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Sports Injury Research [Pehme köide]

Edited by (Senior Researcher, Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Edited by (Professor, Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Inst)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 260 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 246x172x13 mm, kaal: 522 g, Various black and white line drawings and halftones
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Dec-2009
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0199561621
  • ISBN-13: 9780199561629
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 260 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 246x172x13 mm, kaal: 522 g, Various black and white line drawings and halftones
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Dec-2009
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0199561621
  • ISBN-13: 9780199561629
Teised raamatud teemal:
"With the increasing focus on tackling obesity and other lifestyle-related illnesses and conditions, participation in sports and physical activity is growing. The consequences are that injuries and unwanted side-effects of healthy activity are becoming major health problems. Prevention is crucial to health gain, both in the short-term (preventing immediate injury), and in the longer term (reducing the risk of recurrence and prolonged periods of impairment). Prevention follows 4 main steps: 1) the sports injury problem must be described in incidence and severity, 2) the etiological risk factors and mechanisms underlying the occurrence of injury are identified, 3) preventive methods that are likely to work can be developed and introduced, and 4) the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of such measures are evaluated. This book follows these four steps to provide a comprehensive guide to the epidemiology and methodology involved in sports injury research. It includes detailed background on epidemiologicalmethods employed in research on sports injuries, discusses key methodological issues, and teaches the reader to recognize the influence of the employed methodology on interpretations of study results. Theoretical knowledge is integrated with practical examples throughout. The book will be of value to all researchers and professionals, both clinicians and epidemiologists, in the field of sports medicine"--Provided by publisher.

This book follows these four steps to provide a comprehensive guide to the epidemiology and methodology involved in sports injury research. It includes detailed background on epidemiological methods employed in research on sports injuries, discusses key methodological issues, and teaches the reader to recognize the influence of the employed methodology on interpretations of study results. Theoretical knowledge is integrated with practical examples throughout. The book will be of value to all researchers and professionals, both clinicians and epidemiologists, in the field of sports medicine.

With the increasing focus on tackling obesity and other lifestyle-related illnesses and conditions, participation in sports and physical activity is growing. The consequences are that injuries and unwanted side-effects of healthy activity are becoming major health problems. Prevention is crucial to health gain, both in the short-term (preventing immediate injury), and in the longer term (reducing the risk of recurrence and prolonged periods of impairment). Prevention follows 4 main steps: 1) the sports injury problem must be described in incidence and severity, 2) the etiological risk factors and mechanisms underlying the occurrence of injury are identified, 3) preventive methods that are likely to work can be developed and introduced, and 4) the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of such measures are evaluated.
This book follows these four steps to provide a comprehensive guide to the epidemiology and methodology involved in sports injury research. It includes detailed background on epidemiological methods employed in research on sports injuries, discusses key methodological issues, and teaches the reader to recognize the influence of the employed methodology on interpretations of study results. Theoretical knowledge is integrated with practical examples throughout. The book will be of value to all researchers and professionals, both clinicians and epidemiologists, in the field of sports medicine.

Arvustused

...a valuable and unique resource, rich in content, that should be the foundation for any researcher who has a serious interest in this topic. * Doody's Notes *

List of contributors
xv
Part 1 Key issues in epidemiology and methodology
Defining a research question
3(6)
Peta White
Research questions and the research purpose
3(1)
Research questions and methodology
4(3)
The mechanics of the research question
5(1)
Common mistakes and problems when constructing questions
6(1)
One study, multiple questions
7(1)
Conclusion
7(2)
References
8(1)
Study designs
9(10)
James R. Borchers
Thomas Best
Bias, confounding, and random error
10(1)
Bias
10(1)
Confounding
10(1)
Random error
10(1)
Clinical trials
11(3)
Cohort studies
14(1)
Case-control studies
15(2)
Descriptive studies
17(1)
Conclusion
17(2)
References
18(1)
Basic statistical methods
19(24)
Jos Twisk
Dichotomous outcome variables
19(1)
95% confidence intervals around the risk difference and relative risk
20(2)
Testing of the risk difference and the relative risk
22(2)
An alternative effect measure: the odds ratio
24(1)
Logistic regression analysis
25(3)
Adding time at risk to the analysis
28(1)
Comparison of two groups: Kaplan-Meier survival curves
29(5)
Cox regression analysis
34(2)
Cox regression analysis with recurrent events
36(1)
Confounding and effect modification
36(3)
Conclusion
39(4)
References
39(4)
Part 2 Defining the injury problem
Injury definitions
43(12)
Colin Fuller
Definition of injury
43(1)
Definition of a case in injury surveillance studies
44(2)
Injury severity
46(3)
Injury classification
49(1)
Injury causation
50(2)
Impact of injury definition on the study outcomes
52(1)
Conclusion
52(3)
References
52(3)
Research designs for descriptive studies
55(14)
Jennifer Hootman
Types of descriptive studies
55(5)
Ecologic studies
55(3)
Cross-sectional studies
58(2)
Examples of descriptive sports injury epidemiology studies
60(1)
Data sources for sports injury descriptive studies
61(4)
Government databases
61(1)
Health-care system
62(1)
Schools/sports organizations
63(1)
Special studies/registries
64(1)
Conclusion
65(4)
References
66(3)
Statistics used in observational studies
69(14)
Will G. Hopkins
Risk, risk difference, and risk ratio
69(2)
Odds, odds ratio, and generalized linear modelling
71(3)
Count and count ratios
74(1)
Rate and rate ratios
74(1)
Hazard, time to injury, and their ratios
75(2)
Severity and burden of injury
77(2)
Magnitude thresholds for injury outcomes
79(2)
Acknowledgements
81(1)
Suggested reading
81(2)
References
81(2)
Reviews - using the literature to your advantage
83(16)
Quinette Louw
Karen Grimmer-Somers
Definitions and classifications
83(1)
Coming to grips with literature
83(1)
Function of literature reviews
84(1)
Types of literature reviews
84(1)
Writing the systematic review protocol and conducting the review
85(1)
Background information
86(1)
Setting an explicit review question
86(1)
Review objectives linked to the review question
86(1)
Setting inclusion and exclusion criteria
87(1)
Search strategies for databases
87(1)
A method of selecting eligible papers
88(1)
Levels of evidence and a critical appraisal of study quality
89(2)
Assigning levels of evidence
89(2)
Critical appraisal of study quality
91(1)
Data extraction and analysis
91(3)
Statistical synthesis
94(1)
Referring to studies
94(1)
Publishing the review
95(4)
References
95(4)
Part 3 Establishing injury aetiology
The multi-causality of injury - current concepts
99(10)
Willem Meeuwisse
Brent Hagel
Models of injury prevention
99(1)
Understanding risk factors and cause
99(5)
Origins of causal thinking in epidemiology
99(2)
Sport and recreational injuries
101(3)
Implications for study design
104(2)
Object of study
104(1)
Outcome, determinant, and confounder definitions
105(1)
Taking action
106(1)
Conclusion
107(2)
References
107(2)
Investigating injury risk factors and mechanisms
109(16)
Tron Krosshaug
Evert Verhagen
Epidemiological criteria for causation
109(2)
Temporality
109(1)
Strength
109(1)
Dose-response relationship
110(1)
Consistency
110(1)
Plausibility
111(1)
Coherence
111(1)
Consideration of alternate explanations
111(1)
Experiment
111(1)
Specificity
111(1)
Risk factors
111(1)
Validity
112(1)
Face validity
112(1)
Content validity
112(1)
Construct validity
112(1)
Criterion validity
112(1)
Reliability
113(2)
Joint probability of agreement
113(1)
Kappa statistics
113(1)
Correlation coefficients
114(1)
Intra-class correlation coefficient
115(1)
Limits of agreement
115(1)
Mechanisms of injury
115(5)
Interviews
115(2)
Clinical studies
117(1)
Video analysis
117(1)
Laboratory motion analysis
118(1)
In vivo strain/force measurements
119(1)
Injuries during biomechanical experiments
119(1)
Cadaveric and dummy studies
119(1)
Mathematical modelling
120(1)
Conclusion
120(5)
References
121(4)
Statistics in aetiological studies
125(14)
Ian Shrier
Russell. J Steele
Do some injuries occur more often than others?
125(3)
Injury rates
128(1)
Choosing covariates in multiple regression
129(2)
Determining mediating effects through multiple regression
131(2)
Conclusion
133(6)
References
134(5)
Part 4 Developing preventive measures
The pragmatic approach
139(18)
Alex Donaldson
A 5-step strategic approach to developing sports-injury preventive measures
140(4)
Tell people about it and get them on board - communication, consultation, co-ordination, and a multi-disciplinary approach
140(1)
Establish the context - understanding the bigger picture
141(1)
Identify the safety issues, concerns, and risks
142(2)
Set priorities - short-term action and long-term planning
144(1)
Decide what to do - evidenced-informed and theory-based interventions to address identified sports-injury risks
144(1)
Time dimension
144(2)
Intervention-level dimension
146(4)
The direction of the intervention process
150(1)
Host-agent-environment relationship
151(2)
Conclusion
153(4)
References
153(4)
The behavioural approach
157(12)
Dorine Collard
Amika Singh
Evert Verhagen
Intervention mapping: the theory
158(1)
Needs assessment
158(2)
Preparation of matrices of change objectives
160(1)
Selection of theory-based intervention methods and practical strategies
161(1)
Production of intervention components and materials
162(1)
Adoption, implementation, and sustainability of the intervention
163(1)
Generation of an evaluation plan
164(1)
Conclusion
165(4)
References
166(3)
Part 5 Evaluating the efficacy and effectiveness of preventive measures
Research designs for evaluation studies
169(14)
Carolyn Emery
Research question
169(1)
Research design
170(3)
Study population and sampling methods
173(1)
Randomization
174(1)
Baseline assessment
175(1)
Intervention
175(1)
Outcome measurement
176(1)
Considerations for analysis
177(1)
Cluster analysis
178(2)
Conclusion
180(3)
References
180(3)
Statistics used in effect studies
183(14)
Andrew Hayen
Caroline F. Finch
Examples
183(2)
Incidence rates
185(1)
Comparison of rates
186(1)
Difference in rates
187(1)
Ratio of rates
187(1)
Hypothesis test for a rate ratio
187(1)
Confounding
188(1)
Mantel-Haenszel methods
188(2)
Poisson regression
190(1)
Clustering
191(1)
Robust standard errors
191(1)
Generalized estimating equations
192(1)
Multilevel models and random effects models
192(1)
Intra-cluster correlation coefficient
193(1)
Implications for sample size
193(1)
Coefficient of variation
194(1)
Conclusion
195(2)
References
195(2)
Cost-effectiveness studies
197(16)
Judith Bosmans
Martijn Heymans
Maarten Hupperets
Maurits van Tulder
What is an economic evaluation?
197(1)
Design of an economic evaluation
198(1)
Perspective
198(1)
Choice of control treatment
198(1)
Identification, measurement, and valuation of effects
199(1)
Identification, measurement, and valuation of costs
200(2)
Statistical analysis
202(4)
Analysis of costs
202(1)
Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio
203(1)
Cost-effectiveness plane
204(1)
Uncertainty around ICERs
204(2)
Decision uncertainty: cost-effectiveness acceptability curves
206(2)
Net-benefit approach
206(1)
Missing data
207(1)
Sensitivity analysis
207(1)
Critical assessment of economic evaluation
208(1)
Conclusion
209(4)
References
210(3)
Implementing studies into real life
213(24)
Caroline F. Finch
Effectiveness versus efficacy
213(1)
Intervention implementation study designs
214(1)
Examples of implementation studies
214(7)
Towards a theoretical basis for implementation studies
221(1)
The RE-AIM model
222(5)
A phased approach towards undertaking an implementation study
227(4)
Developing the evidence-based intervention package
227(1)
Refining of the intervention package and development of a delivery plan
228(1)
Implementation and evaluation of the intervention package and its delivery plan
229(2)
Development and release of a final intervention package
231(1)
Translation research
231(6)
References
232(5)
Index 237
Evert Verhagen is a senior researcher of the department of Public and Occupational Health at the VU University Medical Centre in Amsterdam. He completed his masters in Human Movement Sciences in 1999. As a former Track & Field athlete who had to cease participating at the elite level on the age of 17 due to an injury, he has a natural interest in sports and physical activity injury prevention. Evert received his PhD in 2004 after emphasising the preventive effect balance training has against ankle sprains. He gained his mark for his work on the prevention of ankle sprains, but also has a strong focus on safety and injury prevention in youth sports and physical activity, as well as the uptake of the interventions within a broad sporting population. He is a board certified occupational epidemiologist and human movement scientist. He is a member of a great number of (inter-)national committees and advisory boards, as well as a member of the editorial board of 3 international peer-reviewed journals.

Prof Willem van Mechelen worked for 9 years at an Amsterdam high school as a PE teacher, combining this with studying medicine at the University of Amsterdam. After his certification as an MD in 1982 he started working at various out-patient clinics as a sports and occupational physician. He also started in that year his scientific career with a part-time appointment at the Faculty of Human Movement Sciences of the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. He earned his PhD in Human Movement Sciences in 1992. Currently, he is employed by the VU University Medical Centre in Amsterdam as a full professor of Occupational and Sports Medicine. In this capacity he is the head of the Department of Public and Occupational Health, co-director of the EMGO Institute, vice-dean of the Netherlands School of Public and Occupational Health and director of Research Centre Body@Work TNO VUmc. He leads a group of about 40 persons who conduct primary care research in the area of work, physical activity, sport and health.