Preface |
|
xii | |
Publisher's Acknowledgments |
|
xiv | |
About the Authors |
|
xv | |
|
Chapter 1 Thinking Like a Researcher |
|
|
1 | (8) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
|
3 | (5) |
|
Exercise 1.1 Critical Thinking |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
Exercise 1.2 The Scientific Approach |
|
|
4 | (2) |
|
Exercise 1.3 The Research Process (Aka The Scientific Method) |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
Exercise 1.4 Thinking Critically About Ethics |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
Exercise 1.5 The Big Picture: Proof and Progress in Science |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
Take a Scientific Approach to Identify a Research Topic |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
Chapter 2 Build a Solid Foundation for Your Study Based on Past Research |
|
|
9 | (9) |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
|
11 | (6) |
|
Exercise 2.1 Types of Sources |
|
|
11 | (2) |
|
Exercise 2.2 Strategies to Identify and Find Past Research |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
Exercise 2.3 Reading and Evaluating Primary Research Articles |
|
|
13 | (2) |
|
Exercise 2.4 Crediting Sources |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
Exercise 2.5 The Big Picture: Use the Past to Inform the Present |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
Find Research on Your Topic |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
Read, Evaluate, and Reference a Primary Research Article on Your Topic |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
Chapter 3 Measuring Your Variables |
|
|
18 | (9) |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
|
18 | (2) |
|
|
20 | (6) |
|
Exercise 3.1 Constructs and Operational Definitions |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
Exercise 3.2 Scales of Measurement |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
Exercise 3.3 Self-Report Measures |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
Exercise 3.4 Behavioral and Physiological Measures |
|
|
23 | (2) |
|
Exercise 3.5 Archival Research |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
Exercise 3.6 The Big Picture: How to Choose Measures for Your Study |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
Chapter 4 The Cornerstones of Good Research: Reliability and Validity |
|
|
27 | (10) |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
|
29 | (7) |
|
Exercise 4.1 Reliability and Validity |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
Exercise 4.2 Assessing the Reliability of Measures |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
Exercise 4.3 Assessing the Validity of Measures |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
Exercise 4.4 Reliability and Validity at the Study Level |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
Exercise 4.5 The Big Picture: Consistency and Accuracy |
|
|
33 | (3) |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
Chapter 5 Basics of Research Design: Description and Sampling |
|
|
37 | (7) |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
|
37 | (2) |
|
|
39 | (4) |
|
Exercise 5.1 When Is a Descriptive Study Appropriate? |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
Exercise 5.2 Validity in Descriptive Studies |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
Exercise 5.3 Defining the Population and Obtaining a Sample |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
Exercise 5.4 Probability Sampling |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
Exercise 5.5 Nonprobability Sampling |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
Exercise 5.6 The Big Picture: Choosing a Sampling Method |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
Chapter 6 Describing Your Sample |
|
|
44 | (8) |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
|
44 | (2) |
|
|
46 | (5) |
|
Exercise 6.1 Ethical and Practical Issues in Describing Your Samples |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
Exercise 6.2 Descriptive Statistics |
|
|
46 | (2) |
|
Exercise 6.3 Choosing the Appropriate Descriptive Statistics |
|
|
48 | (2) |
|
Exercise 6.4 Comparing Interval/Ratio Scores With z Scores and Percentiles |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
Exercise 6.5 The Big Picture: Know Your Data and Your Sample |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
Chapter 7 Beyond Descriptives: Making Inferences Based on Your Sample |
|
|
52 | (10) |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
|
54 | (6) |
|
Exercise 7.1 Inferential Statistics |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
Exercise 7.2 Hypothesis Testing |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
Exercise 7.3 Errors in Hypothesis Testing |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
Exercise 7.4 Effect Size, Confidence Intervals, and Practical Significance |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
Exercise 7.5 The Big Picture: Making Sense of Results |
|
|
58 | (2) |
|
|
60 | (2) |
|
Chapter 8 Comparing Your Sample to a Known or Expected Score |
|
|
62 | (9) |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
|
62 | (2) |
|
|
64 | (7) |
|
Exercise 8.1 Choosing the Appropriate Test |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
Exercise 8.2 One-Sample (Tests |
|
|
65 | (2) |
|
Exercise 8.3 Calculating an Effect Size |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Exercise 8.4 Calculating a Confidence Interval |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Exercise 8.5 The Big Picture: Examining One Variable at a Time |
|
|
68 | (3) |
|
Chapter 9 Examining Relationships Among Your Variables: Correlational Design |
|
|
71 | (15) |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
|
73 | (12) |
|
Exercise 9.1 Correlation Design |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
Exercise 9.2 Relationship Between Two Interval or Ratio Variables |
|
|
74 | (7) |
|
|
81 | (3) |
|
Exercise 9.4 The Big Picture: Correlational Design Versus Correlational Analysis |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
Find and Evaluate a Nonexperimental Study on Your Topic |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
Chapter 10 Examining Causality |
|
|
86 | (9) |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
|
86 | (2) |
|
|
88 | (6) |
|
Exercise 10.1 Testing Cause and Effect |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
Exercise 10.2 Eight Key Threats to Internal Validity |
|
|
89 | (2) |
|
Exercise 10.3 Basic Issues in Designing an Experiment |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
Exercise 10.4 Validity in Experiments |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
Exercise 10.5 The Big Picture: Benefits and Limits of Experimental Design |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
Find and Evaluate an Experiment on Your Topic |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
Chapter 11 Independent-Groups Designs |
|
|
95 | (18) |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
|
97 | (15) |
|
Exercise 11.1 Designs With Independent Groups |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Exercise 11.2 Designing a Simple Experiment |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
Exercise 11.3 Independent-Samples f Tests, Effects Sizes, and Confidence Intervals |
|
|
99 | (6) |
|
Exercise 11.4 Designs With More Than Two Independent Groups |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
Exercise 11.5 Analysis of Multiple Independent-Groups Designs |
|
|
105 | (5) |
|
Exercise 11.6 The Big Picture: Selecting Analyses and Interpreting Results for Independent-Groups Designs |
|
|
110 | (2) |
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
Chapter 12 Dependent-Groups Designs |
|
|
113 | (19) |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
|
115 | (16) |
|
Exercise 12.1 Designs With Dependent-Groups |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Exercise 12.2 Advantages and Drawbacks of Dependent Designs |
|
|
116 | (3) |
|
Exercise 12.3 Analysis of Dependent Two-Group Designs |
|
|
119 | (3) |
|
Exercise 12.6 Designs With More Than Two Dependent Groups |
|
|
122 | (2) |
|
Exercise 12.5 Analysis of Dependent Multiple-Groups Designs |
|
|
124 | (4) |
|
Exercise 12.6 The Big Picture: Selecting Analyses and Interpreting Results for Dependent-Groups Designs |
|
|
128 | (3) |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
Chapter 1 Factorial Designs |
|
|
132 | (11) |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
|
134 | (8) |
|
Exercise 13.1 Basic Concepts in Factorial Design |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
Exercise 13.2 Rationale for Factorial Designs |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
Exercise 13.3 2 × 2 Designs |
|
|
135 | (3) |
|
Exercise 13.4 Two-Way Between Subjects ANOVA |
|
|
138 | (2) |
|
Exercise 13.5 Beyond the 2 × 2 Independent-Groups Design |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
Exercise 13.6 The Big Picture: Embracing Complexity |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
Chapter 14 Nonparametric Statistics |
|
|
143 | (14) |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
|
145 | (11) |
|
Exercise 14.1 Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
Exercise 14.2 Chi-Square Goodness of Fit |
|
|
146 | (4) |
|
Exercise 14.3 Chi-Square Test for Independence |
|
|
150 | (3) |
|
Exercise 14.4 Analyses for Dependent-Groups Designs with Nominal Data |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
Exercise 14.5 Spearman's Rho |
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
Exercise 14.6 Analyses for Independent- and Dependent-Groups Designs with Ordinal Data |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
Exercise 14.7 The Big Picture: Selecting Parametric Versus Nonparametric Tests |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
Chapter 15 Focusing on the Individual: Case Studies and Single N Designs |
|
|
157 | (8) |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
157 | (2) |
|
|
159 | (5) |
|
Exercise 15.1 Samples Versus Individuals |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
Exercise 15.2 Case Studies |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
Exercise 15.3 Qualitative Analyses |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
Exercise 15.4 Single N Designs |
|
|
161 | (2) |
|
Exercise 15.5 The Big Picture: Choosing Between a Sample, Case Study, or Single N Design |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
Is a Case Study or Single N Design a Good Choice for Your Topic? |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
Chapter 16 How to Decide? Choosing a Research Design and Selecting the Correct Analysis |
|
|
165 | (83) |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
|
165 | (2) |
|
|
167 | (5) |
|
Exercise 16.1 Choosing a Research Design |
|
|
167 | (2) |
|
Exercise 16.2 Selecting Your Statistical Analyses |
|
|
169 | (2) |
|
Exercise 16.3 The Big Picture: Beyond This Class |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
IBM® SPSS® Workbook Part 1: Fundamentals of Data Analysis |
|
|
173 | (20) |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (3) |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
Check for Data Entry Errors Using SPSS |
|
|
178 | (2) |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
|
180 | (2) |
|
Reliability Analysis (Cronbach's Alpha) |
|
|
182 | (3) |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
186 | (2) |
|
Split the Data File, Select Groups, or Select a Random Sample |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
Part 1 Practice Exercises |
|
|
189 | (4) |
|
IBM® SPSS® Workbook Part 2: Analyses to Examine One Variable at a Time |
|
|
193 | (19) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
Interval or Ratio Variables |
|
|
194 | (5) |
|
|
199 | (3) |
|
Descriptive Statistics Practice Exercises |
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Calculating the Confidence Interval for the Mean |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Confidence Intervals Practice Exercise |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
One-Sample f Test Practice Exercise |
|
|
208 | (2) |
|
Chi-Square Goodness of Fit |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Practice Exercise |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
IBM® SPSS® Workbook Part 3: Analyses to Examine Relationships (No Groups) |
|
|
212 | (9) |
|
Pearson's rand Spearman's Rho |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
Calculate and Interpret a Correlation Coefficient |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
Conducting Multiple Correlation Coefficients |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
215 | (2) |
|
|
217 | (2) |
|
Part 3 Practice Exercises |
|
|
219 | (2) |
|
IBM® SPSS® Workbook Part 4: Analyses to Compare Independent Groups |
|
|
221 | (24) |
|
Independent-Samples f Test |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
Conducting an Independent-Samples t Test |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Effect Size for a Two Independent-Groups Design |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
Independent-Samples f Test Practice Exercises |
|
|
228 | (3) |
|
One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
Conducting a One-Way ANOVA |
|
|
231 | (4) |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA Practice Exercises |
|
|
236 | (2) |
|
Two-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA (or Three-way, etc.] |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
Conducting a Two-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
240 | (2) |
|
Two-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA Practice Exercises |
|
|
242 | (3) |
|
|
245 | (3) |
|
Conducting a Chi-Square Test for Independence |
|
|
265 | (2) |
|
Mann-Whitney (I and Kruskal-Wallis H Tests |
|
|
267 | |
|
IBM® SPSS® Workbook Part 5: Analyses for Dependent Groups and Mixed Designs |
|
|
248 | |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Data Entry for Dependent Designs |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Conducting a Dependent-Samples t Test |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
Dependent-Samples f Test Practice Exercises |
|
|
251 | (4) |
|
One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
Conducting a One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA |
|
|
256 | (3) |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA Practice Exercises |
|
|
259 | (3) |
|
Two-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA and Mixed ANOVA |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
McNemar and Cochran 0 Tests |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Wilcoxon Tand Friedman %2 Tests |
|
|
262 | |