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Something out of Nothing: The Semantics and Pragmatics of Implicit Quantification [Kõva köide]

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Something out of Nothing: The Semantics and Pragmatics of Implicit QuantificationSuurem pilt
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Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9789004431485.html
Märksõnad:
"Some sentences contain no overt quantifier, yet are interpreted quantificationally, e.g., Plumbers are available (entailing that some plumbers are available), or Plumbers are intelligent (whose entailment is less clear, but seems to be saying that a large number of plumbers are intelligent). Where does the quantifier come from? In this book, Ariel Cohen makes the novel proposal that the quantifier is not simply an empty category, but is generated by reinterpretations mechanisms, which are governed by well specified principles. He demonstrates how the puzzling and sometimes mysterious properties of such sentences can be naturally derived from the reinterpretation mechanisms that generate them. The resulting picture has substantial implications that language contains hidden elements, underlying its surface structure"--

In this book, Ariel Cohen makes the novel proposal that an implicit quantifier isn’t simply an empty category, but is generated by well-defined reinterpretation mechanisms. He demonstrates how this theory naturally accounts for puzzling properties of implicit quantification.
1 What You See Is Not Always What You Get
1(3)
2 Reinterpretation Mechanisms
4(29)
1 Reinterpretation
4(1)
2 Type-Shifting
5(13)
2.1 The Nature of Type-Shifting
5(5)
2.2 Type-Shifting and Scope
10(2)
2.3 Type-Shifting and Gradable Adjectives
12(3)
2.4 Type-Shifting and Discourse Referents
15(1)
2.5 Blocking
16(1)
2.6 Type-Shifting or Sort-Shifting?
17(1)
2.7 Summary
18(1)
3 Predicate transfer
18(15)
3.1 The Nature of Predicate Transfer
18(3)
3.2 "Noteworthy" Properties
21(1)
3.3 The Transfer Function
22(1)
3.4 Intensional Properties
23(2)
3.5 When Does Predicate Transfer Apply?
25(4)
3.6 Scope
29(2)
3.7 Summary
31(2)
3 Bare Plurals
33(31)
1 The Ambiguity of Bare Plurals
33(1)
2 A Non-quantificational Theory?
33(6)
2.1 Carlson (1977)
33(1)
2.2 The Existential Reading
34(2)
2.3 The Characterizing Generic Reading
36(3)
3 Quantificational Accounts of English Bare Plurals
39(7)
3.1 Points of Agreement
39(3)
3.2 Characterizing Readings
42(1)
3.3 Existential Readings and Blocking
43(3)
4 Kinds or Properties?
46(12)
4.1 An Argument for Properties---Unmotivated Type-Shifting
46(5)
4.2 An Argument for Kinds---Bare Singulars
51(1)
4.3 English Indefinite Singulars
52(4)
4.4 An Argument for Kinds---Scopally Ambiguous Bare Plurals
56(2)
5 A Synthesis
58(4)
6 Deciding between the Theories
62(2)
4 Beyond English Bare Plurals
64(36)
1 Italian Bare Plurals: Direct Kind Predication
64(2)
1.1 The Data
64(1)
1.2 The Theory
65(1)
2 Definites and Type-Shifting
66(11)
2.1 The Interpretation of Definiteness
66(5)
2.2 Definites as Kind-Referring
71(4)
2.3 Definite Plurals
75(1)
2.4 Definites in Italian
76(1)
3 Italian BPs: Existential Readings
77(1)
4 Italian BPs: Characterizing Generics
78(6)
4.1 Are Characterizing Generics Possible?
78(1)
4.2 The Heaviness Requirement
79(1)
4.3 A Comparison with English Indefinite Singulars
80(1)
4.4 Generic Italian BPs Are Normative
81(2)
4.5 Normative English BPs
83(1)
5 An Account of Italian BPs
84(1)
6 Hungarian Bare Plurals
85(1)
7 Bare Singulars
86(12)
7.1 Bare Singulars and Type-Shifting
86(1)
7.2 Existential Readings
87(5)
7.3 Reference to Kinds
92(4)
7.4 Characterizing Readings
96(2)
8 Conclusion
98(2)
5 Generics and Habituals
100(35)
1 Generics and Scope
100(6)
1.1 Negation
100(5)
1.2 Opaque Contexts
105(1)
1.3 Transparent Contexts
106(1)
2 Habituals and Scope
106(2)
3 Types of Explanation
108(4)
3.1 The Facts so far
108(1)
3.2 Number
109(1)
3.3 A Verb-Level Null Operator
110(1)
3.4 A Syntactic Account?
110(2)
4 Reinterpretation Mechanisms Revisited
112(6)
4.1 The Introduction of Implicit Quantifiers
112(1)
4.2 Null Categories in Syntax
113(3)
4.3 Null Categories in Semantics
116(2)
5 The Generic Quantifier
118(2)
6 Generics
120(7)
6.1 Analysis
120(4)
6.2 Formalization
124(3)
7 Habituals
127(8)
7.1 Analysis
127(2)
7.2 The Imperfective
129(1)
7.3 Formalization
130(1)
7.4 Habituals and Bare Plurals
131(2)
7.5 The Progressive
133(2)
6 Iterativity
135(10)
1 Durative Adverbials
135(1)
2 The Origins of Iterativity
136(2)
3 Iterativity and Scope
138(1)
4 Alternative Explanations
139(3)
4.1 Iterativity as an Inherently Narrow Scope Operator?
140(1)
4.2 Iterativity as a Verb-Level Operator?
140(2)
5 Iterativity as a Quantifier
142(3)
7 The Nature of Implicit Quantification
145(12)
1 Two Implicit Quantifiers
145(2)
1.1 The Existential and the Generic Quantifiers
145(1)
1.2 Are Generics Modal Universals?
145(2)
2 A Preference for Inference
147(10)
2.1 Unmarked Forms and Unmarked Interpretations
147(1)
2.2 Bare Forms and Stereotypicality
148(2)
2.3 Bare Forms and Non-stereotypicality
150(1)
2.3.1 Generic Bare Plurals
150(4)
2.3.2 Existential Bare Plurals
154(1)
2.4 Inference and Preference
155(2)
References 157(11)
Name Index 168(2)
Subject Index 170
Ariel Cohen, Ph.D. (1996), Carnegie-Mellon University, is Associate Professor of Linguistics at Ben-Gurion University, Israel. He has published extensively on semantics, pragmatics, and philosophy of language. His is the author of Think Generic, CSLI Publications (1999).