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Basic Nuclear Processes in Radioactive Sources |
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1 | (16) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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The Radioactive Decay Law |
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10 | (7) |
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Fluctuations in Radioactive Decay |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (2) |
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Radioisotope Production by Irradiation |
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14 | (3) |
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Passage of Radiation Through Matter |
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17 | (52) |
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Preliminary Notions and Definitions |
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17 | (4) |
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18 | (1) |
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Interaction Probability in a Distance x. Mean Free Path |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Energy Loss of Heavy Charged Particles by Atomic Collisions |
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21 | (14) |
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Bohr's Calculation - The Classical Case |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (3) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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dE/dx for Mixtures and Compounds |
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29 | (1) |
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Limitations of the Bethe-Bloch Formula and Other Effects |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (5) |
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35 | (2) |
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Energy Loss of Electrons and Positrons |
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37 | (7) |
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37 | (1) |
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Energy Loss by Radiation: Bremsstrahlung |
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38 | (2) |
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Electron-Electron Bremsstrahlung |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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The Absorption of β Electrons |
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43 | (1) |
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Multiple Coulomb Scattering |
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44 | (5) |
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Multiple Scattering in the Gaussian Approximation |
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46 | (2) |
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Backscattering of Low-Energy Electrons |
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48 | (1) |
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Energy Straggling: The Energy Loss Distribution |
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49 | (4) |
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Thick Absorbers: The Gaussian Limit |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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Thin Absorbers: The Landau and Vavilov Theories |
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50 | (3) |
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The Interaction of Photons |
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53 | (10) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (3) |
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The Total Absorption Coefficient and Photon Attenuation |
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62 | (1) |
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The Interaction of Neutrons |
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63 | (6) |
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Slowing Down of Neutrons. Moderation |
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65 | (4) |
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Radiation Protection. Biological Effects of Radiation |
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69 | (12) |
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69 | (4) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Typical Doses from Sources in the Environment |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (3) |
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High Doses Received in a Short Time |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Radiation Safety in the Nuclear Physics Laboratory |
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79 | (2) |
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Statistics and the Treatment of Experimental Data |
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81 | (34) |
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Characteristics of Probability Distributions |
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81 | (3) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Distribution Moments. The Mean and Variance |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Some Common Probability Distributions |
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84 | (5) |
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The Binomial Distribution |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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The Gaussian or Normal Distribution |
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86 | (2) |
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The Chi-Square Distribution |
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88 | (1) |
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Measurement Errors and the Measurement Process |
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89 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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Sampling and Parameter Estimation. The Maximum Likelihood Method |
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91 | (6) |
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91 | (1) |
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The Maximum Likelihood Method |
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92 | (1) |
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Estimator for the Poisson Distribution |
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93 | (1) |
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Estimators for the Gaussian Distribution |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (4) |
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Mean and Error from a Series of Measurements |
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97 | (1) |
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Combining Data with Different Errors |
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97 | (1) |
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Determination of Count Rates and Their Errors |
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98 | (1) |
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Null Experiments. Setting Confidence Limits When No Counts Are Observed |
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98 | (2) |
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Distribution of Time Intervals Between Counts |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (9) |
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104 | (1) |
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Linear Fits. The Straight Line |
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105 | (3) |
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Linear Fits When Both Variables Have Errors |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (4) |
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Some General Rules for Rounding-off Numbers for Final Presentation |
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112 | (3) |
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General Characteristics of Detectors |
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115 | (12) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Energy Resolution. The Fano Factor |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (5) |
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124 | (3) |
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127 | (30) |
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Gaseous Ionization Detectors |
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127 | (3) |
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Ionization and Transport Phenomena in Gases |
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130 | (3) |
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130 | (1) |
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Mean Number of Electron-Ion Pairs Created |
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131 | (1) |
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Recombination and Electron Attachment |
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132 | (1) |
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Transport of Electrons and Ions in Gases |
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133 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (2) |
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The Cylindrical Proportional Counter |
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137 | (4) |
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Pulse Formation and Shape |
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137 | (3) |
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140 | (1) |
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The Multiwire Proportional Chamber (MWPC) |
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141 | (8) |
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Basic Operating Principle |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (2) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Operation in Magnetic Fields |
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151 | (1) |
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The Time Projection Chamber (TPC) |
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151 | (3) |
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Liquid Ionization Detectors (LID) |
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154 | (3) |
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157 | (20) |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (6) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (6) |
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168 | (3) |
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171 | (1) |
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Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) |
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171 | (2) |
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Intrinsic Detection Efficiency for Various Radiations |
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173 | (4) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (22) |
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Basic Construction and Operation |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (2) |
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The Electron-Optical Input System |
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180 | (1) |
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The Electron-Multiplier Section |
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181 | (4) |
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182 | (2) |
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Multiplier Response: The Single-Electron Spectrum |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (5) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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Electrode Current. Linearity |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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Time Response and Resolution |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (2) |
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Dark Current and Afterpulsing |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (3) |
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Exposure to Ambient Light |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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Gain Stability, Count Rate Shift |
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197 | (2) |
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Scintillation Detector Mounting and Operation |
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199 | (16) |
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199 | (2) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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Multiple Photomultipliers |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (2) |
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Fluorescent Radiation Converters |
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204 | (1) |
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Mounting a Scintillation Detector: An Example |
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205 | (3) |
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Scintillation Counter Operation |
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208 | (7) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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The Scintillation Counter Plateau |
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209 | (4) |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (34) |
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Basic Semiconductor Properties |
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215 | (5) |
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216 | (1) |
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Charge Carriers in Semiconductors |
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217 | (1) |
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Intrinsic Charge Carrier Concentration |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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Recombination and Trapping |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (3) |
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222 | (1) |
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The np Semiconductor Junction. Depletion Depth |
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223 | (4) |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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Detector Characteristics of Semiconductors |
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227 | (6) |
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Average Energy per Electron-Hole Pair |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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The Fano Factor and Intrinsic Energy Resolution |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Sensitivity and Intrinsic Efficiency |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (2) |
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233 | (1) |
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Surface Barrier Detectors (SSB) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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Lithium-Drifted Silicon Diodes - Si(Li) |
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235 | (1) |
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Position-Sensitive Detectors |
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235 | (4) |
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Continuous and Discrete Detectors |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (1) |
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Novel Position-Sensing Detectors |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (3) |
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Lithium-Drifted Germanium - Ge(Li) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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Gamma Spectroscopy with Germanium Detectors |
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241 | (1) |
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Other Semiconductor Materials |
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242 | (1) |
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Operation of Semiconductor Detectors |
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243 | (6) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (3) |
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Pulse Signals in Nuclear Electronics |
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249 | (8) |
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249 | (1) |
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Analog and Digital Signals |
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250 | (2) |
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252 | (1) |
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The Frequency Domain. Bandwidth |
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253 | (4) |
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257 | (6) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (3) |
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TTL and ECL Logic Signals |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (14) |
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263 | (3) |
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265 | (1) |
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The General Wave Equation for a Coaxial Line |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (2) |
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Cable Termination. Impedance Matching |
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270 | (2) |
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Losses in Coaxial Cables. Pulse Distortion |
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272 | (5) |
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Cable Response. Pulse Distortion |
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275 | (2) |
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Electronics for Pulse Signal Processing |
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277 | (26) |
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277 | (3) |
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Resistive vs Optical Feedback |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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Pulse Shaping Networks in Amplifiers |
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280 | (4) |
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281 | (1) |
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Pole-Zero Cancellation and Baseline Restoration |
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281 | (1) |
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Double Differentiation or CR-RC-CR Shaping |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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Single-Channel Analyzer (Differential Discriminator) |
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287 | (2) |
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Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC or A/D) |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC or D/A) |
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292 | (2) |
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Time to Amplitude Converters (TAC or TPHC) |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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Gate and Delay Generators |
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297 | (1) |
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Some Simple and Handy Circuits for Pulse Manipulation |
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297 | (2) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (4) |
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299 | (1) |
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High-Pass Filter or CR Differentiating Circuit |
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300 | (1) |
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RC Low-Pass Filter or Integrating Circuit |
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301 | (2) |
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Pulse Height Selection and Coincidence Technique |
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303 | (14) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (3) |
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SCA Calibration and Energy Spectrum Measurement |
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305 | (1) |
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A Note on Calibration Sources |
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306 | (1) |
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Pulse Height Spectroscopy with Multichannel Analyzers |
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307 | (3) |
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Basic Coincidence Technique |
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310 | (3) |
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Adjusting the Delays. The Coincidence Curve |
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311 | (1) |
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Adjusting Delays with the Oscilloscope |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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Combining Pulse Height Selection and Concidence Determination. The Fast-Slow Circuit |
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313 | (1) |
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Pulse Shape Discrimination |
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314 | (3) |
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Electronic Logic for Experiments |
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317 | (8) |
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Basic Logic Gates: Symbols |
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317 | (2) |
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Boolean Laws and Identities |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (4) |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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Measurement of the Muon Lifetime |
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323 | (2) |
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Timing Methods and Systems |
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325 | (10) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (2) |
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Leading Edge Triggering (LE) |
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326 | (1) |
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Fast Zero-Crossing Triggering |
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327 | (1) |
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Constant Fraction Triggering (CFT) |
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327 | (1) |
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Amplitude and Risetime Compensated Triggering (ARC) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (2) |
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The START-STOP Time-to-Amplitude Converter |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (5) |
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The Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (1) |
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Calibrating the Timing System |
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333 | (2) |
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Computer Controlled Electronics: CAMAC |
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335 | (18) |
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336 | (2) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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Electrical Standards: Digital Signals |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (5) |
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Common Control Signals (Z,C,I) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (5) |
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344 | (2) |
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346 | (2) |
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Multi-Crate Systems - The Branch Highway |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (4) |
| Appendix |
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353 | (6) |
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A. A Review of Oscilloscope Functions |
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353 | (4) |
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353 | (1) |
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A.1.1 Bandwidth and Risetime |
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353 | (1) |
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A.2 Controls and Operating Modes |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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A.2.2 Vertical and Horizontal Sensitivity |
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354 | (1) |
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A.2.3 Triggering (Synchronization) |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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A.3 Applications and Examples |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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A.3.2 Comparison of Signals |
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356 | (1) |
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B. Physical and Numerical Constants |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
| References |
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359 | (12) |
| Subject Index |
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371 | |
