This book presents the theory, analysis and design of microwave stepped-frequency radar sensors. Stepped-frequency radar sensors are attractive for various sensing applications that require fine resolution. The book consists of five chapters. The first chapter describes the fundamentals of radar sensors including applications followed by a review of ultra-wideband pulsed, frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW), and stepped-frequency radar sensors. The second chapter discusses a general analysis of radar sensors including wave propagation in media and scattering on targets, as well as the radar equation. The third chapter addresses the analysis of stepped-frequency radar sensors including their principles and design parameters. Chapter 4 presents the development of two stepped-frequency radar sensors at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies based on microwave integrated circuits (MICs), microwave monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs) and printed-circuit antennas, and discu
sses their signal processing. Chapter 5 provides the electrical characterization and test results of the developed microwave and millimeter-wave stepped-frequency radar sensors. Finally, a summary and conclusion is provided.
Introduction.- General Radar Sensor Analysis.- Stepped-Frequency Radar Sensor Analysis.- Development of Stepped-Frequency Radar Sensors.- System Characterization and Tests.- Summary and Conclusions.
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1 | (8) |
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1.1 Impulse Radar Sensors |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (4) |
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2 General Analysis of Radar Sensors |
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9 | (30) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (6) |
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2.2.1 Maxwell's Equations and Wave Equations |
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10 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Propagation Constant, Loss and Velocity |
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11 | (5) |
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2.3 Scattering of Signals Incident on Targets |
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16 | (7) |
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2.3.1 Scattering of Signals on a Half-Space |
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16 | (6) |
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2.3.2 Radar Cross Section |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (5) |
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2.4.1 Friis Transmission Equation |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (3) |
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2.5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Systems |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (2) |
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2.7 Performance Factor of Radar Systems |
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32 | (1) |
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2.8 Radar Equation and System Performance Factor for Targets Involving Half-Spaces |
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32 | (3) |
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2.9 Radar Equation and System Performance Factor for Buried Objects |
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35 | (2) |
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2.10 Targets Consisting of Multiple Layers and Buried Objects |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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3 Stepped-Frequency Radar Sensor Analysis |
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39 | (26) |
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39 | (1) |
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3.2 Principle of Stepped-Frequency Radar Sensors |
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39 | (7) |
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3.3 Design Parameters of Stepped-Frequency Radar Sensors |
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46 | (10) |
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3.3.1 Angle and Range Resolution |
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47 | (5) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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3.3.4 Pulse Repetition Interval |
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55 | (1) |
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3.3.5 Number of Frequency Steps |
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56 | (1) |
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3.4 System Performance Factor |
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56 | (3) |
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3.5 Estimation of Range or Penetration Depth |
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59 | (5) |
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3.5.1 Estimation of Penetration Depth in Multi-layer Targets |
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59 | (3) |
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3.5.2 Estimation of Penetration Depth for Buried Targets |
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62 | (2) |
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64 | (1) |
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4 Development of Stepped-Frequency Continuous-Wave Radar Sensors |
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65 | (34) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (31) |
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4.2.1 Quadrature Detectors |
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67 | (7) |
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4.2.2 Millimeter-Wave SFCW Radar Sensor Transceiver |
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74 | (4) |
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4.2.3 Microwave SFCW Radar Sensor Transceiver |
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78 | (4) |
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82 | (6) |
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88 | (3) |
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4.2.6 Compensation for the I/Q Errors |
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91 | (6) |
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97 | (2) |
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5 Characterizations and Tests of Stepped-Frequency Continuous-Wave Radar Sensors |
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99 | (20) |
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99 | (1) |
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5.2 Electrical Characterizations of Developed Stepped-Frequency Radar Sensors |
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99 | (6) |
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5.2.1 Microwave SFCW Radar Sensor |
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100 | (3) |
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5.2.2 Millimeter-Wave SFCW Radar Sensor |
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103 | (2) |
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5.3 Tests of the Millimeter-Wave SFCW Radar Sensor |
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105 | (5) |
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5.3.1 Measurement of Surface Profiles |
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106 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Measurement of Liquid Levels |
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107 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Measurement of Buried Objects |
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108 | (2) |
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5.4 Tests of the Microwave SFCW Radar Sensor |
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110 | (7) |
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5.4.1 Measurement of Pavement Sample |
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111 | (2) |
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5.4.2 Measurements of Actual Roads |
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113 | (4) |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (4) |
| References |
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123 | (4) |
| Index |
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127 | |
Prof Cam Nguyen joined the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of Texas A&M University in Dec. 1990, after working for more than twelve years in industry, where he now holds the position of Texas Instruments Endowed Professor. He was with the National Science Foundation during 2003-2004 as Program Director of the Electronics, Photonics, and Device Technology Program and the Integrative Systems Program, responsible for research programs in RF electronics and wireless technologies. He also held various engineering positions in industry from 1979-1991. He was a Microwave Engineer with ITT Gilfillan Co., a Member of Technical Staff with Hughes Aircraft Co. (now Raytheon), and a Technical Specialist with Aeroject ElectroSystems Co. all in California a Member of Professional Staff with Martin Marietta Co. (now Lockheed-Martin) in Florida, and a Senior Staff Engineer and Program Manager at TRW (now Northrop Grumman) in California. While in industry, he led numerous RF, microwave and millimeter-wave activities. He also developed many RF, microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits and systems up to 220 GHz for communications, radar, and remote sensing. He has published more than 240 papers, written 4 books and five book chapters, edited three books, and given more than 150 conference presentations and numerous invited presentations. He is the Founding Editor-in-Chief of Sensing and Imaging: An International Journal. He was also the Founding Chairman of the International Conference on Subsurface and Surface Sensing and Imaging Technologies and Applications.
