|
|
xv | |
|
Part 1 Key issues in epidemiology and methodology |
|
|
|
Defining a research question |
|
|
3 | (6) |
|
|
Research questions and the research purpose |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
Research questions and methodology |
|
|
4 | (3) |
|
The mechanics of the research question |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
Common mistakes and problems when constructing questions |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
One study, multiple questions |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
|
7 | (2) |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
|
9 | (10) |
|
|
|
Bias, confounding, and random error |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
|
11 | (3) |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
17 | (2) |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
Basic statistical methods |
|
|
19 | (24) |
|
|
Dichotomous outcome variables |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
95% confidence intervals around the risk difference and relative risk |
|
|
20 | (2) |
|
Testing of the risk difference and the relative risk |
|
|
22 | (2) |
|
An alternative effect measure: the odds ratio |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
Logistic regression analysis |
|
|
25 | (3) |
|
Adding time at risk to the analysis |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
Comparison of two groups: Kaplan-Meier survival curves |
|
|
29 | (5) |
|
|
34 | (2) |
|
Cox regression analysis with recurrent events |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
Confounding and effect modification |
|
|
36 | (3) |
|
|
39 | (4) |
|
|
39 | (4) |
|
Part 2 Defining the injury problem |
|
|
|
|
43 | (12) |
|
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
Definition of a case in injury surveillance studies |
|
|
44 | (2) |
|
|
46 | (3) |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
|
50 | (2) |
|
Impact of injury definition on the study outcomes |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
|
52 | (3) |
|
|
52 | (3) |
|
Research designs for descriptive studies |
|
|
55 | (14) |
|
|
Types of descriptive studies |
|
|
55 | (5) |
|
|
55 | (3) |
|
|
58 | (2) |
|
Examples of descriptive sports injury epidemiology studies |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
Data sources for sports injury descriptive studies |
|
|
61 | (4) |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
Schools/sports organizations |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
Special studies/registries |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
|
65 | (4) |
|
|
66 | (3) |
|
Statistics used in observational studies |
|
|
69 | (14) |
|
|
Risk, risk difference, and risk ratio |
|
|
69 | (2) |
|
Odds, odds ratio, and generalized linear modelling |
|
|
71 | (3) |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
Hazard, time to injury, and their ratios |
|
|
75 | (2) |
|
Severity and burden of injury |
|
|
77 | (2) |
|
Magnitude thresholds for injury outcomes |
|
|
79 | (2) |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
|
81 | (2) |
|
|
81 | (2) |
|
Reviews - using the literature to your advantage |
|
|
83 | (16) |
|
|
|
Definitions and classifications |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
Coming to grips with literature |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
Function of literature reviews |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
Types of literature reviews |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
Writing the systematic review protocol and conducting the review |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
Setting an explicit review question |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
Review objectives linked to the review question |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
Setting inclusion and exclusion criteria |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Search strategies for databases |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
A method of selecting eligible papers |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
Levels of evidence and a critical appraisal of study quality |
|
|
89 | (2) |
|
Assigning levels of evidence |
|
|
89 | (2) |
|
Critical appraisal of study quality |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
Data extraction and analysis |
|
|
91 | (3) |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
|
95 | (4) |
|
|
95 | (4) |
|
Part 3 Establishing injury aetiology |
|
|
|
The multi-causality of injury - current concepts |
|
|
99 | (10) |
|
|
|
Models of injury prevention |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
Understanding risk factors and cause |
|
|
99 | (5) |
|
Origins of causal thinking in epidemiology |
|
|
99 | (2) |
|
Sport and recreational injuries |
|
|
101 | (3) |
|
Implications for study design |
|
|
104 | (2) |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
Outcome, determinant, and confounder definitions |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
|
107 | (2) |
|
|
107 | (2) |
|
Investigating injury risk factors and mechanisms |
|
|
109 | (16) |
|
|
|
Epidemiological criteria for causation |
|
|
109 | (2) |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
Dose-response relationship |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
Consideration of alternate explanations |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
|
113 | (2) |
|
Joint probability of agreement |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
Intra-class correlation coefficient |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
|
115 | (5) |
|
|
115 | (2) |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
Laboratory motion analysis |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
In vivo strain/force measurements |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
Injuries during biomechanical experiments |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
Cadaveric and dummy studies |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
|
120 | (5) |
|
|
121 | (4) |
|
Statistics in aetiological studies |
|
|
125 | (14) |
|
|
|
Do some injuries occur more often than others? |
|
|
125 | (3) |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
Choosing covariates in multiple regression |
|
|
129 | (2) |
|
Determining mediating effects through multiple regression |
|
|
131 | (2) |
|
|
133 | (6) |
|
|
134 | (5) |
|
Part 4 Developing preventive measures |
|
|
|
|
139 | (18) |
|
|
A 5-step strategic approach to developing sports-injury preventive measures |
|
|
140 | (4) |
|
Tell people about it and get them on board - communication, consultation, co-ordination, and a multi-disciplinary approach |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
Establish the context - understanding the bigger picture |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
Identify the safety issues, concerns, and risks |
|
|
142 | (2) |
|
Set priorities - short-term action and long-term planning |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
Decide what to do - evidenced-informed and theory-based interventions to address identified sports-injury risks |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
|
144 | (2) |
|
Intervention-level dimension |
|
|
146 | (4) |
|
The direction of the intervention process |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
Host-agent-environment relationship |
|
|
151 | (2) |
|
|
153 | (4) |
|
|
153 | (4) |
|
|
157 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
Intervention mapping: the theory |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
|
158 | (2) |
|
Preparation of matrices of change objectives |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
Selection of theory-based intervention methods and practical strategies |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
Production of intervention components and materials |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
Adoption, implementation, and sustainability of the intervention |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
Generation of an evaluation plan |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
|
165 | (4) |
|
|
166 | (3) |
|
Part 5 Evaluating the efficacy and effectiveness of preventive measures |
|
|
|
Research designs for evaluation studies |
|
|
169 | (14) |
|
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
|
170 | (3) |
|
Study population and sampling methods |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Considerations for analysis |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
178 | (2) |
|
|
180 | (3) |
|
|
180 | (3) |
|
Statistics used in effect studies |
|
|
183 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
183 | (2) |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
Hypothesis test for a rate ratio |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (2) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
Generalized estimating equations |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Multilevel models and random effects models |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Intra-cluster correlation coefficient |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
Implications for sample size |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
195 | (2) |
|
|
195 | (2) |
|
Cost-effectiveness studies |
|
|
197 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
What is an economic evaluation? |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
Design of an economic evaluation |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
Choice of control treatment |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
Identification, measurement, and valuation of effects |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Identification, measurement, and valuation of costs |
|
|
200 | (2) |
|
|
202 | (4) |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
204 | (2) |
|
Decision uncertainty: cost-effectiveness acceptability curves |
|
|
206 | (2) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
Critical assessment of economic evaluation |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (4) |
|
|
210 | (3) |
|
Implementing studies into real life |
|
|
213 | (24) |
|
|
Effectiveness versus efficacy |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
Intervention implementation study designs |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
Examples of implementation studies |
|
|
214 | (7) |
|
Towards a theoretical basis for implementation studies |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (5) |
|
A phased approach towards undertaking an implementation study |
|
|
227 | (4) |
|
Developing the evidence-based intervention package |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
Refining of the intervention package and development of a delivery plan |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
Implementation and evaluation of the intervention package and its delivery plan |
|
|
229 | (2) |
|
Development and release of a final intervention package |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
231 | (6) |
|
|
232 | (5) |
Index |
|
237 | |