanding the degree of solubilization of a solute is provided for each technique, along with examples using a number of real drugs. For new and experienced researchers in pharmaceuticals. The author is professor of pharmaceutical sciences at the University of Arizona. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

This book aims to provide the reader with a working knowledge of the various means of controlling the solubility or dissolution rate of a drug or other solute in an aqueous medium. The book begins with the factors which govern solubility in general and then looks at aqueous solubility in particular, including the properties of liquid mixtures and the thermodynamics of solutions formed from mixing two components. The bulk of the book is then devoted to techniques for altering solubility and dissolution rate of organic compounds in aqueous media. It discusses in detail the most commonly used solubility enhancers: buffers, cosolvents, surfactants, and complexants. Each chapter is self-contained and emphasizes the details for applying the techniques.
Mixing and Properties of Mixtures
3(17)
Thermodynamics of Mixing
3(5)
Enthalpy of Mixing
3(1)
Volume of Mixing
4(1)
Energy of Mixing
4(1)
Entropy of Mixing
5(2)
Free Energy of Mixing
7(1)
Description of Mixtures
8(4)
Phase Diagrams
8(1)
Ideal Mixtures
8(2)
Real Mixtures
10(1)
Vapor Pressure
10(1)
Ideal Vapor Pressure
10(1)
Henry's Law and Raoult's Law
11(1)
Colligative Properties
12(4)
Vapor Pressure Lowering
12(1)
Osmotic Pressure
13(1)
Freezing Point Depression
14(1)
Boiling Point Elevation
15(1)
Other Properties of Mixtures
15(1)
Appendix
16(3)
Derivation of the Cryoscopic Equation
16(2)
Derivation of the Ebullioscopic Equation
18(1)
Summary
19(1)
Characterization of Solutions
20(29)
Ideal Solutions
20(4)
Ideal Enthalpy of Mixing
21(1)
Ideal Volume of Mixing
21(1)
Ideal Entropy of Mixing
21(2)
Ideal Free Energy of Mixing
23(1)
Vapor Pressure
23(1)
Athermal Nonideal Solutions
24(3)
Enthalpy of Mixing
24(1)
Volume of Mixing
24(1)
Entropy of Mixing
24(2)
Free Energy of Mixing
26(1)
Vapor Pressure
27(1)
Regular Solutions --- Weakly Exothermic
27(2)
Enthalpy of Mixing
28(1)
Volume of Mixing
28(1)
Entropy of Mixing
28(1)
Free Energy of Mixing
29(1)
Vapor Pressure
29(1)
Regular Solutions --- Weakly Endothermic
29(5)
Enthalpy of Mixing
30(3)
Volume of Mixing
33(1)
Entropy of Mixing
33(1)
Free Energy of Mixing
34(1)
Vapor Pressure
34(1)
Solvated Solutions --- Exothermic
34(3)
Enthalpy of Mixing
35(1)
Volume of Mixing
35(1)
Entropy of Mixing
35(1)
Free Energy of Mixing
36(1)
Vapor Pressure of Mixing
36(1)
Single-Component, Self-Associated Solutions --- Endothermic
37(2)
Enthalpy of Mixing
37(1)
Volume of Mixing
37(1)
Entropy of Mixing
38(1)
Free Energy of Mixing
38(1)
Vapor Pressure
38(1)
Solvated, Self-Associated Solutions
39(1)
Enthalpy of Mixing
39(1)
Volume of Mixing
40(1)
Entropy of Mixing
40(1)
Free Energy of Mixing
40(1)
Aqueous Solutions
40(5)
Energy and Enthalpy of Mixing
41(1)
Aqueous Solution Model
41(2)
Volume of Mixing
43(1)
Entropy of Mixing
44(1)
Free Energy of Mixing
44(1)
Vapor Pressure
45(1)
Summary
45(4)
Solubility and Partial Miscibility
49(32)
Partial Miscibility of Liquids
49(3)
Effect of Temperature
51(1)
Effect of Pressure
52(1)
Critical Solution Temperatures
52(4)
Solutions That Have an Upper Critical Solution Temperature
53(1)
Solutions That Have a Lower Critical Solution Temperature
53(1)
Solutions That Have Both Upper and Lower Critical Solution Temperatures
54(1)
Critical Solution Temperature of Ideal Solutions
54(1)
Critical Solution Temperature of Regular Solutions
54(2)
Critical Solution Temperatures of Aqueous Solutions
56(1)
Solubility and Activity Coefficient of Liquid Solutes
56(5)
Ideal Solution Solubility of Liquids
57(1)
Regular Solution Solubility of Liquids
57(1)
Aqueous Solubility of Liquids
58(3)
Solubility of Crystalline Solutes
61(8)
Ideal Solution Solubility of a Crystalline Solute
61(5)
Regular Solution Solubility of a Crystalline Solute
66(1)
Aqueous Solution Solubility of a Crystalline Solute
67(2)
Dependence of Solubility on Gas Properties
69(2)
Alteration of Aqueous Solubility
71(1)
Temperature and Solution Composition
71(5)
Temperature
71(2)
Solution Composition
73(3)
Summary
76(5)
Physical Modification of the Solute
81(35)
Apparent Solubility and Dissolution Rate
81(5)
Ideal Solubility
81(1)
Apparent Solubility
82(1)
Dissolution Rate
83(3)
Particle Size and Crystal Quality
86(5)
Apparent Solubility and Particle Size
86(1)
Particle Size Reduction and Crystal Quality
87(1)
Dissolution, Particle Size, and Crystal Quality of Powders
88(1)
Ripening and Caking
89(2)
Amorphic Solid Modification
91(4)
Apparent Solubility of Amorphs
92(2)
Dissolution of Amorphs
94(1)
Crystal Form Modification
95(6)
Apparent Solubility of Polymorphs
95(6)
Dissolution Rate of Polymorphs
101(1)
Crystal Hydrate Formation
101(4)
Apparent Solubility of Hydrates
102(1)
Dissolution of Hydrates
103(1)
Crystal Desolvates
104(1)
Complex Systems
105(2)
Factors Affecting Reversion
107(3)
Temperature
107(1)
Solution Composition
108(1)
Vapor Pressure
109(1)
Humidity
110(1)
Summary
110(6)
Solubilization by pH Control
116(64)
Buffers
116(3)
pH of Simple Buffer Systems
117(1)
Buffering Capacity
118(1)
Common Buffers
119(1)
Dependence of Solubility on pH
119(8)
Solubilization of Weak Monovalent Acids and Bases
120(1)
Solubility Product as a Limitation to Solubilization
121(3)
Solubilization of Divalent and Trivalent Acids and Bases
124(1)
Solubilization of Zwitterionic Weak Electrolytes
125(2)
Solubilization of Self-Associating Compounds
127(1)
Dependence of pKa on Solute Structure
127(27)
Estimation of pKa Values for Weak Acids
129(2)
Estimation of pKa Values for Weak Bases
131(2)
Dependence of Charge on pH and pKa
133(1)
Statistical Effects on Dissociation
133(1)
Substituent Effects on pKa Values for Aliphatic Solutes
133(6)
Substituent Effects on pKa Values for Aromatic Solutes
139(3)
Hammett and Taft Relationships
142(2)
Application to Complex Molecules
144(8)
Effects of Self-Association on Dissociation Constants
152(2)
Temperature and Solution Composition
154(5)
Temperature
154(1)
Solution Composition
154(5)
Carbon Dioxide
159(1)
Sodium Ions
159(1)
Pharmaceutical Aspects of pH Solubilization
159(17)
Precipitation of pH Solubilized Solutes
160(9)
Dissolution Rate and pH
169(1)
Physiological Effects of pH and Buffers
170(1)
Chemical Stability of pH Solubilized Solutes
170(5)
Buffer Selection
175(1)
Summary
176(4)
Solubilization by Cosolvents
180(56)
Properties of Pure Cosolvents
180(4)
Structure of Cosolvents
180(1)
Characterization of Cosolvent Polarity
181(1)
Solubility in Pure Solvents
182(2)
Solubilization by Cosolvents
184(9)
Properties of Cosolvent--Water Mixtures
185(1)
Characterization of Solutes
185(3)
The Log Linear Model
188(3)
Other Models for Solubilization by Cosolvents
191(2)
Dependence of Solubilization on Cosolvent
193(14)
Solubilization by Single Cosolvents
193(7)
Deviation from the Log Linear Equation
200(4)
Solubilization by Multiple Water Miscible Cosolvents
204(3)
Dependence of Solubilization on Solute Structure
207(14)
Solubilization of Organic Compounds by Ethanol
207(10)
Solubilization by Specific Cosolvents
217(3)
Other Agents that Nonspecifically Affect Solubility
220(1)
Temperature and Solution Composition
221(3)
Temperature
221(1)
Solution Composition
222(2)
Pharmaceutical Aspects of Solubilization by Cosolvents
224(6)
Dilution of Cosolvent-Solubilized Solutes
224(2)
Physiological Effects of Cosolvents
226(2)
Stability of Cosolvent-Solubilized Solutes
228(2)
Cosolvent Selection
230(1)
Summary
230(6)
Solubilization by Surfactants
236(85)
Chemical Structure of Surfactants
236(6)
Classical (Long-Chain) Surfactants
238(3)
Nonclassical Surfactants
241(1)
Properties of Micelles
242(19)
Geometric Properties of Micelles
245(2)
Dependence of Micelle Size on Surfactant Structure
247(1)
Nonstructural Factors That Affect Micelle Size
248(2)
Critical Properties of Micelles
250(3)
Dependence of CMC on Surfactant Structure
253(5)
Nonstructural Factors That Affect the CMC
258(3)
Solubilization by Micellar Surfactants
261(5)
Characterization of Solutes
262(1)
Nature of Solubilization by Micellar Surfactants
262(1)
General Curve for Micellar Solubilization
263(1)
Quantitation of Solubilization
264(2)
Dependence of Solubilization on Surfactant Structure
266(13)
Nonpolar Moiety
266(7)
Ionic Polar Moiety
273(2)
Nonionic Polar Moiety
275(2)
Bile Salts
277(1)
Utility
278(1)
Dependence of Solubilization on Solute Structure
279(20)
Ionic Surfactants
280(13)
Nonionic Surfactants
293(6)
Bile Salts
299(1)
Temperature and Solution Composition
299(10)
Temperature
300(3)
pH
303(4)
Cosolvents
307(1)
Strong Electrolytes (Salts)
307(1)
Amphiphilic Compounds
308(1)
Nonelectrolytes
309(1)
Pharmaceutical Aspects of Solubilization by Surfactants
309(5)
Dilution of Surfactant-Solubilized Solutes
309(1)
Stability of Surfactant-Solubilized Solutes
310(2)
Surfactant Selection
312(2)
Summary
314(7)
Solubilization by Complexation
321(76)
Complex Stoichiometry
321(1)
General Solubilization Curve for Complexation
322(4)
Chemical Classification of Complexes
326(5)
Ionically Bonded Complexes
327(3)
Hydrogen-Bonded Complexes
330(1)
Nonbonded Complexes
331(1)
Solubilization by Inclusion Complexation
331(27)
Inclusion (Host--Guest) Complexation
332(2)
Properties of the Cyclodextrins
334(3)
Dependence of Inclusion Complexation on Ligand (Host) Properties
337(10)
Dependence of Inclusion Complexation on Solute (Guest) Properties
347(7)
Dependence of Solubilization on Inclusion Solute and Ligand Properties
354(4)
Solubilization by Stacking Complexation and Hydrotropy
358(16)
Stacking Complexation
360(3)
Dependence of Stacking Complexation on Solute and Ligand Properties
363(9)
Dependence of Solubilization on Stacking Solute and Ligand Properties
372(2)
Temperature and Solution Composition
374(8)
Temperature
374(1)
Solution Composition
374(8)
Pharmaceutical Aspects of Solubilization by Complexing Agents
382(4)
Precipitation on Dilution
382(1)
Stability of Complexed Solutes
383(2)
Physiological Effects of Complexing Agents
385(1)
Complexant Selection
386(1)
Summary
386(11)
Effect of Cosolutes on Solubility
397(20)
Liquid Solutes
398(1)
Liquid Solutes and Liquid Cosolutes
398(1)
Liquid Solutes and Solid Cosolutes
399(1)
Solid Solutes and Liquid Cosolutes
399(2)
Impurities
399(1)
Solvates
399(1)
Desolvates
400(1)
Solid Solutes and Solid Cosolutes
401(11)
Physical Mixtures
401(1)
Solid Dispersions
402(10)
Summary
412(5)
Overview and Strategy for Solubilization
417(24)
Strategy for Solubilization
417(3)
Preliminary Evaluation
417(2)
Characterizing the Drug in an Aqueous Solution
419(1)
Selecting Acceptable Excipients
420(1)
Solubilizing the Solute
420(11)
Solute Modification
420(2)
Solution Modification
422(9)
Problems Associated with Solubilization and Solubilized Solutes
431(4)
Chemical and Physical Problems
431(2)
Biological Problems
433(2)
Strategy for Solubilization
435(6)
Index 441