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Mixing and Properties of Mixtures |
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3 | (17) |
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3 | (5) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (4) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Henry's Law and Raoult's Law |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (4) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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Freezing Point Depression |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Other Properties of Mixtures |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (3) |
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Derivation of the Cryoscopic Equation |
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16 | (2) |
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Derivation of the Ebullioscopic Equation |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Characterization of Solutions |
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20 | (29) |
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20 | (4) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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Ideal Free Energy of Mixing |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Athermal Nonideal Solutions |
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24 | (3) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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Regular Solutions --- Weakly Exothermic |
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27 | (2) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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Regular Solutions --- Weakly Endothermic |
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29 | (5) |
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30 | (3) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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Solvated Solutions --- Exothermic |
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34 | (3) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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Single-Component, Self-Associated Solutions --- Endothermic |
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37 | (2) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Solvated, Self-Associated Solutions |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (5) |
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Energy and Enthalpy of Mixing |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (4) |
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Solubility and Partial Miscibility |
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49 | (32) |
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Partial Miscibility of Liquids |
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49 | (3) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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Critical Solution Temperatures |
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52 | (4) |
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Solutions That Have an Upper Critical Solution Temperature |
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53 | (1) |
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Solutions That Have a Lower Critical Solution Temperature |
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53 | (1) |
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Solutions That Have Both Upper and Lower Critical Solution Temperatures |
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54 | (1) |
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Critical Solution Temperature of Ideal Solutions |
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54 | (1) |
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Critical Solution Temperature of Regular Solutions |
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54 | (2) |
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Critical Solution Temperatures of Aqueous Solutions |
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56 | (1) |
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Solubility and Activity Coefficient of Liquid Solutes |
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56 | (5) |
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Ideal Solution Solubility of Liquids |
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57 | (1) |
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Regular Solution Solubility of Liquids |
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57 | (1) |
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Aqueous Solubility of Liquids |
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58 | (3) |
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Solubility of Crystalline Solutes |
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61 | (8) |
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Ideal Solution Solubility of a Crystalline Solute |
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61 | (5) |
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Regular Solution Solubility of a Crystalline Solute |
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66 | (1) |
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Aqueous Solution Solubility of a Crystalline Solute |
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67 | (2) |
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Dependence of Solubility on Gas Properties |
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69 | (2) |
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Alteration of Aqueous Solubility |
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71 | (1) |
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Temperature and Solution Composition |
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71 | (5) |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (5) |
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Physical Modification of the Solute |
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81 | (35) |
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Apparent Solubility and Dissolution Rate |
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81 | (5) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (3) |
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Particle Size and Crystal Quality |
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86 | (5) |
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Apparent Solubility and Particle Size |
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86 | (1) |
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Particle Size Reduction and Crystal Quality |
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87 | (1) |
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Dissolution, Particle Size, and Crystal Quality of Powders |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
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Amorphic Solid Modification |
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91 | (4) |
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Apparent Solubility of Amorphs |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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Crystal Form Modification |
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95 | (6) |
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Apparent Solubility of Polymorphs |
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95 | (6) |
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Dissolution Rate of Polymorphs |
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101 | (1) |
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Crystal Hydrate Formation |
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101 | (4) |
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Apparent Solubility of Hydrates |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (2) |
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Factors Affecting Reversion |
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107 | (3) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (6) |
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Solubilization by pH Control |
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116 | (64) |
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116 | (3) |
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pH of Simple Buffer Systems |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Dependence of Solubility on pH |
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119 | (8) |
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Solubilization of Weak Monovalent Acids and Bases |
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120 | (1) |
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Solubility Product as a Limitation to Solubilization |
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121 | (3) |
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Solubilization of Divalent and Trivalent Acids and Bases |
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124 | (1) |
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Solubilization of Zwitterionic Weak Electrolytes |
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125 | (2) |
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Solubilization of Self-Associating Compounds |
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127 | (1) |
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Dependence of pKa on Solute Structure |
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127 | (27) |
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Estimation of pKa Values for Weak Acids |
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129 | (2) |
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Estimation of pKa Values for Weak Bases |
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131 | (2) |
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Dependence of Charge on pH and pKa |
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133 | (1) |
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Statistical Effects on Dissociation |
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133 | (1) |
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Substituent Effects on pKa Values for Aliphatic Solutes |
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133 | (6) |
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Substituent Effects on pKa Values for Aromatic Solutes |
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139 | (3) |
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Hammett and Taft Relationships |
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142 | (2) |
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Application to Complex Molecules |
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144 | (8) |
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Effects of Self-Association on Dissociation Constants |
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152 | (2) |
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Temperature and Solution Composition |
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154 | (5) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (5) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Pharmaceutical Aspects of pH Solubilization |
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159 | (17) |
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Precipitation of pH Solubilized Solutes |
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160 | (9) |
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169 | (1) |
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Physiological Effects of pH and Buffers |
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170 | (1) |
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Chemical Stability of pH Solubilized Solutes |
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170 | (5) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (4) |
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Solubilization by Cosolvents |
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180 | (56) |
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Properties of Pure Cosolvents |
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180 | (4) |
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180 | (1) |
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Characterization of Cosolvent Polarity |
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181 | (1) |
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Solubility in Pure Solvents |
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182 | (2) |
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Solubilization by Cosolvents |
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184 | (9) |
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Properties of Cosolvent--Water Mixtures |
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185 | (1) |
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Characterization of Solutes |
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185 | (3) |
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188 | (3) |
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Other Models for Solubilization by Cosolvents |
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191 | (2) |
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Dependence of Solubilization on Cosolvent |
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193 | (14) |
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Solubilization by Single Cosolvents |
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193 | (7) |
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Deviation from the Log Linear Equation |
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200 | (4) |
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Solubilization by Multiple Water Miscible Cosolvents |
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204 | (3) |
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Dependence of Solubilization on Solute Structure |
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207 | (14) |
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Solubilization of Organic Compounds by Ethanol |
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207 | (10) |
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Solubilization by Specific Cosolvents |
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217 | (3) |
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Other Agents that Nonspecifically Affect Solubility |
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220 | (1) |
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Temperature and Solution Composition |
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221 | (3) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (2) |
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Pharmaceutical Aspects of Solubilization by Cosolvents |
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224 | (6) |
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Dilution of Cosolvent-Solubilized Solutes |
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224 | (2) |
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Physiological Effects of Cosolvents |
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226 | (2) |
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Stability of Cosolvent-Solubilized Solutes |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (6) |
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Solubilization by Surfactants |
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236 | (85) |
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Chemical Structure of Surfactants |
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236 | (6) |
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Classical (Long-Chain) Surfactants |
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238 | (3) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (19) |
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Geometric Properties of Micelles |
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245 | (2) |
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Dependence of Micelle Size on Surfactant Structure |
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247 | (1) |
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Nonstructural Factors That Affect Micelle Size |
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248 | (2) |
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Critical Properties of Micelles |
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250 | (3) |
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Dependence of CMC on Surfactant Structure |
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253 | (5) |
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Nonstructural Factors That Affect the CMC |
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258 | (3) |
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Solubilization by Micellar Surfactants |
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261 | (5) |
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Characterization of Solutes |
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262 | (1) |
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Nature of Solubilization by Micellar Surfactants |
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262 | (1) |
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General Curve for Micellar Solubilization |
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263 | (1) |
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Quantitation of Solubilization |
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264 | (2) |
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Dependence of Solubilization on Surfactant Structure |
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266 | (13) |
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266 | (7) |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (2) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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Dependence of Solubilization on Solute Structure |
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279 | (20) |
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280 | (13) |
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293 | (6) |
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299 | (1) |
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Temperature and Solution Composition |
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299 | (10) |
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300 | (3) |
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303 | (4) |
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307 | (1) |
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Strong Electrolytes (Salts) |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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Pharmaceutical Aspects of Solubilization by Surfactants |
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309 | (5) |
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Dilution of Surfactant-Solubilized Solutes |
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309 | (1) |
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Stability of Surfactant-Solubilized Solutes |
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310 | (2) |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (7) |
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Solubilization by Complexation |
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321 | (76) |
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321 | (1) |
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General Solubilization Curve for Complexation |
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322 | (4) |
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Chemical Classification of Complexes |
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326 | (5) |
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Ionically Bonded Complexes |
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327 | (3) |
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Hydrogen-Bonded Complexes |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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Solubilization by Inclusion Complexation |
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331 | (27) |
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Inclusion (Host--Guest) Complexation |
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332 | (2) |
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Properties of the Cyclodextrins |
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334 | (3) |
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Dependence of Inclusion Complexation on Ligand (Host) Properties |
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337 | (10) |
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Dependence of Inclusion Complexation on Solute (Guest) Properties |
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347 | (7) |
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Dependence of Solubilization on Inclusion Solute and Ligand Properties |
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354 | (4) |
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Solubilization by Stacking Complexation and Hydrotropy |
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358 | (16) |
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360 | (3) |
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Dependence of Stacking Complexation on Solute and Ligand Properties |
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363 | (9) |
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Dependence of Solubilization on Stacking Solute and Ligand Properties |
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372 | (2) |
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Temperature and Solution Composition |
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374 | (8) |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (8) |
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Pharmaceutical Aspects of Solubilization by Complexing Agents |
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382 | (4) |
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Precipitation on Dilution |
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382 | (1) |
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Stability of Complexed Solutes |
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383 | (2) |
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Physiological Effects of Complexing Agents |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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386 | (11) |
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Effect of Cosolutes on Solubility |
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397 | (20) |
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398 | (1) |
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Liquid Solutes and Liquid Cosolutes |
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398 | (1) |
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Liquid Solutes and Solid Cosolutes |
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399 | (1) |
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Solid Solutes and Liquid Cosolutes |
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399 | (2) |
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399 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (1) |
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Solid Solutes and Solid Cosolutes |
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401 | (11) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (10) |
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412 | (5) |
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Overview and Strategy for Solubilization |
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417 | (24) |
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Strategy for Solubilization |
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417 | (3) |
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417 | (2) |
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Characterizing the Drug in an Aqueous Solution |
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419 | (1) |
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Selecting Acceptable Excipients |
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420 | (1) |
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420 | (11) |
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420 | (2) |
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422 | (9) |
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Problems Associated with Solubilization and Solubilized Solutes |
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431 | (4) |
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Chemical and Physical Problems |
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431 | (2) |
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433 | (2) |
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Strategy for Solubilization |
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435 | (6) |
| Index |
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441 | |