Preface |
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ix | |
Acknowledgments |
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xi | |
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1 | (5) |
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1.1.1 Motivation: why process monitoring |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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1.1.4 Physical redundancy vs analytical redundancy |
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5 | (1) |
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1.2 Process monitoring methods |
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6 | (7) |
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1.2.1 Model-based methods |
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7 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Knowledge-based methods |
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9 | (1) |
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1.2.3 Data-based monitoring methods |
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9 | (4) |
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1.3 Fault detection metrics |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (5) |
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15 | (4) |
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2 Linear latent variable regression (LVR)-based process monitoring |
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19 | (1) |
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2.2 Development of linear LVR models |
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20 | (10) |
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21 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Latent variable regression (LVR) models |
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22 | (8) |
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30 | (2) |
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2.4 Process monitoring methods |
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32 | (15) |
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2.4.1 Univariate chart for process monitoring |
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32 | (7) |
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2.4.2 Distribution-based process monitoring schemes |
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39 | (5) |
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2.4.3 Multivariate process monitoring schemes with parametric and nonparametric thresholds |
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44 | (3) |
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2.5 Linear LVR-based process monitoring strategies |
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47 | (6) |
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2.5.1 Conventional LVR monitoring statistics |
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47 | (3) |
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50 | (3) |
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53 | (10) |
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53 | (2) |
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2.6.2 Monitoring influent measurements at water resource recovery facilities |
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55 | (8) |
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63 | (8) |
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63 | (8) |
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71 | (8) |
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3.1.1 Pitfalls of standardizing data |
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72 | (5) |
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3.1.2 Shortcomings of contribution plots/scores |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (20) |
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79 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Iterative traditional isolation |
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80 | (3) |
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3.2.3 Variable selection methods |
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83 | (16) |
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99 | (1) |
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3.4 Fault isolation metrics |
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100 | (3) |
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3.4.1 Fault isolation errors |
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101 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Precision and recall |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (8) |
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3.5.1 Retrospective fault isolation |
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104 | (4) |
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3.5.2 Real-time fault isolation |
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108 | (3) |
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111 | (8) |
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112 | (7) |
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4 Nonlinear latent variable regression methods |
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119 | (2) |
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4.2 Limitations of linear LVR methods for process monitoring |
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121 | (2) |
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4.3 Developing nonlinear LVR methods for process monitoring |
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123 | (15) |
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4.3.1 Nonlinear partial least squares |
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123 | (4) |
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4.3.2 ANFIS-PLS modeling framework |
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127 | (4) |
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131 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Kernel principal components analysis (KPCA) model |
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131 | (4) |
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4.3.5 KPCA-based fault detection procedures |
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135 | (3) |
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4.4 Cases study: monitoring WWTP |
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138 | (4) |
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4.4.1 Anomaly detection using KPCA-OCSVM method |
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139 | (3) |
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4.5 Simulated synthetic data |
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142 | (7) |
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4.5.1 Application of plug flow reactor |
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143 | (6) |
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149 | (6) |
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151 | (4) |
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5 Multiscale latent variable regression-based process monitoring methods |
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155 | (3) |
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5.2 Theoretical background of wavelet-based data representation |
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158 | (9) |
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159 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Multiscale representation of data using wavelets |
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159 | (5) |
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5.2.3 Advantages of multiscale representation |
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164 | (3) |
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5.3 Multiscale filtering using wavelets |
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167 | (3) |
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5.3.1 Single scale filter method |
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167 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Multiscale filtering methods |
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168 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Advantages of multiscale denoising |
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169 | (1) |
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5.4 Wavelet-based multiscale univariate monitoring techniques |
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170 | (6) |
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5.4.1 An illustrative example |
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172 | (4) |
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5.5 Multiscale LVR modeling |
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176 | (1) |
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5.5.1 Benefits of multiscale denoising in LVR modeling |
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176 | (1) |
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5.6 Multiscale LVR modeling |
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177 | (3) |
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5.7 Results and discussions |
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180 | (6) |
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5.7.1 Application with synthetic data |
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180 | (3) |
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5.7.2 Application of monitoring distillation column |
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183 | (3) |
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186 | (7) |
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188 | (5) |
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6 Unsupervised deep learning-based process monitoring methods |
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193 | (2) |
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195 | (7) |
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6.2.1 Partition-based clustering techniques |
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196 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Hierarchy-based clustering techniques |
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197 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Density-based approach |
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198 | (3) |
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6.2.4 Expectation maximization |
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201 | (1) |
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6.3 One-class classification |
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202 | (4) |
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202 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Support vector data description (SVDD) |
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203 | (3) |
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206 | (11) |
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206 | (4) |
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6.4.2 Probabilistic models |
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210 | (3) |
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6.4.3 Deep neural networks |
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213 | (2) |
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6.4.4 Deep Boltzmann machine |
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215 | (2) |
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6.5 Deep learning-based clustering schemes for process monitoring |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (7) |
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219 | (6) |
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7 Unsupervised recurrent deep learning scheme for process monitoring |
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225 | (2) |
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7.2 Recurrent neural networks approach |
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227 | (8) |
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7.2.1 Basics of recurrent neural networks |
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227 | (2) |
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7.2.2 Long short-term memory |
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229 | (5) |
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7.2.3 Gated recurrent neural networks |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (6) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (2) |
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7.4 Recurrent deep learning-based process monitoring |
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241 | (3) |
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7.4.1 Residuals-based process monitoring approaches |
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242 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Recurrent deep learning-based clustering schemes for process monitoring |
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243 | (1) |
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7.5 Applications: monitoring influent conditions at WWTP |
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244 | (6) |
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250 | (5) |
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251 | (4) |
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255 | (3) |
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258 | (16) |
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8.2.1 Deep stacked autoencoder-based KNN approach |
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261 | (5) |
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266 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Results and discussion |
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266 | (1) |
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8.2.4 Model trained using data with no obstacles |
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267 | (2) |
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8.2.5 Evaluation of performance for busy scenes |
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269 | (2) |
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8.2.6 Obstacle detection using the Bahnhof dataset |
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271 | (3) |
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8.3 Detecting abnormal ozone measurements using deep learning |
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274 | (14) |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (2) |
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8.3.3 Ozone monitoring based on deep learning approaches |
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278 | (6) |
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284 | (4) |
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8.4 Monitoring of a wastewater treatment plant using deep learning |
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288 | (20) |
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288 | (2) |
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8.4.2 Proposed DBN-based kNN, OCSVM, and k-means algorithms |
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290 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Real data application: monitoring a decentralized wastewater treatment plant in Golden, CO, USA |
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291 | (6) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (11) |
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9 Conclusion and further research directions |
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308 | (3) |
Index |
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311 | |