Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

Statistics In the Pharmaceutical Industry 3rd edition [Kõva köide]

Edited by (University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio, USA), Edited by (Organon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Roseland, New Jersey, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 504 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x152 mm, kaal: 771 g, 55 Tables, black and white; 19 Halftones, black and white
  • Sari: Chapman & Hall/CRC Biostatistics Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Sep-2005
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0824754697
  • ISBN-13: 9780824754693
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Hardback, 504 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x152 mm, kaal: 771 g, 55 Tables, black and white; 19 Halftones, black and white
  • Sari: Chapman & Hall/CRC Biostatistics Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Sep-2005
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0824754697
  • ISBN-13: 9780824754693
Teised raamatud teemal:
The growth of the pharmaceutical industry over the past decade is astounding, but the impact of this growth on statistics is somewhat confusing. While software has made analysis easier and more efficient, regulatory bodies now demand deeper and more complex analyses, and pharmacogenetic/genomic studies serve up an entirely new set of challenges. For more than two decades, Statistics in the Pharmaceutical Industry has been the definitive guide to sorting through the challenges in the industry, and this Third Edition continues that tradition.

Updated and expanded to reflect the most recent trends and developments in the field, Statistics in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Third Edition presents chapters written by experts from both regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical companies who discuss everything from experimental design to post-marketing studies. This approach sheds light on what regulators consider acceptable methodologies and what methods have proven successful for industrial statisticians. Both new and revised chapters reflect the increasingly global nature of the industry as represented by authors from Japan and Europe, the increasing trend toward non-inferiority/equivalence testing, adaptive design in clinical trials, global harmonization of regulatory standards, and multiple comparison studies. The book also examines the latest considerations in anti-cancer studies.

Statistics in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Third Edition demystifies the approval process by combining regulatory and industrial points of view, making it a must-read for anyone performing statistical analysis at any point in the drug approval process.

Arvustused

"a broad overview of many of the statistical issues that are faced when doing research in the pharmaceutical industry and therefore it is recommended to individuals who work or consult in this area of statistics. a useful reference and is recommended for researchers/statisticians who work on problems in the pharmaceutical industry with some regularity." Biometrics, March 2009

The first edition of this book appeared in 1981 and the second in 1994 have come chapters on testosterone replacement studies, global harmonization, stability studies, bridging studies, reference intervals and there are now three chapters on sequential and adaptive studies where previously there was only one. The book contains some fine and penetrating chapters. and useful, summaries. Stephen Senn, Department of Statistics, University of Glasgow, UK, Statistics in Medicine, Vol. 23-25, 2004-2006

Updated and expanded to reflect the most recent trends and developments in the field, this book presents chapters written by experts from both regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical companies that discuss everything from experimental design to post-marketing studies. This approach sheds light on what regulators consider acceptable methodologies and what methods have proven successful for industrial statisticians. Both new and revised chapters reflect the increasingly global nature of the industry, the increasing trend toward non-inferiority/equivalence testing, adaptive designs in clinical trials, global harmonization of regulatory standards, bridging strategies in global drug development, and multiple comparison studies. The book also examines the latest considerations in anti-cancer studies. includes new chapters on topics such as testosterone replacement therapy trials and active-controlled equivalence trials. It addresses the most current and emerging statistical issues involved in HIV / AIDS research and anti-cancer trials, The third edition demystifies the approval process by combining regulatory and industrial points of view, making it a mustread for anyone performing statistical analysis at any point in the drug approval process. It is beneficial to biostatisticians and pharmaceutical scientists and researchers who are engaged in the beneficial areas of pharmaceutical research and development T. Postelnicu (Bucuresti), Zentralblatt Math, Vol. 1092, 2006

This is the third edition of the book. This new edition comes with some new chapters and updated material in every chapter to give the reader some insights on the most recent trends and developments in statistical research carried out in the pharmaceutical industry. the book will help the reader to understand thoroughly all the aspects of statistical research in the pharmaceutical industry. The intended readership of this book is graduated students in statistics or biostatistics, statisticians, and researchers in the health related area who wish to comprehend all the aspects, from a statistical perspective, of what is done in pharmaceutical research and development. It is also a very useful reference book for any researcher who wants to have a good understanding of the issues in pharmaceutical research and development. We recommend this book for anyone who wishes to learn comprehensively the most current and emerging statistical issues in pharmaceutical research and development. Tulay Koru-Sengul, McMaster University, Technometrics, Vol. 49, No. 2, May 2007

I found many chapters interesting I particularly enjoyed the chapters on reference intervals, interim analysis, bridging studies, and multiple comparisons Bunchers essay on the placebo also makes thought-provoking reading [ the book is] a work that deserves to find its way into most departmental libraries Statistics in Medicine, 2007

The third edition of this book represents a well-organized and thorough exploration of many of the key aspects of statistical application in the pharmaceutical industry. The graduate student, academic statistician interested in pharmaceutical applications, and novice statisticians in both the industrial and regulatory environments, can benefit from the presentation in each of the chapters. Experienced statisticians in both the industrial and regulatory environments can benefit from the current references in chapters covering their therapeutic area and in learning about other therapeutic areas for career development. This book is recommended as an up-to-date reference for statisticians and scientists engaged in the pharmaceutical research (both industrial and regulatory) or anyone who wishes to learn about the role of the statistician in the pharmaceutical industry. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics

Chapter 1 Introduction to the Evolution of Pharmaceutical Products 1(16)
Ralph Buncher and Jia-Yeong Tsay
I. Introduction
1(3)
II. Molecular Biology
4(2)
III. Issues in Drug Development
6(3)
IV. Preclinical Testing
9(1)
V. Toxicity Testing
10(1)
VI. Clinical Testing
11(1)
VII. Placebo Effects and Other Topics
12(1)
VIII. Global Drug Development
13(1)
IX. Manufacturing
14(1)
X. Other Issues
14(1)
References
15(2)
Chapter 2 Statistical Review and Evaluation of Animal Carcinogenicity Studies of Pharmaceuticals 17(38)
Karl K. Lin and Mirza W. Ali
I. Introduction
18(1)
II. Validity of the Design
19(2)
III. Methods of Statistical Analysis
21(18)
A. Test of Intercurrent Mortality Data
21(2)
B. Contexts of Observation of Tumor Types
23(1)
C. Statistical Analyses of Incidental Tumors
23(5)
D. Statistical Analyses of Fatal Tumors
28(1)
E. Statistical Analyses of Tumors Observed in Incidental and Fatal Contexts
29(1)
F. Exact Analysis
29(6)
1. The Exact Method
30(3)
2. Comparison of Exact and Approximate Methods
33(2)
G. Statistical Analysis of Data without Information about Cause of Death
35(3)
H. Combined Analysis of Tumor Types Observed in Fatal and Incidental Contexts by Exact Permutation Test
38(1)
IV. Interpretation of Study Results
39(7)
V. Carcinogenicity Studies Using Transgenic Mice
46(2)
VI. Data Presentation and Submission
48(1)
VII. Concluding Remarks
49(1)
Acknowledgments
50(1)
References
50(5)
Chapter 3 The FDA and the IND/NDA Statistical Review Process 55(24)
Satya D. Dubey, George Y.H. Chi, and Roswitha E. Kelly
I. The FDA: Why?
55(7)
A. The FDA Today
60(1)
B. The Office of Biostatistics
61(1)
II. The IND Review
62(4)
III. The NDA Review
66(10)
A. Bias
71(1)
B. Combination Drug Policy
72(1)
C. Review of Safety Data
72(1)
D. Evidence of Effectiveness from a Single Study
73(1)
E. The Statistical Review and Evaluation Report
74(1)
F. Statistical NDA Review Template
74(1)
G. Advisory Committees
75(1)
H. Transparency
75(1)
I. Consistency
75(1)
IV. Conclusion
76(1)
V. Disclaimer
76(1)
Further Reading
76(3)
Chapter 4 Clinical Trial Designs 79(12)
C. Ralph Buncher and Jia-Yeong Tsay
I. Introduction
79(1)
II. Clinical Trial Design
80(4)
A. Treatment Comparison (Control)
80(1)
B. Masked Evaluation (Blinding)
81(1)
C. Randomization
82(2)
III. Statistical Design
84(2)
IV. Phases of Clinical Trials
86(2)
A. Phase I
86(1)
B. Phase II
87(1)
C. Phase III
87(1)
D. Phase IV and Phase V
88(1)
V. Study Protocol
88(1)
References
89(2)
Chapter 5 Selecting Patients for a Clinical Trial 91(24)
C. Ralph Buncher and Jia-Yeong Tsay
Overview
92(2)
Part A: The Outpatient by Michael Weintraub
94(21)
I. Introduction
94(1)
II. The Selection Process and Getting Enough Patients to Do the Study — Lasagna's Law and Its Corollaries
95(5)
A. The Many Become the Few
96(1)
B. The Few Become the Fewer
96(1)
C. Avoiding the Lazarus Trap
96(1)
D. All God's Children Get Sick from Time to Time
96(1)
E. The Few Become the Rock-Bottom Fewest
97(1)
F. Need You Ask?
98(1)
G. Participant Psychology: Capricious and Intelligent Noncompliers
98(1)
H. "Not Unless I Can Be in the Placebo Group, Doctor"
99(1)
I. The Selection Process and Regulatory Requirements
99(1)
J. Between a Rock and a Hard Place
99(1)
III. Patient Selection Process and Scientific Merit of Publications
100(2)
A. Generalization of Data to Other Patient Populations
100(1)
B. Ethics and Extrapolation
100(1)
C. What, Me Worry?
101(1)
IV. Improving the Selection Process
102(13)
Chapter 6 Statistical Aspects of Cancer Clinical Trials 115(20)
T. Timothy Chen
I. Cancer Treatment Progress
115(1)
II. Benefit to Risk Ratio
116(1)
III. Trial Endpoints
117(1)
IV. Phase I Clinical Trial
118(2)
V. Phase II Clinical Trial
120(1)
VI. Phase III Clinical Trial
121(8)
A. General Consideration
121(1)
B. Randomization
122(1)
C. Stratification
123(1)
D. Size of the Trial
123(3)
E. Data Analysis
126(2)
F. Interim Analyses
128(1)
VII. Trial Report
129(1)
Acknowledgments
130(1)
References
131(4)
Chapter 7 Recent Statistical Issues and Developments in Cancer Clinical Trials 135(16)
Weichung Joe Shih
I. Introduction
135(1)
II. Phase I Clinical Trials
135(3)
III. Phase II Clinical Trials
138(3)
IV. Phase III Clinical Trials
141(6)
A. Fast Track Drug Development Programs
144(2)
B. Noninferiority or Superiority Trials with Active Control
146(1)
References
147(4)
Chapter 8 Design and Analysis of Testosterone Replacement Therapy Trials 151(10)
Ted M. Smith
I. Introduction
152(1)
A. Physiology
152(1)
B. Goals of Testosterone Replacement
152(1)
II. General Design Considerations of TRT Trials
153(3)
A. Serum Testosterone Levels
153(1)
B. Clinical Endpoints
154(2)
1. Sexual Functions
155(1)
2. Bone Mineral Density
155(1)
3. Body Composition
155(1)
III. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
156(1)
A. Inclusion Criteria
156(1)
B. Exclusion Criteria
156(1)
IV. Efficacy
157(2)
A. Serum T, Free T, DHT Levels
157(2)
1. Normalization of Serum T Levels
157(1)
2. Analysis of T Levels
158(1)
3. Analysis of Free T and DHT
158(1)
B. Serum E2
159(1)
C. Clinical Endpoints
159(1)
D. Sample Size Considerations
159(1)
V. Safety
159(1)
A. Prostate
160(1)
VI. Conclusion
160(1)
References
160(1)
Chapter 9 Clinical Trials of Analgesic Drugs 161(12)
Cynthia G. McCormick
I. Introduction
161(1)
II. Design of Analgesic Drug Trials
162(7)
A. Selecting the Target Patient Population
162(1)
B. The Choice of Control Group
163(1)
C. Outcome Measures
164(2)
D. Duration of Study
166(1)
E. Design
167(7)
1. Parallel-Group Design
167(1)
2. Add-on Design
168(1)
3. Crossover-Design
168(1)
III. Interpretation of Results
169(1)
IV. Unique Challenges in the Analgesic Trial
169(1)
V. Conclusion
170(1)
References
170(3)
Chapter 10 Statistical Issues in HIV/AIDS Research 173(10)
Ronald J. Bosch and C. Ralph Buncher
I. Introduction
173(1)
II. Characteristics of HIV/AIDS Trials vs. Other Pharmaceutical Research
174(1)
III. Design and Analysis of HIV Clinical Trials
174(2)
A. Therapeutics
174(2)
B. Preventive Vaccines
176(1)
IV. Analysis Issues Related to Assay Characteristics
176(2)
A. Viral Load
176(1)
B. Timing of HIV Infection
177(1)
C. Viral Genotype and Resistance
177(1)
D. Phenotypic Susceptibility
177(1)
E. Activation and Future Surrogate Markers
178(1)
Acknowledgments
178(1)
References
178(5)
Chapter 11 The Wonders of Placebo 183(10)
C. Ralph Buncher
I. Introduction
183(4)
II. A Case Study of a Clinical Trial of the Drug Chymopapain
187(3)
References
190(3)
Chapter 12 Active-Controlled Noninferiority/Equivalence Trials: Methods and Practice 193(38)
Irving K. Hwang
I. Introduction
194(2)
II. Placebo vs. Active-Controlled Trials
196(1)
III. Superiority, Noninferiority, and Equivalence Trials
197(4)
A. Superiority Trial
198(1)
B. Noninferiority Trial
199(1)
C. Equivalence Trial
199(2)
IV. Sample Size and Power
201(6)
A. Superiority Trial
201(1)
1. Normal Distribution
201(1)
2. Binomial Distribution
201(1)
B. Noninferiority Trial
202(1)
1. Normal Distribution
202(1)
2. Binomial Distribution
202(1)
C. Equivalence Trial
202(5)
1. Normal Distribution
202(1)
2. Binomial Distribution
203(4)
V. Assay Sensitivity (AS), Historical Evidence of Sensitivity-to-Drug-Effects (HESDE), Appropriate Trial Conduct (ATC), and Constancy Assumption (CA)
207(3)
A. AS
208(1)
B. HESDE
208(1)
C. ATC
209(1)
D. CA
209(1)
VI. Active Control Effect Size (Δ) and Noninferiority Margin (δ)
210(8)
A. Active Control Effect Size (Δ)
210(2)
B. Noninferiority Margin (δ)
212(6)
1. Setting a Fixed Noninferiority Margin δ
213(1)
2. Preservation of a Certain Fraction of Active Control Effect
214(4)
VII. Switching Objectives
218(2)
A. Switching from Noninferiority to Superiority
218(1)
B. Switching from Superiority to Noninferiority
219(1)
VIII. Analysis Issues
220(2)
A. Hypothesis Testing vs. Confidence Interval (CI)
220(1)
B. Analysis Sets
220(1)
C. Switching Objectives
220(1)
D. Interim Analysis and Sample Size Reestimation
221(1)
E. Multiple Endpoints/Treatments
221(1)
IX. Some Caveats
222(3)
A. Trial Quality
222(1)
B. Issue of Transitivity and Drift
223(1)
C. Useful Alternatives
224(1)
X. Discussion
225(2)
References
227(4)
Chapter 13 Interim Analysis and Bias in Clinical Trials: The Adaptive Design Perspective 231(14)
Qing Liu and Gordon Pledger
I. Introduction
231(1)
II. Bias
232(2)
III. Modifications Using "Blinded" Data
234(3)
A. Blinding
233(1)
B. Partial Unblinding
234(1)
C. The Null Neutral Principle
235(2)
D. Adaptive Statistical Analysis Planning
237(1)
E. Scope and Limitations
237(1)
IV. Modifications Using Unblinded Data
237(5)
A. Bias and Naive Analysis
237(1)
B. The Philosophy of Adaptive Designs
238(1)
C. Two-Stage Adaptive Designs
238(4)
1. Adaptation
239(1)
2. Hypothesis Testing
240(1)
3. Point Estimation and Confidence Intervals
241(1)
D. Adaptive Group Sequential Designs
242(1)
V. Discussion
242(1)
References
243(2)
Chapter 14 Interim Analysis and Adaptive Design in Clinical Trials 245(40)
Irving K. Hwang and K.K. Gordon Lan
I. Introduction
246(1)
II. Interim Analysis vs. Data Monitoring
247(2)
III. Data Monitoring Committee (DMC)
249(5)
A. DMC Role and Responsibilities
251(1)
1. Performance Monitoring
251(1)
2. Safety Review
251(1)
3. Interim Analyses on Efficacy and Safety
251(1)
B. DMC Membership and Relationships
252(1)
C. DMC Statistical Considerations
252(2)
1. Statistical "Penalty" for Repeated Testing
253(1)
2. Early Stopping Guidelines
253(1)
IV. The Error Rate Spending Function Approach
254(13)
A. The Fundamentals
254(3)
1. Partial Sum Process (S-Process)
255(1)
2. Standardized S-Process (Z-Process)
255(1)
3. Discretized Standard Brownian Motion Process (B-Process)
255(2)
B. Group Sequential Boundaries
257(2)
1. The Pocock Boundary
257(1)
2. The O'Brien–Fleming Boundary
258(1)
C. Error Rate Spending Functions
259(4)
D. Applications
263(4)
1. An Example
265(2)
V. The Conditional Power (CP) Approach
267(8)
A. Curtailment vs. Stochastic Curtailment
267(4)
B. Effect on Type I Error Rate
271(1)
C. Two-Sample Comparisons
272(3)
1. Comparisons of Two Means
272(1)
2. Comparison of Two Survival Distributions
273(1)
3. Comparison of Two Proportions
274(1)
D. Sample Size Reestimation (SSR)
275(1)
VI. Adaptive Design
275(3)
A. Interim Adaptation
276(1)
B. Stagewise Adaptation
277(1)
VII. Discussion
278(1)
References
279(6)
Chapter 15 A Regulatory Perspective on Data Monitoring and Interim Analysis 285(10)
Robert T. O'Neill
I. Introduction
285(1)
II. A Brief Regulatory History
286(4)
III. Introducing Bias into the Monitoring Process: Some Concerns
290(2)
A. Protocol
291(1)
B. Administrative Looks
292(1)
References
292(3)
Chapter 16 Complex Adaptive Systems, Human Health, and Drug Response: Statistical Challenges in Pharmacogenomics 295(8)
Kim E. Zerba and C. Frank Shen
I. The Problem: Interindividual Human Biological Variation and Drug Response
295(1)
II. Complex Adaptive Systems, Human Health, and Drug Response
296(2)
III. Framework for Questions
298(1)
IV. Additional Challenges
299(1)
V. Conclusion
300(1)
References
301(2)
Chapter 17 Phase TV Postmarketing Studies 303(12)
C. Ralph Buncher and Jia-Yeong Tsay
I. Introdution
303(2)
II. Definition
305(3)
A. Limitations of Clinical Trials
306(1)
B. Strengths of Clinical Trials
307(1)
III. Postmarketing Studies
308(3)
A. Introduction
308(1)
B. Observational Cohort Studies
308(1)
C. Case—Control Studies
309(1)
D. Evaluation of Epidemiologic Studies
309(1)
E. Automated Databases
310(1)
IV. Surveillance/Epidemiologic Intelligence
311(2)
A. Introduction
311(1)
B. Spontaneous Reporting System
311(1)
C. Interpreting and Summarizing Spontaneous Data
311(2)
V. Summary
313(1)
References
313(2)
Chapter 18 The Role of Contract Research Organizations in Clinical Research in the Pharmaceutical Industry 315(10)
Roger E. Flora and John Constant
I. Introduction
315(1)
II. What is a CRO?
316(1)
III. Importance of CROs in Pharmaceutical Clinical Research
317(3)
IV. Why do Pharmaceutical Companies Use CROs?
320(1)
V. The Role of the Statistician in CRO Activities
321(2)
References
323(2)
Chapter 19 Global Harmonization of Drug Development — A Clinical Statistics Perspective 325(20)
Peter H. van Ewijk, Bernhard Huitfeldt, and Jia-Yeong Tsay
I. Introduction
326(1)
II. Current Trends
326(7)
A. Economic Environment
326(2)
B. Spreading Risks and Synergy Effects
328(1)
C. Cooperation Among Regulatory Authorities, Industry, and Medical Organizations
329(1)
D. Increasing Cooperation Among Companies
330(1)
E. Building a Strong Professional Community
331(1)
F. Implication of Current Trends on Clinical Statistics
331(1)
G. Availability of Advanced Technology Allowing Methodology in Modeling and Simulation
332(1)
H. Increased Exposure to Public Scrutiny
332(1)
III. Industry Alignment to Current Trends
333(5)
A. Organization
334(1)
B. Outsourcing
334(1)
C. Roles and Responsibilities
335(1)
D. Recruitment, Training, and Education
335(1)
E. Harmonization of Processes
336(1)
F. Global Clinical Development Plans
337(1)
G. Statistical Aspects on Bridging
338(1)
IV. The Other Side of the Coin and HR Perspectives
338(4)
A. Organization
339(1)
B. Roles and Responsibilities
339(1)
C. Recruitment, Training, and Education
339(1)
D. Cultural Aspects
340(1)
E. Balance between Harmonization, Standardization, and Flexibility
340(1)
F. Globalization and the Individual
341(1)
G. Harmonization, Regulatory Authorities, and Governments
342(1)
V. Summary and Conclusions
342(1)
References
343(2)
Chapter 20 Bridging Strategies in Global Drug Development 345(12)
Mamoru Narukawa and Masahiro Takeuchi
I. Introduction
345(1)
II. Globalization of Pharmaceutical Industry and New Drug Development
346(1)
III. International Harmonization of Pharmaceutical Regulation and ICH
347(1)
IV. ICH E-5 Guideline
348(2)
A. History
348(1)
B. Ethnic Factors
349(1)
C. Bridging Study
350(1)
V. Statistical Issues in Evaluating the Acceptability of Foreign Clinical Data
350(3)
A. Pharmacokinetic Study
350(1)
B. Evaluation of Efficacy
351(1)
C. Evaluation of Safety
352(1)
VI. Conclusions and Expectation for Global Drug Development
353(1)
Acknowledgments
354(1)
References
354(3)
Chapter 21 Design and Analysis Strategies for Clinical Pharmacokinetic Trials 357(34)
Lianng Yuh and Yusong Chen
I. Introduction
358(1)
II. Bioavailability of a Single Formulation
359(7)
A. Compartmental Models
359(2)
B. Parameter Estimation
361(5)
1. Individual Modeling
361(3)
2. Population Modeling
364(2)
III. Comparative Bioavailability Studies
366(5)
A. Introduction
366(1)
B. Choice of the Criteria for Comparison
366(2)
1. Area under the Concentration Curve
366(1)
2. Peak Concentration (Cmax)
367(1)
3. Time to Peak Concentration (Tmax)
367(1)
4. Cumulative Percentage of Drug Recovered (Ac%)
367(1)
5. Estimated Absorption Rate (Ka)
367(1)
6. Elimination Half-Life
367(1)
7. Concentration Profiles
368(1)
C. Designing a Comparative Bioavailability Study
368(1)
D. Sampling Times
369(2)
IV. Analysis of Comparative Bioavailability Studies
371(11)
A. Analysis of Variance Model
371(3)
B. The Power Approach
374(1)
C. Confidence Interval Approach
374(1)
D. Bayesian Approach
375(1)
E. Anderson and Hauck's Procedure
375(1)
F. Two One-Sided Tests Procedure
376(1)
G. Individual and Population Bioequivalence
377(4)
H. Choosing the Sample Size
381(1)
I. Other Topics
382(1)
Acknowledgments
382(1)
Appendix A. Peeling Technique for Obtaining Starting Values
383(2)
References
385(6)
Chapter 22 Stability Studies of Pharmaceuticals 391(30)
Yi Tsong, Chi-wan Chen, Wen Jen Chen, Roswitha Kelly, Daphne T. Lin, and Karl K. Lin
I. Introduction
391(1)
II. Designs of Stability Study
392(4)
III. Methods for Shelf-Life Determination
396(20)
A. ANCOVA Modeling of Simple Stability Studies
396(7)
B. ANCOVA Modeling of Stability Studies Designed with Multiple Factors
403(13)
IV. Alternative Approaches for Shelf-Life Determination
416(1)
Acknowledgments
417(1)
References
417(4)
Chapter 23 When and How to Do Multiple Comparisons 421(32)
Charles W. Dunnett and Charles H. Goldsmith
I. Introduction
422(1)
II. Description and Taxonomy of Multiple Comparison Procedures
422(15)
A. Terms
422(5)
B. Descriptions of Multiple Comparison Procedures
427(1)
1. The Least Significant Difference and Multiple t Test Procedures
427(1)
2. S Method
428(1)
3. T Method
428(1)
4. Orthogonal Contrasts
429(1)
5. Comparisons with a Control or Standard
429(1)
6. Stepwise (Step-down and Step-up) Tests
430(1)
7. Multiple Range Tests
431(1)
8. Confidence Intervals
432(1)
9. Comparisons with the Best
432(1)
10. Nonparametric Procedures
433(1)
11. Multiple Comparisons between Dose Levels and a Zero Dose
434(1)
12. Multiple Comparisons of Proportions (0-1 Data)
434(1)
13. Other Methods
435(1)
14. Allocation of Observations among the Treatment Groups
435(1)
C. Summary Taxonomy
436(1)
D. Common Sources of Tables
436(1)
III. Multiple Comparison Tests in Practice
437(12)
A. Is a Multiple Comparison Procedure Needed?
437(9)
1. Testing a Selected Contrast
438(2)
2. Comparisons Between a New Drug and Active and Placebo Controls
440(2)
3. Combination Drugs
442(1)
4. Data Dredging
443(1)
5. Drug Screening
444(2)
B. Analysis of a Randomized Trial
446(3)
References
449(4)
Chapter 24 Reference Intervals (Ranges): Distribution-Free Methods vs. Normal Theory 453(16)
Paul S. Horn and Amadeo J. Pesce
I. Introduction
453(1)
II. Reference Intervals and Percentile Estimators
454(1)
III. Traditional Normal-Theory Approach
455(2)
IV. Data Transformation to Achieve Normality
457(1)
V. Nonparametric Approach Using Order Statistics
458(4)
VI. Precision of Reference Interval Endpoints
462(2)
VII. Outliers
464(2)
VIII. Summary of Methods to Derive Reference Intervals
466(1)
References
467(2)
Index 469


C. Ralph Buncher, Jia-Yeong Tsay