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Sustainable Crop Protection under Protected Cultivation 1st ed. 2016 [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 434 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, 275 Tables, color; 76 Tables, black and white; 112 Illustrations, color; 167 Illustrations, black and white; XXX, 434 p. 279 illus., 112 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Jan-2016
  • Kirjastus: Springer Verlag, Singapore
  • ISBN-10: 9812879501
  • ISBN-13: 9789812879509
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Sustainable Crop Protection under Protected Cultivation 1st ed. 2016Suurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 434 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, 275 Tables, color; 76 Tables, black and white; 112 Illustrations, color; 167 Illustrations, black and white; XXX, 434 p. 279 illus., 112 illus. in color., 1 Hardback
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Jan-2016
  • Kirjastus: Springer Verlag, Singapore
  • ISBN-10: 9812879501
  • ISBN-13: 9789812879509
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9789812879509.html
Märksõnad:
This book focuses on pests (insect and mite) and diseases (fungal, bacterial, viral and nematode) in protected horticulture (fruits, vegetables and ornamentals) using physical, cultural, chemical, biological, host resistance, and integrated methods. It opens with chapters describing the setting in which integrated pest and disease control operates, i.e., the greenhouse and its environment. Subsequent chapters present the basic strategies and tactics of different control methods including integrated control, with special reference to greenhouse crops. Further chapters include the different facets of biological pest and disease control its scientific bases, its development in practice, its commercialization and quality control. The concluding chapters of the book highlight the present status of integrated pest and disease control for the most important greenhouse crops (fruits, vegetables and flower crops) worldwide. The books final chapter explores future challenges for researchers assigned to identify non-pesticide methods and integrate sustainable pest management technologies that can contribute to increased productivity, such as breeding for durable resistance, biological control and devising integrated methods that will have minimal adverse environmental and social impacts.





Among productivity-enhancing technologies, protected cultivation has a tremendous potential to increase the yield of vegetables and flower cro

ps by several fold. Pests and diseases are one of the major challenges to protected cultivation. Year-round warm temperatures and relatively high humidity together with abundant food make the protected environment of greenhouses highly attractive to pests and diseases. Nevertheless, very little attention has been paid to the manipulation of greenhouse environments expressly to avoid disease epidemics and insect infestations, which together can easily account for 30% of crop losses.





















This book will be of immense value to all members of the scientific community involved in teaching, research and extension activities on protected horticulture. It also offers a useful reference guide for policymakers and practicing farmers, and can be used as a textbook for postgraduate courses.
1 Protected Cultivation
1(12)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Protected Cultivation
2(3)
1.2.1 Need for Protected Cultivation
3(1)
1.2.2 Advantages and Limitations
4(1)
1.2.3 Increase in Productivity
4(1)
1.3 Present Status
5(1)
1.3.1 Global Scenario
5(1)
1.3.2 Indian Scenario
5(1)
1.4 Protected Cultivation of Horticultural Crops
6(4)
1.4.1 Flower Crops
6(1)
1.4.2 Vegetable Crops
7(3)
1.5 Conclusions
10(3)
References
11(2)
2 Greenhouse Technology
13(10)
2.1 Introduction
13(1)
2.2 Agroclimate
14(1)
2.2.1 Sunlight
14(1)
2.2.2 Temperature
15(1)
2.2.3 Relative Humidity
15(1)
2.2.4 Carbon Dioxide Enrichment
15(1)
2.2.5 Soil
15(1)
2.3 Types of Glazing Materials
15(1)
2.3.1 Glass
15(1)
2.3.2 Polyethylene
16(1)
2.3.3 Fiberglass-Reinforced Panel (FRP)
16(1)
2.3.4 Polycarbonate Panels
16(1)
2.4 Types of Greenhouses
16(3)
2.4.1 Glasshouse
16(1)
2.4.2 Polyhouse
16(1)
2.4.3 Trench (Underground Greenhouse)
17(1)
2.4.4 Plastic Low Tunnel
18(1)
2.4.5 Double-Wall Polyench
18(1)
2.4.6 Multipurpose Nets
19(1)
2.5 Greenhouse Environmental Control
19(2)
2.5.1 Ventilation
19(1)
2.5.2 Cooling Systems
20(1)
2.5.3 Humidity Control
21(1)
2.5.4 Greenhouse Heating
21(1)
2.6 Future Thrusts
21(2)
References
22(1)
3 Crop Protection
23(24)
3.1 Introduction
23(2)
3.2 Location and Orientation of Greenhouse
25(1)
3.3 Structures and Equipment
25(5)
3.3.1 Greenhouse Design
26(1)
3.3.2 Cladding Material/Covers
26(1)
3.3.3 Heating Systems
27(1)
3.3.4 Misting Systems
27(1)
3.3.5 Ventilation Systems
27(1)
3.3.6 Thermal/Shade Curtains
27(1)
3.3.7 Insect Screening
28(1)
3.3.8 Whitefly Exclusion
29(1)
3.3.9 Thrips Exclusion
29(1)
3.3.10 Operation and Maintenance of Equipment
29(1)
3.3.11 Worker Education
30(1)
3.4 Factors Favorable to Pest and Disease Development
30(1)
3.5 Managing Crop Pests and Diseases
31(2)
3.5.1 Sanitation
31(1)
3.5.2 Crop Scheduling
31(1)
3.5.3 Spacing
31(1)
3.5.4 Growing Medium
31(1)
3.5.5 Nutrition
32(1)
3.5.6 Pruning and Training
32(1)
3.5.7 Fruit Load
33(1)
3.5.8 Managing Pesticides
33(1)
3.6 Managing the Crop Environment
33(6)
3.6.1 Temperature
33(1)
3.6.2 Humidity
34(1)
3.6.3 Water Stress
35(1)
3.6.4 Light
35(1)
3.6.5 Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen
36(1)
3.6.6 Air Movement
36(1)
3.6.7 Integration of Environmental Factors
36(2)
3.6.8 Environments for Microbial Controls
38(1)
3.7 Cultural Techniques
39(1)
3.8 Factors Stimulating Sustainable Crop Protection
40(2)
3.8.1 Consumer Concern about Chemical Residues
40(1)
3.8.2 Pesticide Resistance in Pests and Pathogens
41(1)
3.8.3 Side Effects of Chemical Application
41(1)
3.8.4 Efficacy
41(1)
3.9 Conclusions
42(5)
References
43(4)
4 Disinfestation of Soil and Growth Media for Management of Soilborne Diseases
47(14)
4.1 Introduction
47(1)
4.2 Methods of Soil Disinfestation
48(7)
4.2.1 Steaming
48(1)
4.2.2 Soil Fumigation
49(2)
4.2.3 Soil Solarization (SSOL)
51(4)
4.3 Combining Disinfestation Methods
55(2)
4.3.1 SSOL and Reduced Rate of Pesticides
56(1)
4.3.2 SSOL and Organic Amendments
56(1)
4.3.3 SSOL and Bioagents
57(1)
4.4 Limitations
57(1)
4.5 Difficulties in Soil Disinfection
57(1)
4.6 Future Thrusts
57(4)
4.6.1 Economics
57(1)
4.6.2 Development in Plastic Technology
58(1)
References
58(3)
5 Biological Control of Plant Pathogens
61(10)
5.1 Introduction
61(1)
5.2 Biocontrol in Greenhouses
62(1)
5.2.1 Suitability of Biological Control for Greenhouses
62(1)
5.3 Products Registered for Biological Control
62(2)
5.3.1 Coniothyrium minitans
63(1)
5.3.2 Gliocladium virens (Trichoderma virens)
63(1)
5.3.3 Trichoderma harzianum
63(1)
5.3.4 Streptomyces griseoviridis
63(1)
5.3.5 Gliocladium catenulatum
63(1)
5.3.6 Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum
63(1)
5.3.7 Bacillus subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens
63(1)
5.3.8 Opticure
64(1)
5.4 Biological Control of Greenhouse Diseases
64(5)
5.4.1 Ecology of Biocontrol Agents
64(1)
5.4.2 Interactions between Plants and Rhizobacteria
65(2)
5.4.3 The Rhizosphere Microbiome
67(1)
5.4.4 The Root Microbiome to the Rescue
67(1)
5.4.5 Limitations with the Use of Biocontrol
68(1)
5.4.6 Biocontrol of Foliar Plant Pathogens
68(1)
5.5 Future Prospects
69(2)
Reference
69(2)
6 Compost in Disease Management
71(12)
6.1 Introduction
71(2)
6.2 Disease Management
73(4)
6.2.1 Pythium Root Rot
75(1)
6.2.2 Chili Wilt
75(1)
6.2.3 Ashy Stem Blight and Root Rot
75(2)
6.3 Nematode Management
77(1)
6.4 Mortality Composting
77(1)
6.5 How Compost Works
77(2)
6.6 Enrichment of Compost with Biopesticides (Tailored Compost)
79(1)
6.7 Determining and Monitoring Compost Quality
79(1)
6.8 Commercial Products
79(1)
6.9 Conclusions
80(3)
References
80(3)
7 Grafted Vegetables for Management of Soilborne Pathogens
83(16)
7.1 Introduction
83(1)
7.2 Objectives of Grafting Vegetables
84(1)
7.3 Cultivation Statistics for Selected Vegetables and Grafted Seedlings
84(1)
7.4 Grafting Methods
84(2)
7.5 Grafting for Management of Soilborne Pathogens
86(6)
7.5.1 Soilborne Fungal Diseases
88(1)
7.5.2 Other Fungal Diseases
88(2)
7.5.3 Soilborne Bacterial Diseases
90(2)
7.5.4 Viral Diseases
92(1)
7.5.5 Root-Knot Nematodes
92(1)
7.6 Problems Commonly Associated with Grafted Plants
92(1)
7.7 Grafting-Conferred Defense Mechanisms
93(2)
7.7.1 Using Nonhost Resistance
93(1)
7.7.2 Developing Transgenic Rootstocks
93(1)
7.7.3 Shift in Rhizosphere Microbial Diversity as a Result of Grafting
94(1)
7.7.4 Vigorous Root Systems of Grafted Vegetables to Plant Defense
94(1)
7.7.5 Nutrient Uptake in Relation to Disease Development
94(1)
7.7.6 Grafting-Induced Systemic Defense
94(1)
7.8 Conclusions
95(4)
References
95(4)
8 Biorational Pest Management
99(10)
8.1 Introduction
99(1)
8.2 Biorational Insect Control Products
100(6)
8.2.1 Botanicals
100(3)
8.2.2 Minerals
103(1)
8.2.3 Synthetics
104(1)
8.2.4 Hot Pepper Wax and Garlic Extract
105(1)
8.2.5 Minimum Risk Pesticides
106(1)
8.3 Biorational Disease Control Products
106(3)
References
108(1)
9 Drip Chemigation for Insect Pest Management
109(12)
9.1 Introduction
109(1)
9.2 History of Drip Chemigation
110(1)
9.3 Why Drip Chemigation?
111(2)
9.3.1 Advantages
111(1)
9.3.2 Disadvantages
112(1)
9.4 Effectiveness of Insectigation
113(1)
9.5 Selection of Chemicals
114(1)
9.6 Chemigation System
114(2)
9.7 Considerations for Drip Chemigation with Insecticides in Vegetable Crops
116(1)
9.7.1 Crop Growth Stages and Root Types
116(1)
9.7.2 Soil Properties
117(1)
9.7.3 Physiochemical Properties of the Pesticide
117(1)
9.7.4 Type of Drip/Trickle Irrigation System
117(1)
9.8 Conclusions
117(4)
References
118(3)
10 Selective Pesticides in IPM
121(12)
10.1 Importance of Selective Pesticides in IPM Programs
121(1)
10.2 Effects of Chemical Pesticides on Beneficial Organisms
122(2)
10.2.1 Effect on Beneficial Predators
123(1)
10.2.2 Effects on Beneficial Parasitoids
123(1)
10.2.3 Entomopathogens
124(1)
10.2.4 Sublethal Effects on Natural Enemies
124(1)
10.3 Influence of Pesticide Application on the Selectivity of a Pesticide
124(2)
10.4 Pesticide Resistance and Anti-resistance Strategies in IPM
126(1)
10.5 Future Prospects and Conclusions
127(6)
References
129(4)
11 Plant Diseases and Their Management
133(10)
11.1 Introduction
133(1)
11.1.1 Factors Favorable to Disease Development
134(1)
11.1.2 Problems in Protected Cultivation
134(1)
11.2 Diseases
134(1)
11.2.1 Fungal Diseases
134(1)
11.2.2 Bacterial Diseases
134(1)
11.2.3 Viral Diseases
135(1)
11.3 Disease Management Strategy
135(8)
11.3.1 The Root Environment
136(1)
11.3.2 The Aerial Environment
137(4)
References
141(2)
12 Fungal Diseases and Their Management
143(10)
12.1 Introduction
143(1)
12.2 Damping-Off, Crown and Root Rots
144(1)
12.2.1 Symptoms
144(1)
12.2.2 Management
145(1)
12.2.3 Main Fungicides
145(1)
12.3 Wilts
145(1)
12.3.1 Symptoms
145(1)
12.3.2 Management
146(1)
12.3.3 Main Fungicides
146(1)
12.4 Powdery Mildews
146(1)
12.4.1 Symptoms
146(1)
12.4.2 Management
147(1)
12.4.3 Main Fungicides
147(1)
12.5 Downy Mildews
147(2)
12.5.1 Symptoms
147(1)
12.5.2 Management
148(1)
12.5.3 Main Fungicides
148(1)
12.6 Botrytis Diseases
149(1)
12.6.1 Symptoms
149(1)
12.6.2 Management
149(1)
12.6.3 Main Fungicides
150(1)
12.7 Sclerotinia Rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. minor
150(1)
12.7.1 Symptoms
150(1)
12.7.2 Management
150(1)
12.7.3 Main Fungicides
150(1)
12.8 Alternaria Diseases
151(1)
12.8.1 Symptoms
151(1)
12.8.2 Management
151(1)
12.9 Didymella Diseases
151(1)
12.9.1 Symptoms
151(1)
12.9.2 Management
151(1)
12.10 Rust Diseases
152(1)
12.10.1 Symptoms
152(1)
12.10.2 Management
152(1)
12.10.3 Main Fungicides
152(1)
References
152(1)
13 Bacterial Diseases and Their Management
153(8)
13.1 Introduction
153(1)
13.2 Bacterial Leaf Spot, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria
154(1)
13.2.1 Symptoms
154(1)
13.2.2 Survival and Spread
154(1)
13.2.3 Management
154(1)
13.3 Bacterial Wilt, Ralstonia solanacearum
154(3)
13.3.1 Symptoms
155(1)
13.3.2 Bacterial Ooze Test
155(1)
13.3.3 Survival and Spread
155(1)
13.3.4 Management
156(1)
13.4 Bacterial Soft Rot, Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora
157(1)
13.4.1 Symptoms
157(1)
13.4.2 Survival and Spread
157(1)
13.4.3 Management
157(1)
13.5 Angular Leaf Spot, Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans
157(1)
13.5.1 Symptoms
157(1)
13.5.2 Survival and Spread
157(1)
13.5.3 Management
158(1)
13.6 Bacterial Wilt, Erwinia tracheiphila
158(1)
13.6.1 Symptoms
158(1)
13.6.2 Transmission
158(1)
13.6.3 Management
159(1)
13.7 Management of Bacterial Diseases
159(2)
References
159(2)
14 Viral Diseases and Their Management
161(16)
14.1 Introduction
161(1)
14.2 Plant Virus Dispersal Mechanisms
162(3)
14.2.1 Sources of Infection
162(2)
14.2.2 Vector Transmission
164(1)
14.3 Major Virus Diseases
165(7)
14.3.1 Aphid-Transmitted Viruses
165(2)
14.3.2 Whitefly-Transmitted Viruses
167(1)
14.3.3 Thrips-Transmitted Viruses
168(1)
14.3.4 Beetle-Transmitted Viruses
169(1)
14.3.5 Fungal-Transmitted Viruses
170(1)
14.3.6 Mechanically Transmitted Viruses
170(2)
14.4 Management Strategy for Virus Diseases
172(5)
14.4.1 Production of Virus-Free Vegetables by Using Insect-Proof Nets
172(1)
14.4.2 Integrated Management
172(2)
14.4.3 GAP Recommendations
174(1)
References
175(2)
15 Nematode Diseases and Their Management
177(10)
15.1 Introduction
177(1)
15.2 Nematode Management
178(9)
15.2.1 Exclusion
178(1)
15.2.2 Sanitation
179(1)
15.2.3 Physical Approaches
180(3)
15.2.4 Host Plant Resistance
183(1)
15.2.5 Chemical Nematicides
184(1)
15.2.6 Biological Control
185(1)
15.2.7 Integrated Methods
185(1)
References
185(2)
16 Insects Pests and Their Management
187(20)
16.1 Introduction
187(1)
16.2 Aphids
188(1)
16.2.1 Monitoring
188(1)
16.2.2 Management
188(1)
16.2.3 Main Insecticides
189(1)
16.3 Caterpillars
189(1)
16.3.1 Tobacco Caterpillar, S. litura
189(1)
16.3.2 Tomato Fruit Borer, H. armigera
189(1)
16.3.3 Management
190(1)
16.3.4 Main Insecticides
190(1)
16.4 Leaf Miners
190(1)
16.4.1 Management
190(1)
16.4.2 Main Insecticides
191(1)
16.5 Thrips
191(1)
16.5.1 Monitoring
191(1)
16.5.2 Management
191(1)
16.5.3 Main Insecticides
191(1)
16.6 Whiteflies
192(1)
16.6.1 Monitoring
192(1)
16.6.2 Management
192(1)
16.6.3 Main Insecticides
192(1)
16.7 Leaf Rollers (Tortricidae)
192(1)
16.7.1 Management
193(1)
16.7.2 Main Insecticides
193(1)
16.8 Scale Insects and Mealybugs
193(1)
16.8.1 Management
193(1)
16.8.2 Main Insecticides
193(1)
16.9 Weevils, Otiorhynchus spp
193(1)
16.9.1 Management
193(1)
16.9.2 Main Insecticides
194(1)
16.10 Sciaridae
194(1)
16.10.1 Management
194(1)
16.10.2 Main Insecticides
194(1)
16.11 Slugs
194(1)
16.11.1 Management
194(1)
16.11.2 Main Molluscicides
194(1)
16.12 Management Strategies
194(5)
16.12.1 Avoidance
194(3)
16.12.2 Early Detection
197(1)
16.12.3 Curative Measures
198(1)
16.13 Future Thrusts
199(8)
17 Aphids and Their Management
207(6)
17.1 Introduction
207(1)
17.2 Crop Scouting and Trapping
207(1)
17.3 Biological Control
208(2)
17.4 Biorational Pesticides
210(1)
17.5 Insect Growth Regulators
210(1)
17.6 Conclusions
211(2)
References
211(2)
18 Thrips and Their Management
213(8)
18.1 Introduction
213(1)
18.2 Biology and Identification
213(1)
18.3 Crop Scouting and Trapping
214(1)
18.4 Sanitation
215(1)
18.5 Insect Screening
215(1)
18.6 Cultural Controls
216(1)
18.7 Biological Control
216(2)
18.7.1 Notes on Biological Control of Thrips
216(2)
18.8 Biorational Pesticides
218(1)
18.8.1 Notes on Biorational Control of Thrips
219(1)
18.9 Insect Growth Regulators
219(1)
18.10 Integrated Management
219(1)
18.11 Conclusions
220(1)
References
220(1)
19 Whiteflies and Their Management
221(6)
19.1 Introduction
221(1)
19.2 Crop Scouting and Trapping
221(1)
19.3 Biology
222(1)
19.4 Biological Control
222(1)
19.5 Biopesticides
223(1)
19.6 Biorational Pesticides
224(1)
19.7 Insect Growth Regulators
225(1)
19.8 Controlled Atmosphere
226(1)
19.9 Integrated Management
226(1)
References
226(1)
20 Pest and Predatory Mites
227(18)
20.1 Introduction
227(1)
20.2 Pest Mites
228(10)
20.2.1 Spider Mites
228(3)
20.2.2 Tarsonemid Mites
231(4)
20.2.3 Eriophyid Mites
235(1)
20.2.4 Acarid Mites
236(1)
20.2.5 General Management of Pest Mites
237(1)
20.3 Predatory Mites
238(7)
20.3.1 Introduction
238(1)
20.3.2 Phytoseiid Mites
238(5)
20.3.3 Laelapid Mites
243(1)
References
244(1)
21 Strawberry
245(16)
21.1 Introduction
245(1)
21.2 Varieties
246(1)
21.2.1 Early and Midsummer Varieties
246(1)
21.2.2 Midsummer Varieties
246(1)
21.2.3 Late Summer Varieties
246(1)
21.3 Diseases
246(8)
21.3.1 Gray Mold, Botrytis cinerea
246(1)
21.3.2 Anthracnose, Colletotrichum fragariae, C. gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum
247(1)
21.3.3 Powdery Mildew, Sphaerotheca macularis
248(1)
21.3.4 Red Stele, Phytophthora fragariae
249(1)
21.3.5 Verticillium Wilt, Verticillium dahliae
250(1)
21.3.6 Leaf Scorch, Diplocarpon earlianum
251(1)
21.3.7 Angular Leaf Spot, Xanthomonas fragariae
252(2)
21.4 Insect and Mite Pests
254(7)
21.4.1 Spider Mites, Tetranychus urticae, and T. turkestani
254(1)
21.4.2 Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua
255(1)
21.4.3 Aphids (Peach Aphid, Potato Aphid, Melon Aphid, and Strawberry Aphid), Myzus persicae, Macrosiphon euphorbiae, Aphis gossypii, and Chaetosiphon fragaefolii
256(1)
21.4.4 Whiteflies, Trialeurodes vaporariorum
257(1)
21.4.5 Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica
257(1)
21.4.6 Loopers (Cabbage Looper), Trichoplusia ni
258(1)
21.4.7 Thrips (Western Flower Thrips), Frankliniella occidentalis
258(1)
21.4.8 Weevils (Strawberry Root Weevil, Rough Strawberry Root Weevil, and Black Vine Weevil), Otiorhynchus spp
259(1)
21.4.9 Slugs, Arion hortensis, and Deroceras reticulatum
259(2)
22 Tomato
261(22)
22.1 Introduction
261(1)
22.2 Varieties
261(1)
22.3 Insect and Mite Pests
262(3)
22.3.1 Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci
262(1)
22.3.2 Serpentine Leaf Miner, Liriomyza trifolii
262(1)
22.3.3 Fruit Borer, Helicoverpa armigera
263(1)
22.3.4 Tobacco Caterpillar, Spodoptera litura
263(1)
22.3.5 Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and Thrips tabaci
263(1)
22.3.6 Red Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae
264(1)
22.3.7 Flow Chart for Insect Pest Management
265(1)
22.4 Diseases
265(11)
22.4.1 Early Blight, Alternaria solani
265(1)
22.4.2 Late Blight, Phytophthora infestans
266(1)
22.4.3 Gray Mold, Botrytis cinerea
266(2)
22.4.4 Leaf Mold, Fulvia fulva (Cladosporium fulvum)
268(1)
22.4.5 Powdery Mildew, Oidium neolycopersici
268(1)
22.4.6 Cercospora Leaf Spot, Cercospora sp
269(1)
22.4.7 Corky Root Rot, Pyrenochaeta lycopersici
269(1)
22.4.8 Crown and Root Rot, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici
270(1)
22.4.9 Bacterial Canker, Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis (Corynebacterium michiganense ssp. michiganense)
270(1)
22.4.10 Soft Rots, Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora, E. carotovora ssp. atroseptica
271(1)
22.4.11 Pith Necrosis, Pseudomonas viridiflava, P. corrugata, and P. cichorii
272(1)
22.4.12 Bacterial Speck, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
272(1)
22.4.13 Bacterial Spot, Xanthomonas vesicatoria
273(1)
22.4.14 Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
273(1)
22.4.15 Tomato Mosaic Virus (ToMV)
274(1)
22.4.16 Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV)
275(1)
22.4.17 Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV)
275(1)
22.4.18 Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV)
276(1)
22.5 Nematodes
276(1)
22.5.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp
276(1)
22.6 IPM Package for Management of Insect Pests, Diseases, and Nematodes
277(6)
22.6.1 Implementation of IPM Scouting Programs
278(1)
22.6.2 Soil Solarization to Control Root-Knot Nematodes
278(1)
22.6.3 Integrated Fungicidal Control Programs
279(2)
References
281(2)
23 Bell Pepper
283(14)
23.1 Introduction
283(1)
23.2 Varieties Suitable for Greenhouse Production
284(1)
23.3 Diseases
284(6)
23.3.1 Damping-Off, Pythium spp, and Rhizoctonia solani
284(1)
23.3.2 Fusarium Stem and Fruit Rot, Fusarium solani
285(1)
23.3.3 Cercospora Leaf Spot, Cercospora capsici
285(1)
23.3.4 Gray Mold, Botrytis sp
285(1)
23.3.5 Anthracnose, Colletotrichum capsici
286(1)
23.3.6 Powdery Mildew, Leveillula taurica
286(1)
23.3.7 Phythopthora Blight, Phytophthora capsici
287(1)
23.3.8 Bacterial Wilt, Ralstonia solanacearum
287(1)
23.3.9 Bacterial Spot, Xanthomonas vesicatoria
288(1)
23.3.10 Bacterial Soft Rot, Erwinia carotovora
289(1)
23.3.11 Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMV)
289(1)
23.3.12 Tobacco Mosaic Virus
290(1)
23.3.13 Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV)
290(1)
23.3.14 Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV)
290(1)
23.4 Insect Pests
290(5)
23.4.1 Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis
290(1)
23.4.2 Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae
291(1)
23.4.3 Aphids, Myzus persicae
291(1)
23.4.4 Tobacco Caterpillar, Spodoptera sp
292(1)
23.4.5 Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum
293(1)
23.4.6 Leaf Miners, Liriomyza spp
293(1)
23.4.7 Flow Chart for Insect Pest Management in Capsicum
293(2)
23.5 Nematodes
295(2)
23.5.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp
295(1)
References
296(1)
24 Cucumber
297(16)
24.1 Introduction
297(1)
24.2 Greenhouse Cucumber Varieties
297(1)
24.3 Diseases
298(8)
24.3.1 Anthracnose, Colletotrichum orbiculare
298(1)
24.3.2 Gray Mold, Botrytis cinerea
299(1)
24.3.3 Gummy Stem Blight, Didymella bryoniae or Mycosphaerella cucumis
299(1)
24.3.4 Powdery Mildew, Sphaerotheca fuliginea
299(1)
24.3.5 Root Rot, Pythium spp
300(1)
24.3.6 Black Root Rot, Phomopsis sclerotioides
300(1)
24.3.7 Scab, Cladosporium cucumerinum
301(1)
24.3.8 Downy Mildew, Pseudoperonospora cubensis
301(2)
24.3.9 Angular Leaf Spot, Pseudomonas syringae pv lachrymans
303(1)
24.3.10 Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV)
304(1)
24.3.11 Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus (CGMMV)
304(1)
24.3.12 Cucumber Vein Yellowing Virus (CVYV)
305(1)
24.3.13 Cucurbit Yellow Stunting Disorder Virus (CYSDV)
305(1)
24.4 Insect and Mite Pests
306(4)
24.4.1 Sciarid Fly, Brady sia paupera
306(1)
24.4.2 Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum
307(1)
24.4.3 Red Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae
308(1)
24.4.4 Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis
309(1)
24.4.5 Aphids, Aphis gossypii
309(1)
24.4.6 Slugs and Snails
309(1)
24.5 Pest and Disease Management
310(3)
References
311(2)
25 Cole Crops
313(14)
25.1 Introduction
313(1)
25.2 Diseases
314(6)
25.2.1 Black Rot, Xanthomonas campestris
314(1)
25.2.2 Black Leg, Phoma lingam
315(1)
25.2.3 Wire Stem/Damping-Off, Rhizoctonia solani
316(1)
25.2.4 Leaf Spot, Alternaria brassicae, and Alternaria brassicola (Mycosphaerella brassicicola)
316(1)
25.2.5 Downy Mildew, Hyaloperonospora parasitica
317(1)
25.2.6 Club Root, Plasmodiophora brassicae
318(1)
25.2.7 Stem Rot (White Mold), Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
318(1)
25.2.8 White Rust, Albugo candida
319(1)
25.2.9 Powdery Mildew, Erysiphe cruciferarum
319(1)
25.2.10 Broccoli Head Rot, Pseudomonas marginalis
320(1)
25.3 Insect Pests
320(6)
25.3.1 Flea Beetle, Phyllotreta crucifera
320(1)
25.3.2 Cabbage Worm, Pieres rapae
321(1)
25.3.3 Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella
322(1)
25.3.4 Thrips (Western Flower Thrips, Onion Thrips), Frankliniella occidentalis, and Thrips tabaci
323(1)
25.3.5 Cabbage Maggot, Delia radicum
323(1)
25.3.6 Cutworms, Agrotis ipsilon
324(1)
25.3.7 Aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae
324(1)
25.3.8 Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris
325(1)
25.3.9 Slugs
325(1)
25.4 Nematodes
326(1)
25.4.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp
326(1)
References
326(1)
26 Lettuce
327(10)
26.1 Introduction
327(1)
26.2 Varieties
327(1)
26.2.1 Butterhead Vatieties
327(1)
26.2.2 Loose Leaf Varieties
327(1)
26.3 Diseases
328(3)
26.3.1 Downy Mildew, Bremia lactucae
328(1)
26.3.2 Bottom Rot, Thanatephorus cucumeris, Sclerotinia spp, and Botryotinia fuckeliana
328(1)
26.3.3 Lettuce Big-Vein Varicosavirus
329(1)
26.3.4 Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus (CMV)
330(1)
26.3.5 Lettuce Mosaic Potyvirus (LMV)
330(1)
26.4 Insect Pests
331(2)
26.4.1 Aphids, Myzus persicae
331(1)
26.4.2 Noctuids, Agrotis ipsilon
332(1)
26.4.3 Leaf Miners, Liriomyza spp
332(1)
26.4.4 Slugs
333(1)
26.5 Nematodes
333(1)
26.5.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp
333(1)
26.6 Good Plant Protection Practices (GPP)
334(3)
26.6.1 Difficulties in Protected Cultivation of Lettuce Crop
334(1)
26.6.2 Guidelines for Good Plant Protection Practices
334(3)
27 Rose
337(8)
27.1 Introduction
337(1)
27.2 Varieties
337(1)
27.3 Diseases
337(2)
27.3.1 Dieback, Diplodia rosarum
337(1)
27.3.2 Black Spot, Diplocarpon rosae
338(1)
27.3.3 Powdery Mildew, Sphaerotheca pannosa var rosae
338(1)
27.3.4 Rust, Phragmidium mucronatum
338(1)
27.4 Insect and Mite Pests
339(6)
27.4.1 Thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis
339(1)
27.4.2 Two Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae
340(2)
27.4.3 Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci
342(1)
27.4.4 Tobacco Budworm, Spodoptera litura
343(1)
27.4.5 Aphids, Macrosiphum rosae
343(1)
Reference
344(1)
28 Carnation
345(10)
28.1 Introduction
345(1)
28.2 Types and Varieties
345(1)
28.2.1 Standard Type
345(1)
28.2.2 Spray Type
346(1)
28.2.3 Dianthine Type
346(1)
28.2.4 Mignon and Microtype
346(1)
28.3 Insect and Mite Pests
346(3)
28.3.1 Thrips, Frankliniella schultzei
346(1)
28.3.2 Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae
347(1)
28.3.3 Bud Borer, Helicoverpa armigera
348(1)
28.3.4 Aphids, Myzus persicae
348(1)
28.4 Diseases
349(3)
28.4.1 Powdery Mildew, Oidium dianthi
349(1)
28.4.2 Black Spot, Alternaria dianthi
349(1)
28.4.3 Gray Mold, Botrytis cinerea
349(1)
28.4.4 Foot Rot, Phytophthora sp
350(1)
28.4.5 Root Rot, Pythium sp
350(1)
28.4.6 Stem Rot and Wilt, Fusarium sp
350(1)
28.4.7 Rust, Uromyces dianthi (= Uromyces caryophyllinus)
351(1)
28.4.8 Bacterial Wilt, Burkholderia caryophylli
351(1)
28.4.9 Slow Wilt/Bacterial Stunt, Dickey a dianthicola
352(1)
28.5 Nematodes
352(3)
28.5.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
352(1)
28.5.2 Spiral Nematode, Helicotylenchus dihystera
353(1)
References
354(1)
29 Gerbera
355(8)
29.1 Introduction
355(1)
29.2 Varieties
356(1)
29.3 Diseases
356(2)
29.3.1 Powdery Mildew, Golovinomyces (Erysiphe) cichoracearum
356(1)
29.3.2 Collar Rot, Phytophthora cryptogea
356(1)
29.3.3 Root Rot, Pythium sp
356(1)
29.3.4 Stem Rot, Fusarium solani
357(1)
29.3.5 Leaf Spot, Alternaria sp
357(1)
29.4 Insect and Mite Pests
358(3)
29.4.1 Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci
358(1)
29.4.2 Aphid, Myzus persicae
358(2)
29.4.3 Leaf Miner, Liriomyza trifolii
360(1)
29.4.4 Thrips, Thrips palmi
360(1)
29.4.5 Mites, Polyphagotarsonemus latus
361(1)
29.5 Nematodes
361(2)
29.5.1 Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita
361(1)
29.5.2 Spiral Nematode, Helicotylenchus dihystera
361(1)
References
362(1)
30 Chrysanthemum
363(12)
30.1 Introduction
363(1)
30.2 Varieties
363(1)
30.2.1 Large Flowered (Exhibits)
363(1)
30.2.2 Small Flowered (Cut Flowers)
364(1)
30.2.3 Small Flowered (Pot Culture)
364(1)
30.3 Diseases
364(2)
30.3.1 Root Rot, Pythium spp., Phytophthora spp
364(1)
30.3.2 Leaf Spot, Septoria chrysanthemella
364(1)
30.3.3 Wilt, Verticillium dahliae
365(1)
30.3.4 White Rust, Puccinia horiana
365(1)
30.3.5 Powdery Mildew, Oidium chrysanthemi
365(1)
30.3.6 Chrysanthemum Stunt Virus
365(1)
30.4 Insect and Mite Pests
366(7)
30.4.1 Aphid, Macrosiphoniella sanborni
366(1)
30.4.2 Thrips, Microcephalothrips abdominalis
367(1)
30.4.3 Leaf Miner, Phytomyza syngenesiae
367(6)
30.4.4 Leaf Folder, Omiodes indicata
373(1)
30.4.5 Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae
373(1)
30.5 Nematodes
373(2)
30.5.1 Foliar Nematode, Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
373(1)
References
374(1)
31 Gladiolus
375(6)
31.1 Introduction
375(1)
31.2 Varieties
375(1)
31.3 Diseases
375(3)
31.3.1 Fusarium Yellows and Corm Rot, Fusarium oxysporum f sp gladioli
375(1)
31.3.2 Gray Mold, Botrytis cinerea
376(1)
31.3.3 Corm Rot, Fusarium sp
377(1)
31.3.4 Curvularia Blight
377(1)
31.4 Insect and Mite Pests
378(2)
31.4.1 Aphids, Aphis gossypii, and A. craccivora
378(1)
31.4.2 Thrips, Taeniothrips simplex
378(1)
31.4.3 Cutworms, Agrotis segetum
378(1)
31.4.4 Leaf Eating Caterpillar, Spodoptera litura
379(1)
31.4.5 Mealybug
379(1)
31.4.6 Borer, Helicoverpa armigera
379(1)
31.4.7 Mites, Tetranychus equatorius
379(1)
31.5 Nematodes
380(1)
31.5.1 Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp
380(1)
References
380(1)
32 Lilies
381(12)
32.1 Introduction
381(1)
32.2 Varieties
381(1)
32.3 Insect and Mite Pests
381(4)
32.3.1 Aphids, Neomyzus circumflexus
381(1)
32.3.2 Bulb Mites, Rhizoglyphus echinopus
382(1)
32.3.3 Beetle, Lilioceris lilii
383(1)
32.3.4 Thrips, Liothrips vaneeckii
384(1)
32.3.5 Weevil, Agasphaerops nigra
384(1)
32.3.6 Slugs and Snails
384(1)
32.3.7 Symphylids
384(1)
32.4 Diseases
385(4)
32.4.1 Basal Rot, Fusarium oxysporum var lilii
385(1)
32.4.2 Botrytis Blight, Botrytis elliptica, and B. cinerea
386(1)
32.4.3 Root Rot, Rhizoctonia solani
387(1)
32.4.4 Southern Wilt, Sclerotium rolfsii var delphinii
387(1)
32.4.5 Damping-Off, Pythium, Phytophthora, and Rhizoctonia spp
388(1)
32.4.6 Viral Diseases
388(1)
32.5 Nematodes
389(4)
32.5.1 Root-Knot, Lesion, and Foliar Nematodes
389(4)
33 Orchids
393(16)
33.1 Introduction
393(1)
33.2 Species and Hybrids
393(1)
33.2.1 Vandas
394(1)
33.2.2 Dendrobiums
394(1)
33.2.3 Phalaenopsis
394(1)
33.2.4 Cattleyas
394(1)
33.2.5 Cymbidiums
394(1)
33.2.6 Oncidiums
394(1)
33.2.7 Epidendrums
394(1)
33.3 Insect and Mite Pests
394(5)
33.3.1 Scale, Diaspis boisduvalii
394(2)
33.3.2 Mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus
396(1)
33.3.3 Thrips, Anaphorathrips orchidii
396(1)
33.3.4 Aphids, Macrosiphum luteum
397(1)
33.3.5 Whiteflies, Aleurothrix sp.
397(1)
33.3.6 Caterpillars
397(1)
33.3.7 Mite, Brevipalpus sp.
398(1)
33.3.8 Snails and Slugs, Achatina fulica
399(1)
33.4 Diseases
399(10)
33.4.1 Black Rot, Pythium and Phytophthora spp.
399(2)
33.4.2 Fusarium Wilt, Fusarium sp.
401(1)
33.4.3 Root Rot, Rhizoctonia sp.
401(1)
33.4.4 Anthracnose, Colletotrichum and Glomerella spp.
402(1)
33.4.5 Leaf Spots, Cercospora, Septoria, Guignardia/Phyllosticta spp.
402(1)
33.4.6 Petal Blight, Botrytis sp.
403(1)
33.4.7 Bacterial Soft and Brown Rot, Erwinia spp.
403(1)
33.4.8 Bacterial Brown Spot, Acidovorax sp. (syn Pseudomonas sp.)
404(1)
33.4.9 Viral Diseases
405(4)
34 Anthuriums
409(14)
34.1 Introduction
409(1)
34.2 Varieties
409(1)
34.3 Insect and Mite Pests
410(2)
34.3.1 Whiteny, Aleurotulus anthuricola
410(1)
34.3.2 Thrips, Chaetanaphothrips orchidii
410(1)
34.3.3 Mites, Brevipalpus spp
411(1)
34.3.4 Citrus Red Mite, Panonychus citri
411(1)
34.3.5 Caterpillars
412(1)
34.3.6 Snails
412(1)
34.4 Diseases
412(7)
34.4.1 Bacterial Blight, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv dieffenbachiae (Syn Xanthomonas campestris pv dieffenbachiae)
412(3)
34.4.2 Bacterial Wilt, Ralstonia solanacearum
415(1)
34.4.3 Rhizoctonia Root Rot, Rhizoctonia solani
416(1)
34.4.4 Root Rot, Phytophthora/Pythium
417(1)
34.4.5 Black Nose, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
417(2)
34.5 Nematodes
419(4)
34.5.1 Burrowing Nematode, Radopholus similis
419(2)
References
421(2)
35 The Way Forward
423(6)
35.1 Introduction
424(1)
35.2 Biological Control
424(1)
35.3 Biorational Pesticides
425(1)
35.4 Management of Soilborne Pathogens
425(1)
35.4.1 Solarization
426(1)
35.4.2 Grafting Technology
426(1)
35.5 Host Resistance
426(1)
35.6 Guided Chemical Control
426(1)
35.7 Genetic Engineering
427(1)
35.8 Integrated Pest Management
427(1)
35.9 Conclusions
428(1)
Index 429
Dr. P. Parvatha Reddy obtained his Ph.D. degree jointly from the University of Florida, USA and the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore.

Dr. Reddy served as the Director of the prestigious Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR) at Bangalore from 1999 to 2002 during which period the Institute was honored with ICAR Best Institution Award. He also served as the Head, Division of Entomology and Nematology at IIHR and gave tremendous impetus and direction to research, extension and education in developing bio-intensive integrated pest management strategies in horticultural crops. These technologies are being practiced widely by the farmers across the country since they are effective, economical, eco-friendly and residue-free. Dr. Reddy has about 34 years of experience working with horticultural crops and involved in developing an F1 tomato hybrid Arka Varadan resistant to root-knot nematodes.     



Dr. Reddy has over 250 scientific publications to his credit, which also include 30 books. He has also guided two Ph.D. students at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore.





Dr. Reddy served as Chairman, Research Advisory Committee, Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi; Member, RAC of National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi; National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur and the Project Directorate of Biological Control, Bang

alore. He served as a Member, QRT to review the progress of AICRP on Nematodes; AINRP on Betelvine; Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Trivandrum and AICRP on Tuber Crops. He also served as a Member of the Expert Panel for monitoring the research program of National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) in the theme of Horticulture including Pest Dynamics and Pollinators. He is the Honorary Fellow of the Society for Plant Protection Sciences, New Delhi; Fellow of the Indian Phytopathological Society, New Delhi and Founder President of the Association for Advancement of Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems (AAPMHE), Bangalore.





























Dr. Reddy has been awarded with the prestigious Association for Advancement Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems Award, Dr. G.I. Dsouza Memorial Lecture Award, Prof. H.M. Shah Memorial Award and Hexamar Agricultural Research and Development Foundation Award for his unstinted efforts in developing sustainable, bio-intensive and eco-friendly integrated pest management strategies in horticultural crops.





Dr. Reddy has organized Fourth International Workshop on Biological Control and Management of Chromolaena odorata, National Seminar on Hitech Horticulture, First National Symposium on Pest Management in Horticultural Crops: Environmental Implications and Thrusts and Second National Symposium on Pest Management in Horticultural Crops: N

ew Molecules and Biopesticides.