Stannic Oxide Gas SensorPrinciples and Applications: Principles and Applications [Pehme köide]

Introduction 1.1 The Metal Oxide Gas Sensor 1.2 The Nature of Sensors --
1.3 Early Gas Sensors 1.4 A Historical Note -- 1.5 Current Research and
Development 1.6 The Taguchi Gas Sensor References
Chapter 1 Fabrication of
the Stannic Oxide Ceramic Sensor 1.1 Preparation of Stannic Oxide Powder --
1.2 Gas Sensor Fabrication 1.3 The Binder and Sintering Process -- 1.4 The
Final Active Material 1.4.1 Relationship between Stannic Oxide Crystal Size
and -- Sensor Characteristics 1.4.2 The Sintered State of Stannic Oxide
Ceramic 1.5 Basic Electrical Characterisation -- 1.5.1 Volt-Ampere
Characteristics 1.5.2 Polarity -- 1.6 Basic Electrical Circuitry --
References
Chapter 2 The Performance of the Stannic Oxide Ceramic Sensor 2.1
Conductivity versus Gas Concentration Characteristics -- 2.1.1 Gas
Concentration Characteristics -- 2.1.2 Response Speeds 2.2 Sensitivity
Variation with Temperature 2.2.1 Sensor Temperature Characteristics 2.2.2
Response Speeds Further Observations -- 2.3 The Effects of Oxygen Partial
Pressure and Humidity -- 2.3.1 Oxygen Partial Pressure -- 2.3.2 Water Vapor
-- 2.4 The Effects of Variations in Preparation Modalities 2.4.1 The Effects
of Calcining Conditions -- 2.4.2 The Effects of Sintering Conditions 2.5 The
Mechanisms Underlying Sensitivity 2.5.1 The Surface Oxidation of Combustible
Gases 2.5.2 Adsorbed Oxygen on the Sensor Surface -- 2.5.3 Gas Sensitivity --
2.5.4 The Effect of the Crystal Surface on Gas Sensitivity -- 2.5.5 The
Mechanism of Conductance Change 2.6 Transient Behaviour -- 2.6.1 The Initial
Action Transient 2.6.2 The Long-Term Transient 2.7 Drift and Sensitivity --
2.8 Drift with Time 2.8.1 Seasonal and Environmental Drift of Sensor
Resistance in Gas 2.8.2 Long-Term Drift due to Atmospheric Contamination
2.8.3 Contamination Drift in Practice -- 2.8.4 Mechanisms of Contamination
Drift -- References
Chapter 3 Sensitivity Modification Using Additives 3.1
The Need for Additives -- 3.1.1 The Addition of Palladium 3.1.2 The Effect of
Palladium on Sensitivity -- 3.1.3 The Effects of Palladium on Sensor Response
Speed -- and Short-Term Transient 3.1.4 The Effects of Palladium on Gas
Concentration -- Characteristics and Sensitivity -- 3.1.5 The Influence of
Water Vapor on Sensors with Added Palladium 3.2 Basic Processes in
Palladium-Doped Sensors -- 3.2.1 Palladium as an Oxygen Dissociation
Adsorption Catalyst -- 3.2.2 Palladium as an Electron Donor or Acceptor --
3.2.3 The Condition and Amount of Palladium Dopant 3.3 Other Additives 3.3.1
Noble Metal Additives -- 3.3.2 Further Additive Techniques -- References
Chapter 4 Selectivity 4.1 The Problem of Selective Behavior -- 4.1.1 The
Control of Relative Sensitivity via -- Sensor Operating Temperature 4.1.2 The
Control of Relative Sensitivity Using Additives -- 4.2 Selectivity to Carbon
Monoxide 4.3 Selectivity to Ammonia -- 4.4 Selectivity to Ethanol Vapor 4.5
Recent Work on Selectivity -- 4.5.1 Selectivity to Hydrogen Sulfide 4.5.2
Further Effects of Metal Oxide Additivies -- 4.6 Major Additive Techniques --
References
Chapter 5 The Stannic Oxide Sensor as a Combustion Monitor 5.1
Methods of Monitoring Combustion Products 5.1.1 Fabrication of the Combustion
Sensor 5.2.1 A Combustion Sensor Evaluation Method 5.2.2 Measured Sensor
Characteristics 5.2.3 Temperature Dependency 5.2.4 Response Speed -- 5.2.5
Durability -- 5.3 Domestic Gas Heater Monitoring and Control References
Chapter 6 The Domestic Gas Alarm 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Response to Methane
6.2 Requirements for a Domestic Gas Detector -- 6.2.1 Physical Requirements
for a Domestic Gas Detector 6.2.2 Specific Requirements 6.3 Domestic Gas
Alarm Design 6.3.1 Early Gas Alarm Circuits 6.3.2 Modem Electronic Circuits
6.3.3 Operational Design Factors for Domestic Gas Alarms 6.3.4 Some
Manufacturing Considerations 6.4 Domestic Gas Alarms for Bottled Gas and Town
Gas References
Chapter 7 Industrial Gas Sensors and Instruments 7.1
Industrial Gas Sensors 7.1.1 Industrial Sensor Encapsulations 7.1.2 Structure
of the Active Element 7.2 A Low-Level Carbon Monoxide Monitor 7.2.1 The
Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide -- 7.2.2 A Low-Level Carbon Monoxide Sensor 7.2.3
Drive Requirements and Circuit Design for a Carbon -- Monoxide Monitor
References
Chapter 8 Future Developments 8.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of
the Metal Oxide Gas Sensor 8.1.1 Advantages of the Stannic Oxide Gas Sensor
8.1.2 Disadvantages of the Stannic Oxide Gas Sensor 8.2 Potential
Improvements 8.2.1 Improvements in the Sensor per se 8.2.2 Improvements in
Sensor-Circuit Combinations 8.2.3 Intelligent Sensors References Appendix
Testing and Chracterization A.l Environmental Sensitivity of Sensors -- A.2
The Realization of Low Gas Concentrations A.2.1 Gas Sensitivity
Characterization A.3 The Problems of Ambient Temperature and Humidity A.3.1
The Environmental Test Chamber A.4 User Calibration Reference Index.

Ihokura Kousuke