Acknowledgements |
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x | |
How to Use This Book |
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xii | |
Glossary of Terms |
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xiii | |
Introduction: Starting Points for the Book |
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1 | (8) |
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How does language knowledge support learning and subject literacy development? |
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1 | (3) |
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What is it like to learn in a culturally diverse classroom? |
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4 | (2) |
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How can we apply this language knowledge to our classroom practice to support EAL learners and benefit all learners in the process? |
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6 | (3) |
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1 Where Do We Start with Supporting Subject Literacies in the Classroom? |
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9 | (22) |
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Starting points: Existing understandings of language and literacies |
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9 | (1) |
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What language resources and social strategies do we develop from early years? |
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10 | (2) |
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How does the teacher use social meanings in school settings? |
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12 | (4) |
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Establishing a professional role in the classroom |
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12 | (2) |
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Managing relations with tutors and colleagues |
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14 | (1) |
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Managing non-standard language forms in the classroom |
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15 | (1) |
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How do literacy skills develop at Primary school? |
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16 | (6) |
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Word- and sentence-level knowledge |
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17 | (1) |
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Text-level knowledge to lay a foundation for subject literacies |
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18 | (4) |
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An example of language in the construction of knowledge at different stages of a lesson |
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22 | (4) |
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Drawing together ideas for supporting subject literacies in the classroom |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (3) |
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Six register continuums, with examples |
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28 | (1) |
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More detailed outline of language development in first language English |
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29 | (2) |
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2 What Resources Does the EAL Learner Bring to the Classroom? |
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31 | (30) |
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Starting points: Identifying cultural, educational and language resources |
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31 | (1) |
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Creating a school profile for the EAL learner |
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32 | (12) |
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Getting an insight into cultural expectations |
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33 | (4) |
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Building a languages profile |
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37 | (7) |
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The customary language support practices in a school |
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44 | (1) |
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How do EAL specialists approach language support? |
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45 | (1) |
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How do EAL learners manage their languages in class? |
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46 | (8) |
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The EAL learner's pragmatic skills: Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) |
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47 | (2) |
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The EAL learner's subject literacy skills: Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) |
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49 | (5) |
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Drawing together key areas of support for inclusive practice in the classroom |
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54 | (2) |
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54 | (1) |
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Languages apart from English |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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How EAL learners manage languages in class |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (5) |
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Three key strategies for EAL learner engagement |
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56 | (2) |
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Planning lessons: A language aware teaching and learning cycle |
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58 | (1) |
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Policy documents and books for more detail on working with EAL learners |
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59 | (2) |
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3 How Is Language Used to Present and Discuss Knowledge in My Subject? |
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61 | (36) |
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Starting points: Your subject-oriented lens |
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61 | (3) |
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What you already know about communication purpose and text organization |
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64 | (1) |
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Establishing types of communication purpose of texts |
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65 | (2) |
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Identifying language patterns in sample text types: Lower Secondary Geography, Maths and History |
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67 | (21) |
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Geography: The formation of volcanoes |
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68 | (8) |
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76 | (5) |
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History: The Norman Conquest |
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81 | (7) |
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Drawing together metalanguage for language patterns to support EAL learners |
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88 | (2) |
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How challenging are these Geography, Maths and History texts for the EAL learner? |
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90 | (3) |
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93 | (4) |
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Macro level - Questions and answers for planning the explanation |
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93 | (1) |
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Macro-level - How is it organized? Note-taking and writing templates for three types of explanation |
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93 | (1) |
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Micro-level - Language patterns for particular purposes |
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94 | (3) |
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4 How Can I Support EAL Learners to Engage with New Knowledge in Challenging Texts? |
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97 | (40) |
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Starting points: Identifying challenges |
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97 | (3) |
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How did your receptive skills develop? |
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100 | (1) |
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How do fluent language users approach a topic using prediction? |
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101 | (4) |
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Approaching a topic through visuals |
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101 | (2) |
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Approaching a topic in Listening |
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103 | (1) |
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Approaching a topic in Reading |
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104 | (1) |
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Supporting the EAL learner with hearing new words |
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105 | (3) |
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Supporting the EAL learner with reading new words |
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108 | (1) |
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How many words do EAL learners need to know? |
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109 | (4) |
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Learning general academic words: Notice and apply to other subject areas |
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110 | (1) |
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Learning subject-specific words: Use reformulations to make synonymous phrases |
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111 | (1) |
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Learning everyday words for specialist purposes: Note them down and compare with other subject areas |
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112 | (1) |
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Dealing with the challenges of complex language |
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113 | (5) |
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Deconstruction, paraphrasing and glossing a meaning |
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115 | (3) |
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Apply these strategies systematically to engaging with challenging texts |
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118 | (14) |
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119 | (6) |
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Subject Geography: A discussion report |
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125 | (7) |
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132 | (5) |
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High challenge/high support framework for EAL learners' engagement with new knowledge |
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132 | (2) |
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Answer to the title puzzle |
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134 | (1) |
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Word stress rules in English |
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134 | (1) |
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Communication purpose and sample linking words in text |
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134 | (1) |
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Questions to ask yourself FREQUENTLY about words |
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135 | (2) |
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5 What Are the Key Principles for Adapting Pedagogical Tasks and Tests to Suit the EAL Learner? |
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137 | (34) |
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Starting points: Opportunities for participation |
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137 | (2) |
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Setting up a Science topic for small group discussion |
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139 | (12) |
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Planning: Identifying the communication goal |
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139 | (2) |
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Setting up: Preparing for the small group discussion |
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141 | (1) |
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Support for comprehension of the topic |
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142 | (2) |
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Setting up the group discussion task |
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144 | (2) |
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Opportunities and challenges in the group discussion |
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146 | (5) |
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Planning, setting up and supporting a group task in subject English |
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151 | (6) |
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Planning, setting up and supporting an individual test in Climate Science |
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157 | (7) |
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Supporting the synthesis of ideas for cause and effect |
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159 | (1) |
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Planned opportunities for oral rehearsal of ideas |
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160 | (2) |
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Support understanding of the purpose of a test |
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162 | (2) |
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Apply a check list for a planning, setting up and supporting a test to other subject areas |
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164 | (1) |
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Drawing together principles for language aware task design |
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164 | (4) |
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Work on the communication purpose |
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165 | (1) |
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Model the structure and language features of a task or test |
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165 | (1) |
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Plan for engagement in a language aware way |
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166 | (1) |
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Be aware of the challenges and opportunities for participation in a task |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (3) |
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6 What Constitutes `Useful Feedback' to Support EAL Learner Subject Literacy Development? |
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171 | (30) |
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Starting points: The supportive role of feedback |
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171 | (4) |
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What does emerging subject literacy look like? |
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175 | (2) |
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How do learners manage the complexities of language to support the vocabulary of subject literacies in a test? |
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177 | (10) |
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Input for the End of Unit test |
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178 | (1) |
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Learning outcomes and success criteria: What does the teacher expect in the answer? |
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179 | (3) |
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What feedback on this test can we offer that is relevant to other subject areas? |
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182 | (5) |
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How do learners use subject-specific and general academic words to explain abstract concepts in an essay? |
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187 | (8) |
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187 | (1) |
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The essay `The five steps leading to World War 2' |
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188 | (2) |
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What feedback on the essay can we offer that is relevant to other subject areas? |
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190 | (5) |
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Drawing together features of useful feedback to support EAL learners |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (4) |
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The language aware feedback portfolio |
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197 | (1) |
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Feedback codes for writing guidance (Make a parallel one for calculations?) |
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198 | (1) |
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The English tenses timeline chart |
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199 | (2) |
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7 How Can I Monitor Emerging Subject Literacy and Plan Progression? |
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201 | (24) |
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Starting points: Situating the EAL learner in the trajectory towards Upper Secondary-level study |
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202 | (1) |
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Monitoring a newcomer to your class (PiE levels A--E) |
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203 | (2) |
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Monitoring learners working at low level (PiE B): Wu, Sophia and Jamila |
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205 | (1) |
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What are the areas to work on to reach level C? |
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206 | (2) |
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Monitoring learners working at mid-level (PiE C) Alena and Yusra |
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208 | (1) |
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What are the areas to work on to reach level D? |
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209 | (1) |
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Monitoring learners working at upper level (PiE D) Yurek |
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210 | (1) |
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What are the areas to work on to reach level E? |
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211 | (2) |
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Monitoring and supporting learners working at high level (PiE E) Sabih |
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213 | (5) |
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Supporting areas of challenge for the high-level learner: Comparison and interpretation |
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214 | (4) |
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Four steps in planning progression |
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218 | (4) |
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Teaching resources for further study of language |
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222 | (3) |
References |
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225 | (6) |
Index |
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231 | |