Chapter 1 Introduction to the Evolution of Pharmaceutical Products |
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1 | (16) |
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Ralph Buncher and Jia-Yeong Tsay |
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1 | (3) |
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4 | (2) |
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III. Issues in Drug Development |
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6 | (3) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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VII. Placebo Effects and Other Topics |
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12 | (1) |
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VIII. Global Drug Development |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (2) |
Chapter 2 Statistical Review and Evaluation of Animal Carcinogenicity Studies of Pharmaceuticals |
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17 | (38) |
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Karl K. Lin and Mirza W. Ali |
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18 | (1) |
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II. Validity of the Design |
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19 | (2) |
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III. Methods of Statistical Analysis |
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21 | (18) |
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A. Test of Intercurrent Mortality Data |
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21 | (2) |
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B. Contexts of Observation of Tumor Types |
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23 | (1) |
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C. Statistical Analyses of Incidental Tumors |
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23 | (5) |
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D. Statistical Analyses of Fatal Tumors |
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28 | (1) |
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E. Statistical Analyses of Tumors Observed in Incidental and Fatal Contexts |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (6) |
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30 | (3) |
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2. Comparison of Exact and Approximate Methods |
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33 | (2) |
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G. Statistical Analysis of Data without Information about Cause of Death |
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35 | (3) |
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H. Combined Analysis of Tumor Types Observed in Fatal and Incidental Contexts by Exact Permutation Test |
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38 | (1) |
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IV. Interpretation of Study Results |
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39 | (7) |
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V. Carcinogenicity Studies Using Transgenic Mice |
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46 | (2) |
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VI. Data Presentation and Submission |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (5) |
Chapter 3 The FDA and the IND/NDA Statistical Review Process |
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55 | (24) |
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Satya D. Dubey, George Y.H. Chi, and Roswitha E. Kelly |
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55 | (7) |
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60 | (1) |
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B. The Office of Biostatistics |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (4) |
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66 | (10) |
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71 | (1) |
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B. Combination Drug Policy |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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D. Evidence of Effectiveness from a Single Study |
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73 | (1) |
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E. The Statistical Review and Evaluation Report |
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74 | (1) |
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F. Statistical NDA Review Template |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (3) |
Chapter 4 Clinical Trial Designs |
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79 | (12) |
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C. Ralph Buncher and Jia-Yeong Tsay |
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79 | (1) |
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II. Clinical Trial Design |
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80 | (4) |
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A. Treatment Comparison (Control) |
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80 | (1) |
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B. Masked Evaluation (Blinding) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (2) |
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IV. Phases of Clinical Trials |
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86 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
Chapter 5 Selecting Patients for a Clinical Trial |
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91 | (24) |
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C. Ralph Buncher and Jia-Yeong Tsay |
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92 | (2) |
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Part A: The Outpatient by Michael Weintraub |
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94 | (21) |
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94 | (1) |
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II. The Selection Process and Getting Enough Patients to Do the Study — Lasagna's Law and Its Corollaries |
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95 | (5) |
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A. The Many Become the Few |
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96 | (1) |
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B. The Few Become the Fewer |
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96 | (1) |
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C. Avoiding the Lazarus Trap |
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96 | (1) |
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D. All God's Children Get Sick from Time to Time |
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96 | (1) |
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E. The Few Become the Rock-Bottom Fewest |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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G. Participant Psychology: Capricious and Intelligent Noncompliers |
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98 | (1) |
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H. "Not Unless I Can Be in the Placebo Group, Doctor" |
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99 | (1) |
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I. The Selection Process and Regulatory Requirements |
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99 | (1) |
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J. Between a Rock and a Hard Place |
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99 | (1) |
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III. Patient Selection Process and Scientific Merit of Publications |
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100 | (2) |
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A. Generalization of Data to Other Patient Populations |
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100 | (1) |
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B. Ethics and Extrapolation |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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IV. Improving the Selection Process |
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102 | (13) |
Chapter 6 Statistical Aspects of Cancer Clinical Trials |
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115 | (20) |
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I. Cancer Treatment Progress |
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115 | (1) |
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II. Benefit to Risk Ratio |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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IV. Phase I Clinical Trial |
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118 | (2) |
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V. Phase II Clinical Trial |
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120 | (1) |
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VI. Phase III Clinical Trial |
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121 | (8) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (3) |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (4) |
Chapter 7 Recent Statistical Issues and Developments in Cancer Clinical Trials |
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135 | (16) |
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135 | (1) |
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II. Phase I Clinical Trials |
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135 | (3) |
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III. Phase II Clinical Trials |
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138 | (3) |
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IV. Phase III Clinical Trials |
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141 | (6) |
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A. Fast Track Drug Development Programs |
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144 | (2) |
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B. Noninferiority or Superiority Trials with Active Control |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (4) |
Chapter 8 Design and Analysis of Testosterone Replacement Therapy Trials |
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151 | (10) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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B. Goals of Testosterone Replacement |
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152 | (1) |
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II. General Design Considerations of TRT Trials |
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153 | (3) |
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A. Serum Testosterone Levels |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (2) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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III. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (2) |
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A. Serum T, Free T, DHT Levels |
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157 | (2) |
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1. Normalization of Serum T Levels |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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3. Analysis of Free T and DHT |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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D. Sample Size Considerations |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
Chapter 9 Clinical Trials of Analgesic Drugs |
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161 | (12) |
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161 | (1) |
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II. Design of Analgesic Drug Trials |
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162 | (7) |
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A. Selecting the Target Patient Population |
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162 | (1) |
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B. The Choice of Control Group |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (7) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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III. Interpretation of Results |
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169 | (1) |
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IV. Unique Challenges in the Analgesic Trial |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (3) |
Chapter 10 Statistical Issues in HIV/AIDS Research |
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173 | (10) |
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Ronald J. Bosch and C. Ralph Buncher |
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173 | (1) |
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II. Characteristics of HIV/AIDS Trials vs. Other Pharmaceutical Research |
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174 | (1) |
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III. Design and Analysis of HIV Clinical Trials |
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174 | (2) |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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IV. Analysis Issues Related to Assay Characteristics |
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176 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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B. Timing of HIV Infection |
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177 | (1) |
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C. Viral Genotype and Resistance |
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177 | (1) |
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D. Phenotypic Susceptibility |
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177 | (1) |
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E. Activation and Future Surrogate Markers |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (5) |
Chapter 11 The Wonders of Placebo |
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183 | (10) |
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183 | (4) |
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II. A Case Study of a Clinical Trial of the Drug Chymopapain |
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187 | (3) |
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190 | (3) |
Chapter 12 Active-Controlled Noninferiority/Equivalence Trials: Methods and Practice |
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193 | (38) |
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194 | (2) |
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II. Placebo vs. Active-Controlled Trials |
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196 | (1) |
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III. Superiority, Noninferiority, and Equivalence Trials |
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197 | (4) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (2) |
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IV. Sample Size and Power |
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201 | (6) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (5) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (4) |
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V. Assay Sensitivity (AS), Historical Evidence of Sensitivity-to-Drug-Effects (HESDE), Appropriate Trial Conduct (ATC), and Constancy Assumption (CA) |
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207 | (3) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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VI. Active Control Effect Size (Δ) and Noninferiority Margin (δ) |
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210 | (8) |
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A. Active Control Effect Size (Δ) |
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210 | (2) |
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B. Noninferiority Margin (δ) |
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212 | (6) |
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1. Setting a Fixed Noninferiority Margin δ |
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213 | (1) |
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2. Preservation of a Certain Fraction of Active Control Effect |
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214 | (4) |
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VII. Switching Objectives |
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218 | (2) |
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A. Switching from Noninferiority to Superiority |
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218 | (1) |
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B. Switching from Superiority to Noninferiority |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (2) |
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A. Hypothesis Testing vs. Confidence Interval (CI) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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D. Interim Analysis and Sample Size Reestimation |
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221 | (1) |
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E. Multiple Endpoints/Treatments |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (3) |
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222 | (1) |
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B. Issue of Transitivity and Drift |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (4) |
Chapter 13 Interim Analysis and Bias in Clinical Trials: The Adaptive Design Perspective |
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231 | (14) |
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Qing Liu and Gordon Pledger |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (2) |
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III. Modifications Using "Blinded" Data |
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234 | (3) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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C. The Null Neutral Principle |
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235 | (2) |
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D. Adaptive Statistical Analysis Planning |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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IV. Modifications Using Unblinded Data |
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237 | (5) |
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A. Bias and Naive Analysis |
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237 | (1) |
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B. The Philosophy of Adaptive Designs |
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238 | (1) |
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C. Two-Stage Adaptive Designs |
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238 | (4) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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3. Point Estimation and Confidence Intervals |
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241 | (1) |
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D. Adaptive Group Sequential Designs |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
Chapter 14 Interim Analysis and Adaptive Design in Clinical Trials |
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245 | (40) |
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Irving K. Hwang and K.K. Gordon Lan |
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246 | (1) |
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II. Interim Analysis vs. Data Monitoring |
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247 | (2) |
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III. Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) |
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249 | (5) |
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A. DMC Role and Responsibilities |
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251 | (1) |
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1. Performance Monitoring |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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3. Interim Analyses on Efficacy and Safety |
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251 | (1) |
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B. DMC Membership and Relationships |
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252 | (1) |
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C. DMC Statistical Considerations |
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252 | (2) |
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1. Statistical "Penalty" for Repeated Testing |
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253 | (1) |
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2. Early Stopping Guidelines |
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253 | (1) |
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IV. The Error Rate Spending Function Approach |
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254 | (13) |
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254 | (3) |
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1. Partial Sum Process (S-Process) |
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255 | (1) |
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2. Standardized S-Process (Z-Process) |
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255 | (1) |
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3. Discretized Standard Brownian Motion Process (B-Process) |
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255 | (2) |
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B. Group Sequential Boundaries |
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257 | (2) |
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257 | (1) |
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2. The O'Brien–Fleming Boundary |
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258 | (1) |
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C. Error Rate Spending Functions |
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259 | (4) |
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263 | (4) |
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265 | (2) |
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V. The Conditional Power (CP) Approach |
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267 | (8) |
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A. Curtailment vs. Stochastic Curtailment |
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267 | (4) |
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B. Effect on Type I Error Rate |
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271 | (1) |
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C. Two-Sample Comparisons |
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272 | (3) |
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1. Comparisons of Two Means |
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272 | (1) |
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2. Comparison of Two Survival Distributions |
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273 | (1) |
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3. Comparison of Two Proportions |
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274 | (1) |
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D. Sample Size Reestimation (SSR) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (3) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (6) |
Chapter 15 A Regulatory Perspective on Data Monitoring and Interim Analysis |
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285 | (10) |
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285 | (1) |
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II. A Brief Regulatory History |
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286 | (4) |
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III. Introducing Bias into the Monitoring Process: Some Concerns |
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290 | (2) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (3) |
Chapter 16 Complex Adaptive Systems, Human Health, and Drug Response: Statistical Challenges in Pharmacogenomics |
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295 | (8) |
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Kim E. Zerba and C. Frank Shen |
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I. The Problem: Interindividual Human Biological Variation and Drug Response |
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295 | (1) |
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II. Complex Adaptive Systems, Human Health, and Drug Response |
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296 | (2) |
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III. Framework for Questions |
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298 | (1) |
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IV. Additional Challenges |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (2) |
Chapter 17 Phase TV Postmarketing Studies |
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303 | (12) |
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C. Ralph Buncher and Jia-Yeong Tsay |
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303 | (2) |
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305 | (3) |
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A. Limitations of Clinical Trials |
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306 | (1) |
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B. Strengths of Clinical Trials |
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307 | (1) |
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III. Postmarketing Studies |
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308 | (3) |
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308 | (1) |
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B. Observational Cohort Studies |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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D. Evaluation of Epidemiologic Studies |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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IV. Surveillance/Epidemiologic Intelligence |
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311 | (2) |
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311 | (1) |
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B. Spontaneous Reporting System |
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311 | (1) |
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C. Interpreting and Summarizing Spontaneous Data |
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311 | (2) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (2) |
Chapter 18 The Role of Contract Research Organizations in Clinical Research in the Pharmaceutical Industry |
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315 | (10) |
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Roger E. Flora and John Constant |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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III. Importance of CROs in Pharmaceutical Clinical Research |
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317 | (3) |
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IV. Why do Pharmaceutical Companies Use CROs? |
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320 | (1) |
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V. The Role of the Statistician in CRO Activities |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (2) |
Chapter 19 Global Harmonization of Drug Development — A Clinical Statistics Perspective |
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325 | (20) |
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Peter H. van Ewijk, Bernhard Huitfeldt, and Jia-Yeong Tsay |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (7) |
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326 | (2) |
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B. Spreading Risks and Synergy Effects |
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328 | (1) |
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C. Cooperation Among Regulatory Authorities, Industry, and Medical Organizations |
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329 | (1) |
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D. Increasing Cooperation Among Companies |
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330 | (1) |
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E. Building a Strong Professional Community |
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331 | (1) |
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F. Implication of Current Trends on Clinical Statistics |
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331 | (1) |
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G. Availability of Advanced Technology Allowing Methodology in Modeling and Simulation |
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332 | (1) |
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H. Increased Exposure to Public Scrutiny |
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332 | (1) |
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III. Industry Alignment to Current Trends |
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333 | (5) |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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C. Roles and Responsibilities |
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335 | (1) |
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D. Recruitment, Training, and Education |
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335 | (1) |
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E. Harmonization of Processes |
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336 | (1) |
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F. Global Clinical Development Plans |
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337 | (1) |
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G. Statistical Aspects on Bridging |
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338 | (1) |
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IV. The Other Side of the Coin and HR Perspectives |
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338 | (4) |
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339 | (1) |
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B. Roles and Responsibilities |
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339 | (1) |
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C. Recruitment, Training, and Education |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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E. Balance between Harmonization, Standardization, and Flexibility |
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340 | (1) |
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F. Globalization and the Individual |
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341 | (1) |
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G. Harmonization, Regulatory Authorities, and Governments |
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342 | (1) |
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V. Summary and Conclusions |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (2) |
Chapter 20 Bridging Strategies in Global Drug Development |
|
345 | (12) |
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Mamoru Narukawa and Masahiro Takeuchi |
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345 | (1) |
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II. Globalization of Pharmaceutical Industry and New Drug Development |
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346 | (1) |
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III. International Harmonization of Pharmaceutical Regulation and ICH |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (2) |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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V. Statistical Issues in Evaluating the Acceptability of Foreign Clinical Data |
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350 | (3) |
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350 | (1) |
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B. Evaluation of Efficacy |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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VI. Conclusions and Expectation for Global Drug Development |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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|
354 | (3) |
Chapter 21 Design and Analysis Strategies for Clinical Pharmacokinetic Trials |
|
357 | (34) |
|
Lianng Yuh and Yusong Chen |
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358 | (1) |
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II. Bioavailability of a Single Formulation |
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|
359 | (7) |
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|
359 | (2) |
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|
361 | (5) |
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|
361 | (3) |
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|
364 | (2) |
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III. Comparative Bioavailability Studies |
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|
366 | (5) |
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366 | (1) |
|
B. Choice of the Criteria for Comparison |
|
|
366 | (2) |
|
1. Area under the Concentration Curve |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
2. Peak Concentration (Cmax) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
3. Time to Peak Concentration (Tmax) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
4. Cumulative Percentage of Drug Recovered (Ac%) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
5. Estimated Absorption Rate (Ka) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
7. Concentration Profiles |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
C. Designing a Comparative Bioavailability Study |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
369 | (2) |
|
IV. Analysis of Comparative Bioavailability Studies |
|
|
371 | (11) |
|
A. Analysis of Variance Model |
|
|
371 | (3) |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
C. Confidence Interval Approach |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
E. Anderson and Hauck's Procedure |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
F. Two One-Sided Tests Procedure |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
G. Individual and Population Bioequivalence |
|
|
377 | (4) |
|
H. Choosing the Sample Size |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Appendix A. Peeling Technique for Obtaining Starting Values |
|
|
383 | (2) |
|
|
385 | (6) |
Chapter 22 Stability Studies of Pharmaceuticals |
|
391 | (30) |
|
Yi Tsong, Chi-wan Chen, Wen Jen Chen, Roswitha Kelly, Daphne T. Lin, and Karl K. Lin |
|
|
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
II. Designs of Stability Study |
|
|
392 | (4) |
|
III. Methods for Shelf-Life Determination |
|
|
396 | (20) |
|
A. ANCOVA Modeling of Simple Stability Studies |
|
|
396 | (7) |
|
B. ANCOVA Modeling of Stability Studies Designed with Multiple Factors |
|
|
403 | (13) |
|
IV. Alternative Approaches for Shelf-Life Determination |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (4) |
Chapter 23 When and How to Do Multiple Comparisons |
|
421 | (32) |
|
Charles W. Dunnett and Charles H. Goldsmith |
|
|
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
II. Description and Taxonomy of Multiple Comparison Procedures |
|
|
422 | (15) |
|
|
422 | (5) |
|
B. Descriptions of Multiple Comparison Procedures |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
1. The Least Significant Difference and Multiple t Test Procedures |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
5. Comparisons with a Control or Standard |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
6. Stepwise (Step-down and Step-up) Tests |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
9. Comparisons with the Best |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
10. Nonparametric Procedures |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
11. Multiple Comparisons between Dose Levels and a Zero Dose |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
12. Multiple Comparisons of Proportions (0-1 Data) |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
14. Allocation of Observations among the Treatment Groups |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
D. Common Sources of Tables |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
III. Multiple Comparison Tests in Practice |
|
|
437 | (12) |
|
A. Is a Multiple Comparison Procedure Needed? |
|
|
437 | (9) |
|
1. Testing a Selected Contrast |
|
|
438 | (2) |
|
2. Comparisons Between a New Drug and Active and Placebo Controls |
|
|
440 | (2) |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
444 | (2) |
|
B. Analysis of a Randomized Trial |
|
|
446 | (3) |
|
|
449 | (4) |
Chapter 24 Reference Intervals (Ranges): Distribution-Free Methods vs. Normal Theory |
|
453 | (16) |
|
Paul S. Horn and Amadeo J. Pesce |
|
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
II. Reference Intervals and Percentile Estimators |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
III. Traditional Normal-Theory Approach |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
IV. Data Transformation to Achieve Normality |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
V. Nonparametric Approach Using Order Statistics |
|
|
458 | (4) |
|
VI. Precision of Reference Interval Endpoints |
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
|
464 | (2) |
|
VIII. Summary of Methods to Derive Reference Intervals |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
467 | (2) |
Index |
|
469 | |