Preface |
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xi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
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1 | (24) |
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2 | (6) |
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1.1.1 The nature of the problem |
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2 | (2) |
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1.1.2 What is a city? Origins and definitions |
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4 | (4) |
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1.2 Spatial and temporal scales |
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8 | (12) |
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8 | (4) |
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1.2.2 Area, density, and volume of cities |
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12 | (7) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (5) |
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21 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Total length of roads |
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21 | (2) |
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1.3.3 Total daily commuting distance |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (22) |
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2.1 Statistical physics of complex systems |
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25 | (1) |
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2.2 The shape of a science of cities |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (3) |
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2.3.1 Statistical physics and relevant parameters |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (2) |
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2.4 Critiques of urban economics |
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31 | (6) |
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2.4.1 Interactions and equilibrium |
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32 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Invariance with respect to utility choice |
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33 | (4) |
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37 | (8) |
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38 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Different types of data |
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39 | (4) |
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2.5.3 Data are not enough: models |
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43 | (2) |
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2.6 The barriers to interdisciplinarity |
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45 | (2) |
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3 The spatial organization of cities |
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47 | (31) |
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47 | (5) |
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3.1.1 Distribution of public facilities |
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47 | (2) |
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3.1.2 Distribution of retail stores |
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49 | (3) |
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3.2 Measuring a polycentric structure |
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52 | (5) |
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52 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Identifying and counting hotspots |
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54 | (3) |
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3.3 Polycentricity: Classical approaches |
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57 | (8) |
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3.3.1 The Fujita--Ogawa model |
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57 | (6) |
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3.3.2 The edge-city model |
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63 | (2) |
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3.4 Revisiting the Fujita--Ogawa model |
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65 | (13) |
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3.4.1 A complex quantity described as random |
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65 | (2) |
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3.4.2 Monocentric-polycentric transition |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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3.4.4 Consequences for mobility |
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70 | (2) |
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3.4.5 CO2 emission and gasoline consumption |
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72 | (3) |
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75 | (1) |
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3.4.7 The most economical population distribution |
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76 | (2) |
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4 Infrastructure networks |
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78 | (51) |
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4.1 Roads and streets: patterns |
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78 | (17) |
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4.1.1 Length of the network |
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79 | (2) |
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4.1.2 Statistics of blocks |
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81 | (8) |
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89 | (6) |
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4.2 Evolution of the road network |
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95 | (16) |
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96 | (3) |
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99 | (2) |
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4.2.3 Betweenness centrality impact |
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101 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Evolving patterns of betweenness centrality |
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102 | (2) |
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4.2.5 Modeling the road network |
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104 | (7) |
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111 | (14) |
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4.3.1 All large cities have a subway system |
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111 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Convergence to a universal structure |
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112 | (8) |
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4.3.3 Scaling and modeling for subways |
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120 | (5) |
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4.4 Digression: Railroads |
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125 | (4) |
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125 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Are subways and railroads the same? |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (32) |
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5.1 Typology of origin--destination matrices |
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130 | (8) |
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5.1.1 Extracting coarse-grained information from OD matrices |
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132 | (2) |
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5.1.2 Comparing mobility networks |
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134 | (4) |
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5.2 Modeling mobility patterns |
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138 | (13) |
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5.2.1 Statistics of flows: from gravity to radiation |
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138 | (4) |
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5.2.2 Commuting and income |
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142 | (9) |
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5.3 Human mobility: Levy flights or accelerated walkers? |
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151 | (10) |
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5.3.1 Back to basics: empirical observations |
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152 | (3) |
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5.3.2 Modeling the hierarchy of modes |
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155 | (6) |
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6 Multimodality in cities |
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161 | (32) |
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6.1 A multilayer network view of urban navigation |
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162 | (10) |
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6.1.1 Empirical observations of multimodality |
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162 | (3) |
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6.1.2 Characterizing the multilayer system |
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165 | (7) |
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6.2 The effect of coupling |
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172 | (13) |
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173 | (4) |
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6.2.2 Optimal velocity for the road--subway system |
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177 | (8) |
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6.3 Information perspective on navigation in cities |
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185 | (8) |
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186 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Information entropy |
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186 | (2) |
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6.3.3 Information threshold: 8 bits |
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188 | (2) |
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6.3.4 Effect of multimodal couplings |
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190 | (3) |
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193 | (32) |
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7.1 Classical models of urban economics |
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194 | (9) |
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7.1.1 Why discuss these models here? |
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194 | (1) |
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7.1.2 The Alonso--Muth--Mills model |
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194 | (6) |
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7.1.3 Beckmann's model: space and the social network |
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200 | (3) |
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7.2 Segregation and income structure of cities |
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203 | (7) |
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7.2.1 A null model for spatial segregation |
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204 | (1) |
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7.2.2 The emergent social stratification of cities |
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205 | (5) |
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210 | (9) |
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7.3.1 Transportation modes in the Alonso--Muth--Mills model |
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210 | (3) |
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7.3.2 A simple model for tie formation |
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213 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Statistical physics of the Schelling model |
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214 | (3) |
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7.3.4 Collective versus individual dynamics |
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217 | (2) |
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7.4 Scaling in urban systems |
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219 | (6) |
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219 | (3) |
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7.4.2 Theoretical approaches |
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222 | (3) |
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225 | (17) |
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8.1 Population distribution |
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225 | (11) |
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8.1.1 The number of cities and the largest city |
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226 | (2) |
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8.1.2 Gibrat, Gabaix, and diffusion with noise |
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228 | (8) |
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8.2 Central place theory and spatial fluctuations |
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236 | (6) |
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8.2.1 Outline of Christaller's theory |
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236 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Spatial fluctuations |
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237 | (5) |
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9 Toward a new science of cities |
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242 | (6) |
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9.1 What is our "understanding"? |
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242 | (2) |
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9.2 Measuring the death and life of great cities |
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244 | (1) |
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9.3 The future of the city |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (1) |
References |
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248 | (13) |
Index |
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261 | |