About the Authors |
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xiii | |
Preface |
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xv | |
Acknowledgements |
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xvii | |
Companion Website |
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xix | |
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1 An Introduction to the Research Process |
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1 | (20) |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (3) |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (7) |
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18 | (1) |
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Multiple Choice Questions |
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18 | (3) |
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2 Computer-Assisted Analysis |
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21 | (54) |
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21 | (1) |
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Overview of the Three Statistical Packages |
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22 | (4) |
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26 | (12) |
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Setting out Your Variables for Within- and Between-Group Designs |
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38 | (7) |
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45 | (13) |
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58 | (13) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (3) |
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75 | (47) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Numerical Descriptive Statistics |
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78 | (4) |
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Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency |
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82 | (1) |
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Measures of Variation or Dispersion |
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82 | (3) |
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85 | (2) |
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Numerical Descriptives in SPSS |
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87 | (5) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (8) |
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101 | (3) |
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Incorporating Variability into Graphs |
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104 | (1) |
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Generating Graphs with Standard Deviations in SPSS |
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105 | (1) |
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Graphs Showing Dispersion - Frequency Histogram |
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105 | (7) |
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112 | (5) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Multiple Choice Questions |
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118 | (4) |
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4 The Basis of Statistical Testing |
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122 | (43) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (14) |
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138 | (11) |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (5) |
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Generating Confidence Intervals in SPSS |
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156 | (5) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Multiple Choice Questions |
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162 | (3) |
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165 | (17) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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Estimating the Prevalence of Disease |
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167 | (1) |
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Difficulties in Estimating Prevalence |
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167 | (2) |
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Beyond Prevalence: Identifying Risk Factors for Disease |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (2) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Multiple Choice Questions |
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179 | (3) |
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6 Introduction to Data Screening and Cleaning |
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182 | (25) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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Minimising Problems at the Design Stage |
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184 | (1) |
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Entering Data into Databases/Statistical Packages |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Using Descriptive Statistics to Help Identify Errors |
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186 | (3) |
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189 | (5) |
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194 | (5) |
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199 | (3) |
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Screening Groups Separately |
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202 | (1) |
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Reporting Data Screening and Cleaning Procedures |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (1) |
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Multiple Choice Questions |
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204 | (3) |
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7 Differences Between Two Groups |
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207 | (39) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (2) |
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Conceptual Description of the t-Tests |
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210 | (3) |
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Generalising to the Population |
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213 | (1) |
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Independent Groups t-Test in SPSS |
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214 | (6) |
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (6) |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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Mann-Whitney: for Independent Groups |
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230 | (1) |
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Mann-Whitney Test in SPSS |
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230 | (7) |
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Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test: for Repeated Measures |
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237 | (1) |
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Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test in SPSS |
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237 | (4) |
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Adjusting for Multiple Tests |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Multiple Choice Questions |
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241 | (5) |
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8 Differences Between Three or More Conditions |
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246 | (38) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (2) |
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Conceptual Description of the (Parametric) ANOVA |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (2) |
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252 | (6) |
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ANOVA Models for Repeated-Measures Designs |
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258 | (1) |
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Repeated-Measures ANOVA in SPSS |
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259 | (7) |
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Non-Parametric Equivalents |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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Kruskal-Wallis and the Median Test in SPSS |
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267 | (4) |
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271 | (2) |
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Friedman's ANOVA for Repeated Measures |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (5) |
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278 | (1) |
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Multiple Choice Questions |
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278 | (6) |
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9 Testing Associations Between Categorical Variables |
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284 | (23) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (2) |
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Rationale of Contingency Table Analysis |
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287 | (1) |
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Running the Analysis in SPSS |
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288 | (6) |
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Measuring Effect Size in Contingency Table Analysis |
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294 | (1) |
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Larger Contingency Tables |
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295 | (1) |
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Contingency Table Analysis Assumptions |
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296 | (2) |
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The Χ2 Goodness-of-Fit Test |
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298 | (2) |
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Running the Χ2 Goodness-of-Fit Test Using SPSS |
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300 | (3) |
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303 | (1) |
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Multiple Choice Questions |
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303 | (4) |
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10 Measuring Agreement: Correlational Techniques |
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307 | (38) |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (5) |
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314 | (3) |
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Calculating the Correlation Pearson's r Using SPSS |
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317 | (3) |
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How to Obtain Scatterplots |
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320 | (5) |
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Variance Explanation of r |
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325 | (2) |
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Obtaining Correlational Analysis in SPSS: Exercise |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (3) |
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Shared and Unique Variance: Conceptual Understanding Relating to Partial Correlations |
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331 | (2) |
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333 | (2) |
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Other Uses for Correlational Techniques |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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Multiple Choice Questions |
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339 | (6) |
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345 | (34) |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (5) |
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Linear Regression in SPSS |
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351 | (4) |
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Obtaining the Scatterplot with Regression Line and Confidence Intervals in SPSS |
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355 | (8) |
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Assumptions Underlying Linear Regression |
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363 | (1) |
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363 | (5) |
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What Happens if the Correlation between X and Y is Near Zero? |
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368 | (1) |
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Using Regression to Predict Missing Data in SPSS |
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369 | (3) |
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Prediction of Missing Scores on Cognitive Failures in SPSS |
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372 | (2) |
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374 | (1) |
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Multiple Choice Questions |
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375 | (4) |
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12 Standard Multiple Regression |
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379 | (23) |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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Multiple Regression in SPSS |
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381 | (3) |
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Variables in the Equation |
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384 | (3) |
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387 | (1) |
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Predicting an Individual's Score |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (3) |
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Other Types of Multiple Regression |
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391 | (3) |
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Hierarchical Multiple Regression |
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394 | (2) |
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396 | (1) |
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Multiple Choice Questions |
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397 | (5) |
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402 | (26) |
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402 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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The Conceptual Basis of Logistic Regression |
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403 | (10) |
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413 | (1) |
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Logistic Regression with Multiple Predictor Variables |
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413 | (6) |
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Logistic Regression with Categorical Predictors |
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419 | (2) |
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Categorical Predictors with Three or More Levels |
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421 | (3) |
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424 | (1) |
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Multiple Choice Questions |
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424 | (4) |
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14 Interventions and Analysis of Change |
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428 | (44) |
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428 | (1) |
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429 | (1) |
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How Do We Know Whether Interventions Are Effective? |
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429 | (3) |
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Randomised Control Trials (RCTs) |
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432 | (1) |
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Designing an RCT: CONSORT |
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433 | (3) |
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436 | (3) |
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Important Features of an RCT |
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439 | (4) |
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443 | (1) |
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444 | (2) |
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Running an ANCOVA in SPSS |
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446 | (2) |
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448 | (1) |
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Running McNemar's Test in SPSS |
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449 | (3) |
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452 | (1) |
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Running the Sign Test Using SPSS |
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453 | (1) |
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Intention to Treat Analysis |
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453 | (3) |
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456 | (1) |
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Single-Case Designs (N = 1) |
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457 | (6) |
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Generating Single-Case Design Graphs Using SPSS |
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463 | (5) |
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468 | (1) |
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468 | (1) |
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Multiple Choice Questions |
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468 | (4) |
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15 Survival Analysis: An Introduction |
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472 | (30) |
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472 | (1) |
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473 | (3) |
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476 | (6) |
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The Kaplan-Meier Survival Function |
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482 | (2) |
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Kaplan-Meier Survival Analyses in SPSS |
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484 | (4) |
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Comparing Two Survival Curves - the Mantel-Cox Test |
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488 | (2) |
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490 | (3) |
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493 | (1) |
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493 | (1) |
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494 | (1) |
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Writing Up a Survival Analysis |
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494 | (1) |
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495 | (1) |
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496 | (1) |
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Multiple Choice Questions |
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496 | (6) |
Answers to Activities and Exercises |
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502 | (40) |
Glossary |
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542 | (10) |
References |
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552 | (6) |
Index |
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558 | |