|
|
1 | (14) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
1.2 The Role of Discussion |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
1.3 Asynchronous Online Discussion |
|
|
3 | (7) |
|
1.3.1 Potential Benefits of Asynchronous Online Discussion |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
1.3.2 An Example of How Asynchronous Online Discussion Could be Integrated into Teaching and Learning |
|
|
4 | (3) |
|
1.3.3 Participation in Asynchronous Online Discussions |
|
|
7 | (2) |
|
1.3.4 Limited Student Contribution |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
1.4 The Purpose and Plan of this Book |
|
|
10 | (5) |
|
|
11 | (4) |
|
2 Challenges: Findings from Previous Empirical Research |
|
|
15 | (16) |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
2.2 Factors Leading to Limited Student Contribution |
|
|
16 | (15) |
|
2.2.1 Not Seeing the Need for Online Discussion |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
2.2.2 Behavior or Practice of Instructor or Participants |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
2.2.3 Student Personality Traits |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
2.2.4 Difficulty in Keeping Up with the Discussion |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
2.2.5 Not Knowing What to Contribute/Lack of Worthwhile Comments to Contribute |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
2.2.6 Exhibiting Surface-Level/Lower Order Critical Thinking |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
2.2.7 Displaying Low-Level Knowledge Construction |
|
|
21 | (3) |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
2.2.10 Risk of Being Misunderstood |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
|
25 | (6) |
|
3 Possible Strategies to Overcome Limited Student Contribution: Empirical Findings From Previous Research |
|
|
31 | (18) |
|
3.1 Addressing Students Not Seeing the Need for Online Discussion |
|
|
31 | (3) |
|
3.2 Addressing the Behavior of Other Participants |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
3.3 Addressing Personality Traits |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
3.4 Addressing Student Difficulty in Keeping Up With the Discussion |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
3.5 Addressing Students Being at Loss of What to Contribute |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
3.6 Addressing Students' Surface-Level Critical Thinking |
|
|
38 | (3) |
|
3.7 Addressing Students' Low-Level Knowledge Construction |
|
|
41 | (2) |
|
3.8 Addressing Technical Aspects |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
3.9 Addressing the Problem of Lack of Time |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
3.10 Addressing the Risk of Being Misunderstood |
|
|
44 | (5) |
|
|
45 | (4) |
|
4 Discussion on Strategy Dilemmas |
|
|
49 | (14) |
|
4.1 Use of Grades or Marks |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
4.2 Use of Number of Posting Guideline and Posting Deadlines |
|
|
50 | (2) |
|
4.3 Use of Sentence Openers or Message Labels |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
4.4 Extending the Duration of the Online Discussion |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
4.5 Use of Instructor Facilitation |
|
|
54 | (3) |
|
4.6 The Case for Peer Facilitation |
|
|
57 | (6) |
|
|
58 | (5) |
|
5 Case Studies on Peer Facilitation: What Motivates Participants to Contribute? |
|
|
63 | (14) |
|
5.1 Examining Habits of Mind |
|
|
63 | (4) |
|
5.1.1 Peer Facilitators Should Display the Following Two Habits of Mind More Frequently: Awareness of Own Thinking and Open-Mindedness |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
5.2 Examining Other Possible Reasons Why Students Contribute in Online Discussions |
|
|
67 | (10) |
|
5.2.1 Emphasize Efforts to Nurture Relational Capital Among Students |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
5.2.2 Remind Students to "Help Other People First" |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
5.2.3 Choose Interesting Discussion Topics or Questions, Especially Those That are Relevant and Controversial |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
5.2.4 Peer Facilitators Should Periodically Summarize the Main Points of a Discussion and Follow Up with Relevant Questions After the Summary |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
|
74 | (3) |
|
6 Case Studies on Peer Facilitation: How to Sustain Participants' Online Discussion? |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
6.1 Examining Thread Development Patterns |
|
|
77 | (2) |
|
6.1.1 The Mere Number of Peer Facilitator Postings Appears to Have No Influence. Also Avoid Trying To Resolve Differences Early |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
6.2 Investigating the Role of Questions and Other Facilitation Techniques |
|
|
79 | (8) |
|
6.2.1 The Use of Questions Appears to Sustain the Discussion |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
6.2.2 Encourage Peer Facilitators to Convey Sincere Appreciation for Other People's Contribution |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
6.2.3 Refrain from Citing Sources Too Often |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
6.2.4 Show Openness to Feedback |
|
|
83 | (2) |
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
7 Case Studies on Peer Facilitation: How to Foster Higher Levels of Knowledge Construction |
|
|
87 | (12) |
|
7.1 Investigating the Role of Group Size, Duration of Discussion, and Peer Facilitation Techniques |
|
|
87 | (4) |
|
7.2 Major Findings of Studies 8, 9, and 10 Regarding Possible Ways to Foster Higher Knowledge Construction Levels |
|
|
91 | (8) |
|
7.2.1 Split the Online Discussion Into Groups of About 10 People Each |
|
|
91 | (2) |
|
7.2.2 Higher Level Knowledge Construction Occurrences Not Linked to the Duration of the Online Discussion |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
7.2.3 Need to Explicitly Point Participants to Unresolved Issues |
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
7.2.5 Providing Own Opinions |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
7.2.6 Fostering an Open Environment for Argument |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
|
96 | (3) |
|
8 Peer Versus Instructor: Under What Conditions do Students Prefer? |
|
|
99 | (4) |
|
8.1 Investigating Peer Versus Instructor Facilitation |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
8.2 Major Findings Learned Regarding Conditions or Situations That May Best Be Addressed Using Peer or Instructor Facilitation |
|
|
100 | (3) |
|
8.2.1 Conditions Under Which Students Prefer the Instructor as the Facilitator |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
8.2.2 Conditions Under Which Students Prefer Their Peers as the Facilitator |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
9 Asynchronous Audio Discussion |
|
|
103 | (12) |
|
9.1 Introducing Audio-Based Online Discussion |
|
|
103 | (2) |
|
9.2 Descriptions of Studies 1 and 2 |
|
|
105 | (2) |
|
9.3 Findings of Studies 1 and 2 |
|
|
107 | (8) |
|
9.3.1 Advantages of Asynchronous Audio Discussion |
|
|
107 | (2) |
|
9.3.2 Students' Actual Preference |
|
|
109 | (2) |
|
9.3.3 Possible Relation between Knowledge Construction Levels and the Mode of Online Discussion |
|
|
111 | (2) |
|
|
113 | (2) |
|
10 Future Research Directions |
|
|
115 | (8) |
|
10.1 Implications for Future Research |
|
|
115 | (4) |
|
10.1.1 Examine the Use of Peer Facilitation in Different Contexts |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
10.1.2 Investigate Possible Solutions to Overcome the Strategy Dilemmas |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
10.1.3 Examine the Use of Online Discussion on Mobile Devices |
|
|
117 | (2) |
|
|
119 | (4) |
|
|
120 | (3) |
Authors Biography |
|
123 | (2) |
Appendix |
|
125 | (14) |
Index |
|
139 | |