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Surface and Underground Excavations: Methods, Techniques and Equipment 2nd edition [Kõva köide]

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Ratan Raj Tatiya (Consultant Need-Based Solutions, Jodhpur, India)

Formaat: Hardback, 904 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 1830 g
Ilmumisaeg: 13-May-2013
Kirjastus: CRC Press
ISBN-10: 0415621194
ISBN-13: 9780415621199

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Formaat: Hardback, 904 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 1830 g
Ilmumisaeg: 13-May-2013
Kirjastus: CRC Press
ISBN-10: 0415621194
ISBN-13: 9780415621199

Teised raamatud teemal:

Teised raamatud sellest sooduspakkumisest: Taylor & Francis teadusraamatud International Student Editions hindadega

Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780415621199.html

Märksõnad:

Surface and Underground Excavations Methods, Techniques and Equipment (2nd edition) covers the latest technologies and developments in the excavation arena at any locale: surface or underground. In the first few chapters, unit operations are discussed and subsequently, excavation techniques are described for various operations: tunnelling, drifting, raising, sinking, stoping, quarrying, surface mining, liquidation and mass blasting as well as construction of large subsurface excavations such as caverns and underground chambers. The design, planning and development of excavations are treated in a separate chapter. Especially featured are methodologies to select stoping methods through incremental analysis.

Furthermore, this edition encompasses comprehensive sections on mining at ultra depths, mining difficult deposits using non-conventional technologies, mineral inventory evaluation (ore reserves estimation) and mine closure. Concerns over Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), environment and loss prevention, and sustainable development are also addressed in advocating a solution to succeed within a scenario of global competition and recession.

This expanded second edition has been wholly revised, brought fully up-to-date and includes (wherever feasible) the latest trends and best practices, case studies, global surveys and toolkits as well as questions at the end of each chapter. This volume will now be even more appealing to students in earth sciences, geology, and in civil, mining and construction engineering, to practicing engineers and professionals in these disciplines as well as to all with a general or professional interest in surface and underground excavations.

Acknowledgements

xxix

Preface

xxxi

Conversion table

xxxv

1 Introduction

(24)

1.1 Excavations and their classification

(1)

1.2 Surface excavations

(1)

1.3 Underground excavations

(1)

1.4 Importance of minerals and brief history of their recovery

(3)

1.5 Current status of mineral industry

(1)

1.6 Excavation technologies/systems - development & growth

(8)

1.7 Unique features of mineral industry

(2)

1.7.1 Different phases of mine life

(1)

1.8 Brief history of civil work excavations including tunneling

(2)

1.9 The current scenario

(2)

1.9.1 Population growth

(1)

1.9.2 Lifestyle

(1)

1.9.3 Globalization

(1)

1.9.4 Buyer's market

(1)

1.9.5 Technological developments and renovations

(1)

1.9.6 Information technology (IT) and its impacts

(1)

1.10 Tomorrow's mine & civil excavations

(2)

1.11 The way forward

(3)

Questions

(1)

References

(2)

2 Rocks, minerals and mineral inventory evaluation

(46)

2.1 Formation process and classification

(4)

2.1.1 Igneous rocks

(1)

2.1.2 Sedimentary rocks

(1)

2.1.3 Metamorphic rocks

(1)

2.2 Rock cycle & type of deposits

(1)

2.3 Texture, grain size and shape

(3)

2.3.1 Grain sizes and shapes

(1)

2.3.2 Durability, plasticity and swelling potential of rocks

(1)

2.4 The concepts of mineral resources and reserves; mineral inventory, cutoff grade and ores

(1)

2.4.1 Some important ores - chemical & mineralogical composition

(1)

2.5 Geological structures

(5)

2.5.1 Geometry of a deposit

(2)

2.5.2 Forms of deposits

(1)

2.5.3 Structural features of rock mass

(3)

2.6 Physical and mechanical characteristics of ores and rocks

(4)

2.6.1 Rocks as rock mechanics

(1)

2.6.2 Rock composition

(2)

2.6.3 Rock strength

(1)

2.7 Some other properties/characteristics

(2)

2.7.1 Hardness of minerals

(1)

2.7.2 Rock breakability

(1)

2.8 Related terms - rock and mineral deposits

(2)

2.9 Mineral inventory evaluation

(17)

2.9.1 Introduction

(1)

2.9.2 Grade computation from borehole data

(1)

2.9.3 Mineral inventory modelling/estimation techniques

(1)

2.9.3.1 Method of polygons

(1)

2.9.3.2 Triangle or triangular prism method

(1)

2.9.3.3 Cross-sectional method

(1)

2.9.3.4 Inverse Square Distance Weighting (IDW) method

(1)

2.9.3.5 Classical statistics

(1)

2.9.3.6 Geostatistics

(1)

2.9.3.7 Non-linear estimation techniques in geostatistics

(2)

2.9.4 Important considerations for evaluation of the mineral inventory

(1)

2.9.4.1 Homogeneity and mode of origin

(1)

2.9.4.2 Geological and mineralogical boundaries

(2)

2.9.5 Computation of the mineral inventory

(1)

2.9.5.1 Logical steps followed

(1)

2.9.5.2 Graphical presentation of data

(1)

2.9.5.3 Statistical analysis and cumulative probability distribution

(1)

2.9.5.4 Structural analysis - the semi-variogram

(1)

2.9.5.5 Trend surface analysis

(1)

2.9.5.6 Checking the variogram model

(1)

2.9.5.7 Block kriging

(1)

2.9.5.8 Block dimensions

(1)

2.9.5.9 Kriging procedure

(1)

2.9.6 Graphical presentation of the kriged results

(2)

2.9.7 Grade-tonnage calculation and plotting the curves

(1)

2.9.8 Selection of a suitable mining/stoping method

(1)

2.10 Resources classification by UNECE

(4)

2.11 The way forward

(5)

Questions

(3)

References

(2)

3 Prospecting, exploration & site investigations

(26)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Prospecting and exploration

(10)

3.2.1 Finding signs of the mineral in the locality or general indications

(1)

3.2.1.1 Geological studies

(1)

3.2.1.2 Geo-chemical studies

(1)

3.2.2 Finding the deposit or preliminary proving

(1)

3.2.2.1 Geophysical methods/studies/surveys

(4)

3.2.2.2 Putting exploratory headings

(1)

3.2.3 Exploring the deposits or detailed proving - prospecting drilling

(3)

3.3 Phases of prospecting and exploration program

(1)

3.4 Site investigations for civil constructions, or any excavation project including tunnels and caverns

(2)

3.5 Rocks and ground characterization

(1)

3.5.1 Rock strength classification

(1)

3.5.2 Rock mass classifications

(1)

3.6 Rock quality designation (RQD)

(8)

3.6.1 Q (Rock mass quality) system

(1)

3.6.2 Geomechanics classification (RMR system)

(4)

3.6.3 Rock structure rating (RSR)

(2)

3.7 Geological and geotechnical factors

(1)

3.8 The way forward

(4)

Questions

(1)

References

(1)

4 Drilling

(20)

4.1 Introduction - unit operations

(1)

4.2 Primary rock breaking

(1)

4.3 Drilling

(1)

4.4 Operating components of the drilling system

(1)

4.5 Mechanics of rock penetration

(3)

4.5.1 Top-hammer drilling

100

(1)

4.5.2 Down-the-hole (DTH) drilling

100

(1)

4.5.3 Rotary drilling

101

(1)

4.5.4 Augur drill

101

(1)

4.5.5 Rotary abrasive drilling

102

(1)

4.6 Rock drill classification

102

(5)

4.6.1 Tunneling/development drill jumbos

105

(1)

4.6.2 Shaft jumbos

105

(1)

4.6.3 Ring drilling jumbos

105

(1)

4.6.4 Fan drilling jumbos

106

(1)

4.6.5 Wagon drill jumbos

106

(1)

4.6.6 DTH drill jumbos

106

(1)

4.6.7 Roof bolting jumbos

107

(1)

4.7 Motive power of rock drills

107

(1)

4.7.1 Electric drills

107

(1)

4.7.2 Pneumatic drills

107

(1)

4.7.3 Hydraulic drills

107

(1)

4.8 Drilling accessories

108

(3)

4.8.1 Extension drill steels

109

(1)

4.8.2 Bits

109

(2)

4.8.3 Impact of rock-type on drilling performance

111

(1)

4.9 Selection of drill

111

(1)

4.10 Summary - rocks drill applications

112

(2)

4.11 Drilling postures

114

(1)

4.12 The way forward

114

(3)

Questions

114

(2)

References

116

(1)

5 Explosives and blasting

117

(58)

5.1 Introduction - explosives

117

(1)

5.2 Detonation and deflagration

117

(1)

5.3 Common ingredients of explosives

118

(1)

5.4 Classification of explosives

118

(10)

5.4.1 Primary or initiating explosives

118

(1)

5.4.2 Secondary explosives

119

(1)

5.4.3 Pyrotechnic explosives

119

(1)

5.4.4 Low explosives

119

(1)

5.4.5 Commercial explosives - high explosives

120

(1)

5.4.5.1 Gelatin explosives

120

(1)

5.4.5.1.1 Dynamites (straight dynamite, ammonia dynamite)

120

(1)

5.4.5.1.2 Blasting gelatin

121

(1)

5.4.5.1.3 Semi gelatin

121

(1)

5.4.5.2 Wet blasting agents

121

(1)

5.4.5.2.1 Slurry explosives

122

(1)

5.4.5.2.2 Emulsions

122

(1)

5.4.5.2.3 Heavy ANFO

122

(1)

5.4.5.3 Dry blasting agents

122

(1)

5.4.5.3.1 Explosive ANFO

122

(1)

5.4.5.3.2 ANFO mixing

123

(1)

5.4.5.3.3 ANFO loading

123

(1)

5.4.5.4 Pneumatic loaders and principles of loading

124

(1)

5.4.5.4.1 Pressure type loaders

124

(1)

5.4.5.4.2 Ejector type loader

125

(1)

5.4.5.4.3 Combine type (combining pressure and ejecting features)

125

(1)

5.4.5.5 Safety aspects

125

(1)

5.4.5.6 Static hazards associated with ANFO loading

126

(1)

5.4.5.7 Special types of explosives

127

(1)

5.4.5.7.1 Permitted explosives

127

(1)

5.4.5.7.2 Seismic explosives

127

(1)

5.4.5.7.3 Overbreak control explosives

127

(1)

5.4.6 Military explosives

127

(1)

5.5 Blasting properties of explosives

128

(6)

5.5.1 Strength

128

(1)

5.5.2 Detonation velocity

129

(2)

5.5.3 Density

131

(1)

5.5.4 Water resistance

131

(1)

5.5.5 Fume characteristics, or class, or medical aspects

131

(1)

5.5.6 Oxygen balance

131

(2)

5.5.7 Completion of reaction

133

(1)

5.5.8 Detonation pressure

133

(1)

5.5.9 Borehole pressure and critical diameter

133

(1)

5.5.10 Sensitivity

133

(1)

5.5.11 Safety in handling & storage qualities

134

(1)

5.5.12 Explosive cost

134

(1)

5.6 Explosive initiating devices/systems

134

(8)

5.6.1 Detonator system

135

(1)

5.6.1.1 Detonators

135

(2)

5.6.1.2 Instantaneous detonators

137

(1)

5.6.1.2.1 Plain detonator

137

(1)

5.6.1.2.2 Instantaneous electric detonators

137

(1)

5.6.1.3 Delay detonators

137

(1)

5.6.1.3.1 Electric delay detonators

137

(1)

5.6.1.3.2 Electronic delay detonators

138

(1)

5.6.1.3.3 Non-electric delay detonators: detonating relays (ms connectors)

138

(1)

5.6.1.3.4 Primadet and anodet non-electric delay blasting systems

139

(1)

5.6.1.3.5 The nonel system

139

(1)

5.6.1.3.6 Combine primadet-nonel system

140

(1)

5.6.1.3.7 The hercudet blasting cap system

140

(1)

5.6.1.3.8 Advantages of short delay blasting

140

(1)

5.6.2 Fuse/cord system

141

(1)

5.6.2.1 Safety fuse

141

(1)

5.6.2.2 Detonating fuse/cord (DC)

141

(1)

5.6.2.3 Igniter cords (IC)

141

(1)

5.7 Explosive charging techniques

142

(1)

5.7.1 Water gel (slurry loader)

143

(1)

5.8 Blasting accessories

143

(3)

5.8.1 Exploders

143

(1)

5.8.2 Circuit testers

144

(2)

5.8.3 Other blasting tools

146

(1)

5.9 Firing systems - classification

146

(1)

5.9.1 While firing with a safety fuse

146

(1)

5.9.2 Firing with electric detonators

146

(1)

5.9.3 Non-electric systems

146

(1)

5.10 Ground blasting techniques

147

(2)

5.10.1 Control/contour blasting

147

(1)

5.10.1.1 Pre-splitting

147

(1)

5.10.1.2 Cushion blasting

148

(1)

5.10.1.3 Smooth blasting & buffer blasting

148

(1)

5.10.1.4 Line drilling

149

(1)

5.11 Secondary breaking

149

(6)

5.11.1 Secondary rock breaking methods

150

(1)

5.11.1.1 With the aid of explosives

150

(1)

5.11.1.1.1 Plaster shooting

150

(1)

5.11.1.1.2 Pop shooting

150

(1)

5.11.1.1.3 Releasing jammed muck from the draw points

151

(1)

5.11.2 Without aid of explosives

151

(1)

5.11.2.1 Mechanical rock breaking

151

(1)

5.11.2.1.1 Manual breaking

151

(1)

5.11.2.1.2 Mechanical rock breakers

151

(1)

5.11.2.1.3 Hydraulic rock breakers

151

(1)

5.11.2.1.4 Teledyne rock breaker

152

(1)

5.11.2.2 Electrical rock breaking

153

(1)

5.11.2.2.1 Rock breaking by the use of high frequency current

153

(2)

5.11.2.3 Hydraulic boulder splitter

155

(1)

5.12 Use, handling, transportation and storage of explosives

155

(2)

5.12.1 Magazine

156

(1)

5.13 Explosive selection

157

(1)

5.14 Blasting theory

158

(5)

5.14.1 Adverse impacts of explosives

158

(2)

5.14.1.1 Ground/land vibrations

160

(2)

5.14.1.2 Air blast and noise

162

(1)

5.14.1.3 Rock throw

162

(1)

5.15 Drilling and blasting performance

163

(2)

5.15.1 Percentages pull

163

(1)

5.15.2 Over-break factor

163

(1)

5.15.3 Degree of fragmentation

163

(1)

5.15.4 Overall cost

163

(2)

5.16 Recent trends in explosives and blasting technology

165

(3)

5.17 Concluding remarks

168

(7)

Questions

168

(4)

References

172

(3)

6 Mucking, casting and excavation

175

(30)

6.1 Introduction

175

(1)

6.2 Muck characteristics

176

(1)

6.3 Classification

177

(1)

6.4 Underground mucking units

177

(9)

6.4.1 Overshot loaders

177

(1)

6.4.2 Autoloaders - hopper loaders and LHDs

178

(1)

6.4.2.1 Autoloaders - mucking and delivering

178

(3)

6.4.2.2 Mucking and transporting - load haul and dump units (LHDs)

181

(1)

6.4.2.2.1 Constructional details

181

(1)

6.4.2.2.2 Special provisions

181

(1)

6.4.2.2.3 Buckets of LHD and other dimensions

181

(1)

6.4.2.2.4 LHD tyres

182

(1)

6.4.2.2.5 Distance, gradient and speed

182

(1)

6.4.2.2.6 Ventilation

182

(1)

6.4.2.2.7 Latest developments

183

(1)

6.4.2.3 Desirable features

183

(1)

6.4.2.3.1 Perfect layout

183

(1)

6.4.2.3.2 Suitable drainage and road maintenance

183

(1)

6.4.2.3.3 Well-fragmented muck

184

(1)

6.4.2.3.4 Maintenance

184

(1)

6.4.2.3.5 Trained personnel

184

(1)

6.4.2.4 Advantages

184

(1)

6.4.2.5 Limitations

185

(1)

6.4.2.6 Manufacturers

185

(1)

6.5 Arm loaders

186

(1)

6.5.1 Gathering-arm-loader (GAL)

186

(1)

6.5.2 Arm loaders for sinking operations

186

(1)

6.5.3 Riddle mucker

186

(1)

6.5.4 Cryderman mucker

186

(1)

6.5.5 Cactus-grab muckers

186

(1)

6.5.6 Backhoe mucker

187

(1)

6.6 Scrapers

187

(1)

6.7 Mucking in tunnels

187

(1)

6.7.1 Dipper and hydraulic shovels

188

(1)

6.7.2 Mucking in TBM driven tunnels

188

(1)

6.8 Surface - excavation, loading and casting units

188

(1)

6.9 Wheel loaders - front end loaders

189

(1)

6.10 Backhoe

190

(1)

6.11 Hydraulic excavators

190

(1)

6.12 Shovel

191

(1)

6.13 Dragline

192

(3)

6.13.1 Multi bucket excavators

195

(1)

6.14 Bucket chain excavator (BCE)

195

(1)

6.15 Bucket wheel excavator (BWE)

195

(3)

6.16 Calculations for selection of shovel/excavator

198

(2)

6.17 Total cost calculations

200

(1)

6.18 Governing factors for the selection of mucking equipment

200

(1)

6.19 The way forward

201

(4)

Questions

202

(2)

References

204

(1)

7 Transportation - haulage and hoisting

205

(44)

7.1 Introduction

205

(1)

7.2 Haulage system

205

(9)

7.2.1 Rail or track mounted - rope haulage

206

(2)

7.2.1.1 Rope haulage calculations

208

(1)

7.2.1.1.1 Direct rope haulage system

208

(1)

7.2.1.1.2 Endless rope haulage system

209

(1)

7.2.1.2 Scope and applications of rope haulage

209

(1)

7.2.2 Locomotive haulage

209

(1)

7.2.2.1 Electric locomotives

210

(1)

7.2.2.2 Battery locomotives

211

(1)

7.2.2.3 Combination locomotives

211

(1)

7.2.2.4 Diesel locomotives

211

(1)

7.2.2.5 Compressed air locomotives

212

(1)

7.2.2.6 Other fittings

213

(1)

7.2.2.7 Locomotive calculations

213

(1)

7.3 Trackless or tyred haulage system

214

(7)

7.3.1 Automobiles

214

(1)

7.3.2 LHD

214

(1)

7.3.3 Shuttle car

215

(1)

7.3.4 Underground trucks

215

(2)

7.3.4.1 Trackless or tyred haulage system

217

(4)

7.4 Conveyor system

221

(4)

7.4.1 Belt conveyors

221

(2)

7.4.1.1 Conveyor calculations

223

(1)

7.4.2 Cable belt conveyors

224

(1)

7.4.3 Scraper chain conveyors

224

(1)

7.5 Hoisting or winding system

225

(9)

7.5.1 Head-frame or head-gear

226

(1)

7.5.2 Shaft conveyances

226

(1)

7.5.3 Rope equipment

226

(2)

7.5.4 Classification of hoisting system

228

(1)

7.5.4.1 Multi-rope friction winding system

229

(2)

7.5.5 Hoisting cycle

231

(1)

7.5.6 Calculations of suspended load during hoisting

231

(3)

7.5.7 Use of safety devices with a hoisting system

234

(1)

7.6 Aerial ropeway

234

(2)

7.6.1 Aerial ropeway calculations

235

(1)

7.7 Ropes

236

(4)

7.7.1 Rope calculations

239

(1)

7.8 Track and mine car

240

(1)

7.8.1 Track

240

(1)

7.8.2 Mine cars

240

(1)

7.9 The way forward

241

(8)

Questions

242

(5)

References

247

(2)

8 Supports

249

(28)

8.1 Introduction - necessity of supports

249

(1)

8.2 Classification of supports

250

(1)

8.3 Self support by in-place (in-situ) rock

250

(20)

8.3.1 Support by the use of natural pillars

250

(2)

8.3.2 Use of artificial supports

252

(1)

8.3.2.1 Brick and stone masonry

252

(1)

8.3.2.2 Wooden (timber) supports

252

(1)

8.3.2.2.1 Calculations with regard to wooden supports

253

(3)

8.3.2.3 Steel supports

256

(1)

8.3.2.3.1 Steel props, powered and shield supports

257

(2)

8.3.2.3.2 Rock bolting

259

(6)

8.3.2.4 Concrete supports

265

(3)

8.3.2.5 Support by filling

268

(2)

8.4 Selection of support

270

(1)

8.4.1 Measures to preserve the stability of the stoped out workings or to minimize problems of ground stability

270

(1)

8.5 Effect of ore extraction upon displacement of country rock and surface

271

(1)

8.6 The way forward

272

(5)

Questions

272

(2)

References

274

(3)

9 Drives and tunnels (conventional methods)

277

(50)

9.1 Introduction - function of drives and tunnels

277

(1)

9.2 Drivage techniques (for drives and tunnels)

277

(1)

9.3 Drivage techniques with the aid of explosives

278

(17)

9.3.1 Pattern of holes

278

(1)

9.3.1.1 Mechanized-cut kerf

279

(1)

9.3.1.2 Blasting off the solid

279

(1)

9.3.1.2.1 Parallel hole cuts

279

(12)

9.3.1.2.2 Verification of pattern of holes

291

(1)

9.3.2 Charging and blasting the rounds

292

(1)

9.3.2.1 Placement of primer

292

(1)

9.3.2.2 Stemming

292

(1)

9.3.2.3 Depth of round/hole

292

(1)

9.3.2.4 Charge density in cut-holes and rest of the face area

292

(1)

9.3.3 Smooth blasting

293

(1)

9.3.3.1 Charging and blasting procedure

294

(1)

9.3.3.2 Use of ANFO in drives and tunnels

295

(1)

9.4 Muck disposal and handling (mucking and transportation)

295

(3)

9.5 Ventilation

298

(4)

9.5.1 Mine opening ventilation

299

(1)

9.5.1.1 Using general air flow

299

(1)

9.5.1.2 Using auxiliary fans: forcing, exhaust or contra rotating

299

(2)

9.5.2 Ventilation during civil tunneling

301

(1)

9.6 Working cycle (including auxiliary operations)

302

(1)

9.7 Driving large sized drives/tunnels in tough rocks

303

(2)

9.7.1 Full-face driving/tunneling

303

(1)

9.7.2 Pilot heading technique

304

(1)

9.7.3 Heading and bench method

305

(1)

9.8 Conventional tunneling methods: tunneling through the soft ground and soft rocks

305

(2)

9.9 Supports for tunnels and mine openings

307

(7)

9.9.1 Classification

308

(3)

9.9.2 Selection of supports

311

(3)

9.10 Driving without aid of explosives

314

(1)

9.11 Pre-cursor or prior to driving civil tunnels

315

(2)

9.11.1 Site investigations

315

(1)

9.11.2 Location of tunnels

315

(1)

9.11.3 Rocks and ground characterization

315

(2)

9.11.4 Size, shape, length and orientation (route) of tunnels

317

(1)

9.11.5 Preparatory work required

317

(1)

9.12 Past, present and future of tunneling technology

317

(2)

9.13 Over-break and scaling - some innovations

319

(1)

9.14 Longer rounds - some trials

319

(3)

9.15 The way forward

322

(5)

Questions

323

(2)

References

325

(2)

10 Tunneling by roadheaders and impact hammers

327

(18)

10.1 Tunneling by boom-mounted roadheaders

327

(3)

10.2 Classification boom-mounted roadheaders

330

(1)

10.2.1 Ripper (transverse) type roadheaders - (Cutter heads with rotation perpendicular to the boom axis)

330

(1)

10.2.1.1 Bar type

331

(1)

10.2.1.2 Disc type

331

(1)

10.3 Milling or longitudinal (auger) roadheaders

331

(2)

10.3.1 Borer type roadheaders

332

(1)

10.4 Classification based on weight

333

(1)

10.5 Advantages of roadheaders

333

(1)

10.6 Important developments

333

(2)

10.7 Procedure of driving by the heading machines

335

(1)

10.8 Auxiliary operations

336

(1)

10.8.1 Ground support

336

(1)

10.9 Hydraulic impact hammer tunneling

336

(1)

10.10 Excavation procedure and cycle of operations

336

(2)

10.10.1 Hammer's working cycle

337

(1)

10.11 Merit and limitations

338

(1)

10.12 Partial face rotary rock tunneling machines

338

(1)

10.13 Excavators

339

(1)

10.13.1 Excavators mounted within shield

339

(1)

10.13.1.1 Excavator buckets

339

(1)

10.14 Excavator with multiple tool miner (MTM) attachments

340

(2)

10.14.1 Excavator mounted within a shield

340

(1)

10.14.2 Excavator-mounted cutter booms (Partial face machines for NATM)

341

(1)

10.15 The way forward

342

(3)

Questions

342

(1)

References

343

(2)

11 Full-face tunnel borers (TBMs) & special methods

345

(48)

11.1 Introduction

345

(1)

11.1.1 Improved understanding

345

(1)

11.2 Tunneling methods and procedures

346

(1)

11.3 Full-face tunneling machines

347

(11)

11.3.1 Full-face tunnel borers (mechanical) TBM - open and shielded

348

(3)

11.3.2 Mechanical excavation of the full cross-section with open type machines

351

(1)

11.3.2.1 Open main beam machines

351

(2)

11.3.2.2 Single shield

353

(1)

11.3.2.3 Double shield

353

(1)

11.3.2.4 Enlarging TBM

354

(4)

11.4 Mini tunnel borers

358

(1)

11.5 Boring system

358

(1)

11.6 Rock cutting tools and their types

359

(2)

11.6.1 Cutting head configuration

359

(2)

11.7 TBM performance

361

(1)

11.7.1 Economical aspects

361

(1)

11.8 Size of unit and its overall length including its trailing gear

362

(1)

11.8.1 Advantages

362

(1)

11.8.2 Disadvantages

362

(1)

11.9 Backup system/activities

363

(2)

11.9.1 Muck disposal

363

(1)

11.9.2 Single track

363

(1)

11.9.3 Double track

363

(1)

11.9.4 Continuous conveyor system

363

(1)

11.9.5 Other back-ups include

364

(1)

11.10 TBMs for soft ground/formations

365

(10)

11.10.1 Full-face shield with picks

365

(2)

11.10.2 Compressed air shields

367

(2)

11.10.3 Slurry shield

369

(1)

11.10.4 Earth pressure balance

369

(1)

11.10.4.1 Segments

370

(1)

11.10.4.2 Back filling

370

(1)

11.10.4.3 Auxiliary construction measures

371

(1)

11.10.5 Developments

372

(3)

11.11 Phases of tunneling project

375

(1)

11.11.1 Tunnel portal

375

(1)

11.11.2 Phases of a TBM project

375

(1)

11.12 Future technology

375

(3)

11.12.1 Hard rock TBMs

376

(1)

11.12.2 Soft ground machines

376

(2)

11.13 New Austrian tunneling method (NATM)

378

(4)

11.13.1 NATM design philosophy and typical features

378

(1)

11.13.2 Ground categories and tunneling procedures

379

(1)

11.13.2.1 Excavation sequence

379

(1)

11.13.3 Semi-mechanized methods

379

(3)

11.14 Tunneling through abnormal or difficult ground using special methods

382

(4)

11.14.1 Ground treatment

382

(1)

11.14.1.1 Reinforcement

382

(1)

11.14.1.2 Treatment that tackles the problems arising due to the presence of water

383

(1)

11.14.1.3 Lowering water table/ground water

383

(1)

11.14.1.4 Use of compressed air to hold back water

383

(2)

11.14.1.5 Grouting

385

(1)

11.14.1.6 Freezing -

386

(1)

11.15 Cut and cover method of tunneling

386

(1)

11.16 Submerged tubes/tunnels

386

(1)

11.17 The way forward

387

(6)

Questions

387

(2)

References

389

(4)

12 Planning

393

(46)

12.1 Economic studies

393

(5)

12.1.1 Phases or stages in economic studies

393

(1)

12.1.1.1 Preliminary studies or valuation

394

(1)

12.1.1.2 Intermediate economic study or pre-feasibility study

394

(1)

12.1.1.3 Feasibility study

394

(1)

12.1.1.3.1 Information on deposit

394

(1)

12.1.1.3.2 Information on general project economics

395

(1)

12.1.1.3.3 Mining method selection

395

(1)

12.1.1.3.4 Processing methods

395

(1)

12.1.1.3.5 Ecology

395

(1)

12.1.1.3.6 Capital and operating costs estimates

396

(1)

12.1.1.3.7 Project cost & rates of return

396

(1)

12.1.1.3.8 Comments

396

(1)

12.1.2 Conceptual mine planning and detailed project reports

396

(1)

12.1.2.1 Conceptual studies/models

396

(2)

12.1.2.2 Engineering studies

398

(1)

12.1.2.3 Models and detailed design

398

(1)

12.2 Mine design elements

398

(11)

12.2.1 Mineral resources and reserves

400

(2)

12.2.2 Cutoff grade

402

(3)

12.2.2.1 Mining & process plant input-output calculations (for a copper mining complex)

405

(1)

12.2.2.2 Cutoff grade calculations

406

(1)

12.2.3 Interrelationship amongst the mine design elements

406

(1)

12.2.4 Mine life

407

(1)

12.2.4.1 Phases or stages during mine life

408

(1)

12.3 Dividing property for the purpose of underground mining

409

(4)

12.3.1 Panel system

411

(1)

12.3.2 Level system

411

(1)

12.3.3 Level interval

412

(1)

12.4 Mine planning duration

413

(1)

12.5 Mine development - introduction

414

(1)

12.6 Access to deposit or means of mine access

415

(2)

12.7 System - opening up a deposit

417

(3)

12.7.1 Opening deposit in parts

417

(1)

12.7.2 Opening up the whole deposit

417

(3)

12.8 Positioning and developing the main haulage levels

420

(6)

12.8.1 Selecting development in ore or rock (country rock)

420

(3)

12.8.2 Vertical development in the form of raises

423

(1)

12.8.3 Connecting main levels by ramps/declines/slopes

424

(1)

12.8.4 Determination of optimal load concentration point

424

(1)

12.8.4.1 Analytical method

424

(1)

12.8.4.2 Graphical method: funicular diagram

425

(1)

12.9 Size and shape of mine openings and tunnels

426

(2)

12.10 Pit top layouts

428

(1)

12.11 Pit bottom layouts

428

(3)

12.11.1 Types of pit bottom layouts

429

(2)

12.12 Structures concerning pit bottom layouts

431

(1)

12.13 The way forward

431

(8)

Questions

432

(5)

References

437

(2)

13 Excavations in upward direction - raising

439

(30)

13.1 Introduction

439

(1)

13.2 Raise applications in civil and construction industries

439

(1)

13.3 Classification - types of raises for mines

440

(1)

13.4 Raise driving techniques

441

(1)

13.5 Conventional raising method: open raising

441

(1)

13.6 Conventional raising method: raising by compartment

442

(1)

13.7 Raising by the use of mechanical climbers: Jora hoist

443

(1)

13.8 Raising by mechanical climbers: Alimak raise climber

443

(6)

13.8.1 Preparatory work and fittings

447

(1)

13.8.2 Ignition and telephone systems

447

(1)

13.8.3 Cycle of operations

447

(1)

13.8.4 Performance

448

(1)

13.8.5 Design variants

448

(1)

13.8.6 Air-driven unit

448

(1)

13.8.7 Electrically driven unit

448

(1)

13.8.8 Diesel-hydraulic unit

449

(1)

13.9 Blasthole raising method: long-hole raising

449

(4)

13.9.1 Marking the raise

449

(1)

13.9.2 Equipment installation

449

(1)

13.9.3 Drilling

450

(1)

13.9.4 Raise correlation

450

(1)

13.9.5 Blowing and plugging the holes

450

(1)

13.9.6 Charging and blasting

451

(1)

13.9.7 Limitations

452

(1)

13.9.8 Advantages

452

(1)

13.10 Blasthole raising method: drop raising

453

(3)

13.11 Raising by the application of raise borers

456

(3)

13.12 Raise boring in a package - BorPak

459

(1)

13.13 Ore pass/waste rock pass

459

(5)

13.13.1 Size and shape

460

(1)

13.13.2 Ore pass lining

461

(1)

13.13.3 Design consideration of rock pass/ore pass

461

(3)

13.14 The way forward

464

(5)

Questions

465

(1)

References

466

(3)

14 Shaft sinking

469

(34)

14.1 Introduction

469

(1)

14.2 Location

469

(1)

14.3 Preparatory work required

470

(1)

14.4 Sinking appliances, equipment and services

470

(2)

14.5 Sinking methods and procedure

472

(1)

14.6 Reaching up to the rock head

472

(2)

14.6.1 Pre-sink

473

(1)

14.7 Sinking through the rock

474

(9)

14.7.1 Drilling

475

(2)

14.7.2 Blasting

477

(1)

14.7.3 Lashing and mucking

478

(1)

14.7.4 Hoisting

478

(2)

14.7.5 Support or shaft lining

480

(1)

14.7.6 Auxiliary operations

480

(1)

14.7.6.1 Dewatering

480

(1)

14.7.6.2 Ventilation

480

(2)

14.7.6.3 Illumination

482

(1)

14.7.6.4 Shaft centering

482

(1)

14.7.6.5 Station construction and initial development

482

(1)

14.8 Special methods of shaft sinking

483

(1)

14.9 Piling system

484

(1)

14.10 Caisson method

484

(3)

14.10.1 Sinking drum process

484

(2)

14.10.2 Forced drop-shaft method

486

(1)

14.10.3 Pneumatic caisson method

486

(1)

14.11 Special methods by temporary or permanent isolation of water

487

(1)

14.11.1 Cementation

487

(1)

14.11.1.1 Boring/Drilling

487

(1)

14.11.1.2 Cementation

487

(1)

14.11.1.3 Sinking and walling

488

(1)

14.12 The freezing process

488

(7)

14.12.1 Drilling and lining of boreholes

489

(1)

14.12.2 Formation and maintenance of the ice column

490

(1)

14.12.3 Actual sinking operations

491

(1)

14.12.4 Thawing of ice wall

491

(1)

14.12.5 Freezing - shafts

492

(1)

14.12.6 Ground freezing practices in Germany

492

(3)

14.13 Shaft drilling and boring

495

(2)

14.13.1 Shaft drilling

495

(1)

14.13.2 Shaft boring

495

(2)

14.14 Safety in sinking shafts

497

(2)

14.14.1 Field tests and measurements

497

(2)

14.15 The way forward

499

(4)

Questions

500

(1)

References

501

(2)

15 Large sub-surface excavations

503

(24)

15.1 Introduction

503

(1)

15.2 Caverns

503

(5)

15.2.1 Constructional details - important aspects

505

(1)

15.2.1.1 Construction procedure

506

(2)

15.3 Powerhouse caverns

508

(1)

15.4 Oil storage caverns

508

(1)

15.5 Repository

509

(3)

15.6 Salt cavern storage

512

(1)

15.7 Aquifer storage

513

(1)

15.8 Exhibition hall caverns

514

(2)

15.9 Underground chambers in mines

516

(1)

15.10 Equipment and services selection

517

(5)

15.11 The way forward

522

(5)

Questions

523

(1)

References

524

(3)

16 Underground mining/stoping methods & mine closure

527

(158)

16.1 Introduction

527

(13)

16.1.1 Factors governing choice of a mining method

527

(1)

16.1.1.1 Shape and size of the deposit

527

(1)

16.1.1.2 Thickness of deposit

528

(1)

16.1.1.3 Dip of the deposit

529

(1)

16.1.1.4 Physical and mechanical characteristics of the ore and the enclosing rocks

529

(3)

16.1.1.5 Presence of geological disturbances and influence of the direction of cleats or partings

532

(1)

16.1.1.6 Degree of mechanization and output required

532

(2)

16.1.1.7 Ore grade and its distribution, and value of the product

534

(1)

16.1.1.8 Depth of the deposit

534

(1)

16.1.1.9 Presence of water

535

(1)

16.1.1.10 Presence of gases

535

(1)

16.1.1.11 Ore & country rock susceptibility to caking and oxidation

535

(1)

16.1.2 Desirable features of selecting a stoping method

536

(2)

16.1.3 Classification - stoping methods

538

(2)

16.2 Open stoping methods

540

(24)

16.2.1 Open stoping method - room & pillar stoping

540

(1)

16.2.1.1 Introduction

540

(1)

16.2.1.2 Stope preparation

540

(1)

16.2.1.3 Unit operations

541

(3)

16.2.1.4 Stoping operations

544

(1)

16.2.1.5 Bord and pillar

545

(1)

16.2.1.6 Block system

546

(2)

16.2.1.7 Stope and pillar

548

(1)

16.2.1.7.1 Advantages

549

(1)

16.2.1.7.2 Limitations

549

(1)

16.2.2 Open stoping method - shrinkage stoping

549

(1)

16.2.2.1 Introduction

549

(2)

16.2.2.2 Stope preparation

551

(1)

16.2.2.3 Unit operations

551

(1)

16.2.2.4 Stoping operations

552

(1)

16.2.2.5 Layouts

552

(1)

16.2.2.5.1 Winning the pillars

552

(1)

16.2.2.5.2 Advantages

552

(1)

16.2.2.5.3 Limitations

553

(1)

16.2.3 Open stoping method - sublevel stoping

553

(1)

16.2.3.1 Introduction

553

(1)

16.2.3.2 Sublevel stoping with benching

554

(1)

16.2.3.3 Blasthole stoping

554

(1)

16.2.3.4 Longitudinal sublevel stoping

554

(2)

16.2.3.5 Transverse sublevel stoping

556

(1)

16.2.3.6 Blasthole drilling

556

(2)

16.2.4 Large blasthole stoping

558

(1)

16.2.4.1 Stope preparation (general procedure)

558

(4)

16.2.4.2 VCR method

562

(1)

16.2.4.3 Unit operations

562

(1)

16.2.4.4 Layouts

563

(1)

16.2.4.4.1 Advantages

564

(1)

16.2.4.4.2 Limitations

564

(1)

16.2.4.4.3 Winning the pillars

564

(1)

16.3 Supported stoping methods

564

(20)

16.3.1 Supported stoping method - stull stoping

564

(1)

16.3.1.1 Introduction

564

(2)

16.3.1.2 Unit operations

566

(1)

16.3.1.3 Auxiliary operations

566

(1)

16.3.1.4 Stope preparation

566

(1)

16.3.1.5 Stoping

566

(1)

16.3.1.6 Layouts

566

(1)

16.3.1.6.1 Variants

567

(1)

16.3.1.6.2 Advantages

567

(1)

16.3.1.6.3 Limitations

567

(1)

16.3.2 Supported stoping method: cut & fill stoping

567

(1)

16.3.2.1 Introduction

567

(1)

16.3.2.2 Stope preparation

568

(1)

16.3.2.3 Stoping

569

(1)

16.3.2.4 Unit operations

569

(1)

16.3.2.5 Auxiliary operations

570

(1)

16.3.2.5.1 Advantages

570

(1)

16.3.2.5.2 Limitations

570

(1)

16.3.2.5.3 Variants

570

(1)

16.3.2.6 Cut and fill with flat back

571

(1)

16.3.2.7 Cut and fill with inclined slicing

572

(1)

16.3.2.8 Post and pillar cut and fill stoping

572

(2)

16.3.2.9 Stope drive or undercut and fill stoping

574

(1)

16.3.2.9.1 Filling methods during deep mining

574

(2)

16.3.2.9.2 Top slicing (An undercut-and-fill method)

576

(1)

16.3.2.9.3 Filling materials

577

(5)

16.3.3 Supported stoping method - square set stoping

582

(1)

16.3.3.1 Introduction

582

(1)

16.3.3.2 Stope preparation

582

(1)

16.3.3.3 Stoping

583

(1)

16.3.3.4 Unit operations

583

(1)

16.3.3.5 Auxiliary operations

583

(1)

16.3.3.6 Layouts

583

(1)

16.3.3.6.1 Advantages

584

(1)

16.3.3.6.2 Limitations

584

(1)

16.4 Caving methods

584

(29)

16.4.1 Caving method - longwall mining

584

(1)

16.4.1.1 Introduction

584

(1)

16.4.1.2 Unit operations

585

(1)

16.4.1.3 While mining coal

585

(1)

16.4.1.4 Stope preparation

585

(1)

16.4.1.5 Stoping operations

586

(1)

16.4.1.6 Layouts

586

(3)

16.4.1.6.1 Advantages

589

(1)

16.4.1.6.2 Limitations

589

(1)

16.4.1.7 Mining at ultra depths

590

(4)

16.4.2 Caving method - sublevel caving

594

(1)

16.4.2.1 Introduction

594

(2)

16.4.2.2 Unit operations

596

(1)

16.4.2.2.1 Variants

596

(1)

16.4.2.3 Stope preparation (transverse sublevel caving)

596

(2)

16.4.2.4 Stope preparation (sublevel caving - longitudinal)

598

(1)

16.4.2.5 Layouts

598

(1)

16.4.2.5.1 Advantages

598

(1)

16.4.2.5.2 Limitations

599

(1)

16.4.3 Caving method - block caving

600

(1)

16.4.3.1 Introduction

600

(1)

16.4.3.2 Unit operations

601

(1)

16.4.3.2.1 Variants

602

(2)

16.4.3.3 Methods of draw

604

(1)

16.4.3.4 Stope preparation

605

(1)

16.4.3.5 Layouts

606

(6)

16.4.3.5.1 Advantages

612

(1)

16.4.3.5.2 Limitations

612

(1)

16.5 Common aspects

613

(20)

16.5.1 Stope design

616

(1)

16.5.1.1 Model parameters

616

(1)

16.5.1.2 Design parameters

617

(3)

16.5.2 Application of computers in stope design and economic analysis

620

(1)

16.5.3 Proposed methodology for selection of a stoping method for the base metal deposits with a case study

620

(13)

16.6 Mine liquidation

633

(13)

16.6.1 Liquidation of the stopes of different types

633

(1)

16.6.2 Planning liquidation

634

(1)

16.6.3 Liquidation techniques

634

(1)

16.6.4 Pillar types & methods of their extraction

635

(1)

16.6.4.1 Pillar extraction methods

636

(1)

16.6.4.2 Planning a heavy-blast for liquidation purpose

637

(1)

16.6.5 Case studies

637

(1)

16.6.5.1 Heavy blasting at a copper mine

637

(5)

16.6.5.2 Remnant pillars' blast at lead-zinc mine

642

(1)

16.6.5.2.1 Blast planning

642

(1)

16.6.5.2.2 Results of the blast

643

(3)

16.7 Planning for mine closure

646

(25)

16.7.1 Introduction

646

(1)

16.7.2 Phases - mine closure

646

(1)

16.7.3 The integrated mine closure planning guidelines (toolkit)

646

(2)

16.7.3.1 Salient features (parameters to be considered) for closure planning

648

(4)

16.7.3.2 Guidelines/toolkit details

652

(16)

16.7.3.3 Glossary

668

(3)

16.8 The way forward

671

(14)

Questions

671

(10)

References

681

(4)

17 Surface excavations

685

(68)

17.1 Introduction - surface mining methods

685

(1)

17.2 Open pit mining

685

(10)

17.2.1 Open pit elements

686

(2)

17.2.1.1 Bench angle or slope

688

(1)

17.2.2 Overall pit slope angle

688

(1)

17.2.2.1 Computation of overall pit slope angle

688

(3)

17.2.3 Stripping ratio

691

(2)

17.2.4 Overall pit profile

693

(1)

17.2.4.1 Coning concept for open pit design

693

(1)

17.2.5 Stripping sequence

694

(1)

17.3 Haul roads

695

(1)

17.4 Ramp and its gradient

695

(2)

17.5 Open cast mining/strip mining

697

(24)

17.5.1 Introduction

697

(1)

17.5.2 Design aspects

697

(1)

17.5.3 Operational details - surface mines

698

(1)

17.5.3.1 Planning

699

(1)

17.5.3.2 Site preparation

699

(1)

17.5.3.3 Opening up the deposit

699

(2)

17.5.4 Development

701

(1)

17.5.4.1 Waste rock dumps

701

(1)

17.5.5 Bench blasting design patterns

701

(1)

17.5.5.1 Linear formulas

702

(2)

17.5.5.2 Power formulas derived by statistical analysis

704

(1)

17.5.5.3 Formulas related to energy transfer in rock blasting, burden and blasthole diameter

704

(1)

17.5.5.4 Tatiya and Adel's formula to determine burden with respect to blasthole diameter

705

(1)

17.5.5.5 Powder factor method

705

(1)

17.5.6 Drilling and blasting operations

706

(3)

17.5.7 Cast blasting

709

(1)

17.5.8 Muck handling

710

(1)

17.5.9 Selection of excavator and transportation units

710

(1)

17.5.10 Calculations for selection of shovel/excavator

710

(1)

17.5.10.1 Time factor

710

(1)

17.5.10.2 Operational factor (Of)

710

(1)

17.5.10.3 Bucket fill factor (Bf)

711

(3)

17.5.11 Theoretical output from an excavator/hr

714

(1)

17.5.12 Output from a continuous flow unit

715

(1)

17.5.13 Transportation schemes

715

(1)

17.5.14 In-pit crushing and conveying

715

(1)

17.5.15 Dumping site

716

(3)

17.5.16 Integrated or matching equipment complex

719

(1)

17.5.16.1 Global Positioning System (GPS)

720

(1)

17.5.17 Quarrying of dimension stones

720

(1)

17.6 Quarrying of dimension stones

721

(14)

17.6.1 Drilling

721

(5)

17.6.2 Line drilling

726

(1)

17.6.3 Discontinuous or spaced drilling

727

(1)

17.6.4 Drilling and blasting

727

(3)

17.6.4.1 Blast results at Vanga granite quarry in southern Sweden

730

(1)

17.6.5 Wire cutter - helicoid and diamond

731

(3)

17.6.6 Cutter saw and rock channellers (impact cutting machines)

734

(1)

17.6.6.1 Merits

735

(1)

17.6.6.2 Disadvantages

735

(1)

17.7 The diamond belt saw

735

(3)

17.7.1 Water jet technology

736

(1)

17.7.2 Thermal cutting

737

(1)

17.7.3 Underground quarrying

738

(1)

17.8 Earth movers

738

(7)

17.9 The way forward

745

(8)

Questions

745

(6)

References

751

(2)

18 Hazards, occupational health and safety (OHS), environment and loss prevention

753

(54)

18.1 Introduction

753

(1)

18.2 Potential excavation hazards

754

(4)

18.2.1 Hazards (risks) analysis and management

757

(1)

18.3 Safety and accidents

758

(20)

18.3.1 Terminology

758

(1)

18.3.2 Safety strategies

759

(1)

18.3.3 Safety elements

760

(1)

18.3.3.1 People/mine workers

760

(8)

18.3.3.2 The systems

768

(2)

18.3.3.3 The working environment (conditions)

770

(1)

18.3.4 Accidents

771

(1)

18.3.4.1 Accidents/incident analysis & calculations

771

(2)

18.3.4.2 Common accident areas/heads

773

(1)

18.3.4.3 Accident costs

774

(1)

18.3.4.4 Remedial measures

774

(1)

18.3.4.5 Measures/preparedness

774

(1)

18.3.4.6 Hazards analysis methods

774

(4)

18.4 Occupational health and surveillance

778

(8)

18.4.1 Industrial hygiene

778

(1)

18.4.1.1 Aqueous effluents - permissible quality & efficient discharge

778

(1)

18.4.1.2 House keeping

779

(1)

18.4.1.3 The 5S concept

779

(1)

18.4.2 Working conditions

780

(1)

18.4.3 Ergonomics

781

(1)

18.4.3.1 Introduction

781

(1)

18.4.3.2 Impacts of poor ergonomics

781

(1)

18.4.4 Occupational health surveillance

782

(1)

18.4.4.1 Organizational culture and workplace stresses

783

(1)

18.4.4.2 `Presenteeism' - lost performance at work

784

(1)

18.4.4.3 Periodic health surveillance: based on exposure-risk

784

(1)

18.4.4.4 Notified diseases and preventive measures

785

(1)

18.5 Environment degradation and mitigation measures

786

(2)

18.5.1 Balance system/equation

787

(1)

18.5.2 Environmental degradation

787

(1)

18.5.3 Environmental management

788

(1)

18.5.4 Environmental system

788

(1)

18.6 Loss prevention

788

(13)

18.6.1 Classification - losses

788

(3)

18.6.2 Abnormalities

791

(2)

18.6.3 5W-2H analysis

793

(5)

18.6.4 Wastage

798

(1)

18.6.5 Case-study illustrating computation of financial losses

799

(1)

18.6.6 Use of Information Technology (IT) in integrating processes and information

800

(1)

18.7 The way forward

801

(6)

Questions

802

(3)

References

805

(2)

19 Sustainable Development

807

(35)

19.1 Sustainable Development (SD) in mining

807

(2)

19.1.1 Sustainable development

807

(1)

19.1.2 Global issues & backlog on sustainable development

807

(1)

19.1.3 Sustainable development in mining

807

(2)

19.2 Stakeholders and sustainable development

809

(4)

19.2.1 Principles/guidelines for SD by ICMM

809

(2)

19.2.2 Status of SD in mining, based on stakeholders' views though a survey by globalscan

811

(2)

19.3 Scenarios influencing mining industry

813

(6)

19.3.1 Population growth and resulting impacts/implications

813

(1)

19.3.2 Use of minerals by world's citizens

813

(2)

19.3.3 Mineral consumption trends

815

(1)

19.3.4 Status of quality, quantity, type of mineral and resources depletion

815

(2)

19.3.5 Mineral consumption prediction

817

(1)

19.3.6 Mining industry's inherent problems and challenges

818

(1)

19.3.7 Global risk ranking and competitiveness in the mining sector

819

(1)

19.4 Is mining industry equipped to meet the challenges?

819

(2)

19.4.1 Technological developments in mining

819

(2)

19.4.2 Initiatives already taken globally to meet demand of minerals mass consumption

821

(1)

19.5 Proposed strategy to run mines is an economically viable (beneficial) way

821

(13)

19.5.1 Exploration: huge, intensive & speedy together with bringing precision in ore evaluation techniques

822

(1)

19.5.2 Establishing mineral inventory, cutoff grade and ore reserves

822

(1)

19.5.3 Division of mineral property (i.e. orebody or coal deposits into level and panels)

823

(1)

19.5.4 Locale-specific challenges and proposed solutions/way-outs

824

(1)

19.5.4.1 Underground metalliferous mining challenges

824

(1)

19.5.4.2 Underground coal mining challenges

824

(1)

19.5.4.3 Open cast/open pit mines (coal & non coal) challenges

825

(1)

19.5.5 Mining difficult deposits using non-conventional technologies

826

(1)

19.5.6 Improved fragmentation - a better way to extract minerals (ore, waste rocks, overburden) to save energy

826

(1)

19.5.7 Precision in operations - maximizing recovery

827

(1)

19.5.8 The critical path to full automation

828

(5)

19.5.9 Effective utilization of resources through standardization & benchmarking

833

(1)

19.5.10 Needs-based changes, research and development

833

(1)

19.6 Measures for SD through improvements environmentally, socially and ethically

834

(2)

19.6.1 HSE - a critical business activity for sustainable development

834

(1)

19.6.2 Economic development regional as well as local - A case-study

835

(1)

19.7 Legal compliances and mining policy'

836

(2)

19.7.1 Mining laws - legislation

836

(1)

19.7.2 Minerals & mining policy

837

(1)

19.8 Quality of human resources

838

(1)

19.8.1 Academic (educational) status and standard of mining schools

838

(1)

19.9 The ultimate aim

839

(1)

19.9.1 Contented employees & stakeholders

839

(1)

19.9.2 Efficient systems including best practices

840

(1)

19.9.3 Legal compliance including Environment Management Systems (EMS)

840

(1)

19.9.4 World Class Management (WCM)

840

(1)

19.10 The way forward: proposed milestones/strategy

840

(2)

Questions

842

(3)

References

845

(2)

Subject index

847

Dr. Ratan Tatiya is a consultant in the areas of excavation, construction, mining and allied disciplines and in a career spanning more than 42 years he has held senior positions in the industry, as a professor, researcher and consultant and has worked with multinationals from more than 40 countries. His industrial background has led to this book being industrially relevant and his academic background has ensured that the fundamentals and basics required to help readers have been included.

Surface and Underground Excavations: Methods, Techniques and Equipment 2nd edition [Kõva köide]

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