Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

Technologies and Techniques in Gait Analysis: Past, present and future [Kõva köide]

Edited by (Staffordshire University, Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, UK)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 378 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm
  • Sari: Healthcare Technologies
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Jun-2022
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • ISBN-10: 1839531312
  • ISBN-13: 9781839531316
Teised raamatud teemal:
Technologies and Techniques in Gait Analysis: Past, present and futureSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 378 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm
  • Sari: Healthcare Technologies
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Jun-2022
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • ISBN-10: 1839531312
  • ISBN-13: 9781839531316
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781839531316.html
Märksõnad:

This edited book focuses on the hardware systems for gait analysis such as speed, pressure, or body angles as well as data visualisation and mathematical models for interpreting this data. The book is written by a range of international researchers from academia, industry, and clinical settings.



Gait analysis is the study of the walking or running pattern of an individual. This can include spatial and temporal measurements such as step length, stride length and speed along with angular measurements of various joints and the interplay between various parts like the foot, hip, pelvis or spine when walking. Gait analysis can be used to assess clinical conditions and design effective rehabilitation; for example, following limb injury or amputation, or other disorders such as a stroke or Parkinson's diagnosis. It can be used to influence intervention decisions, such as whether a patient should undergo surgery, further physiotherapy, or begin a particular treatment regime. Gait analysis can also be used in sports science to monitor and review performance and technique.

Gait can be recorded in a variety of ways, including pressure sensors, force plates, in-shoe pressure systems, through marker-based or marker-less systems using various cameras or sensors to calculate body positions in a set sequence of movements.

This book focuses on both the hardware systems for collecting data as well as data visualisation and mathematical models for interpreting the data. It is written by a range of international researchers from academia, industry, and clinical settings, providing a complete overview of gait analysis technologies suitable for an audience of engineers in rehabilitation technologies or other biomedical engineering fields.

About the editor xiii
1 Introduction to gait analysis
1(16)
Kristiaan D'Aout
Aoife Healy
Nicola Eddison
Nachiappan Chockalingam
1.1 Describing the basic gait pattern: spatiotemporal variables
1(3)
1.2 Segment and joint kinematics
4(1)
1.3 Overview of kinematic techniques used in gait analysis
5(3)
1.3.1 Video
5(1)
1.3.2 Camera-based motion capture systems
6(1)
1.3.3 Non-camera-based motion capture systems
7(1)
1.4 Gait analysis - beyond kinematics
8(2)
1.4.1 Measuring forces
8(1)
1.4.2 Combining kinematics and kinetics - modelling
8(1)
1.4.3 Measuring pressures
9(1)
1.4.4 Measuring physiology
9(1)
1.5 Introduction to healthy gait biomechanics
10(2)
1.6 Uses and applications of gait analysis
12(2)
1.6.1 Fundamental understanding of gait
12(1)
1.6.2 Athletic performance and injury prevention
13(1)
1.6.3 Footwear design
13(1)
1.6.4 Pathological gait
13(1)
1.6.5 Gait and ageing
13(1)
1.6.6 Gait and prosthetics
13(1)
1.6.7 Clinical applicability
14(1)
1.7 Conclusion
14(3)
References
14(3)
2 Gait analysis - a historical perspective
17(44)
Tom Shannon
2.1 Introduction
17(3)
2.2 The ancient world
20(1)
2.3 The renaissance
20(2)
2.4 The enlightenment and the nineteenth century
22(9)
2.5 The twentieth century
31(3)
2.6 Post Second War
34(3)
2.7 Electromyography
37(4)
2.8 The development of motion analysis systems
41(3)
2.9 The introduction of the computer
44(1)
2.10 Retro-reflectivity
44(2)
2.11 The commercialisation of optical motion capture technologies
46(2)
2.12 The rise of clinical gait analysis
48(2)
2.13 The introduction of solid-state camera technologies
50(1)
2.14 The development of unified biomechanical models
51(1)
2.15 Wider applications of motion capture
52(9)
References
56(5)
3 Gait analysis - kinematics
61(24)
Robert A. Needham
Jonathan K. Sinclair
Michael Lawson
Roozbeh Naemi
Nachiappan Chockalingam
3.1 Introduction
61(1)
3.2 Optoelectronic stereophotogrammetric marker-based systems
61(1)
3.3 Soft tissue artefact
62(1)
3.4 Kinematic modelling of the pelvis and lower limbs
62(4)
3.5 Pelvis alternative models
66(1)
3.6 Kinematic modelling of the spine and trunk
66(2)
3.6.1 Two-dimensional modelling of the trunk and spine
66(1)
3.6.2 Three-dimensional modelling of the thoracic region
67(1)
3.6.3 3-D modelling of the lumbar region
67(1)
3.7 Inertial measurement units
68(1)
3.8 Quantifying kinematic parameters related to walking and running
69(3)
3.8.1 Number of steps and cadence
69(1)
3.8.2 Stride length, speed and distance
69(2)
3.8.3 Stance and swing
71(1)
3.9 Application of kinematic parameters related to walking and running
72(13)
3.9.1 Number of steps and cadence
72(1)
3.9.2 Stride length, speed and distance
73(1)
3.9.3 Stance and swing
73(2)
References
75(10)
4 Gait analysis - kinetics
85(24)
Claudia Giacomozzi
Aoife Healy
Nachiappan Chockalingam
4.1 Introduction
85(1)
4.2 Force transducers
86(4)
4.2.1 Introduction and properties
86(1)
4.2.2 Strain gauge transducers
87(2)
4.2.3 Piezoelectric transducers
89(1)
4.2.4 The six components of the load in a real transducer
90(1)
4.3 Force platforms
90(3)
4.4 Force platform calibration
93(3)
4.4.1 An active calibration device, oriented to six-component platforms
93(1)
4.4.2 A passive calibration device, oriented to three-component platforms
94(2)
4.5 Foot-ground pressure measurement systems
96(1)
4.6 Pressure sensors
96(2)
4.6.1 Sensor response and main sources of error
97(1)
4.7 Pressure platform types and assemblies
98(3)
4.7.1 Comparison of force and pressure platforms performance in posturography
100(1)
4.8 Pressure insoles
101(1)
4.9 Calibration of foot pressure measurement devices
102(3)
4.10 Recommendations for data collection
105(1)
4.11 Conclusions
105(4)
References
106(3)
5 Assessment of muscle function
109(30)
Steven Lindley
Dan Robbins
Amy Robinson
5.1 Introduction
109(1)
5.1.1 Terminology
109(1)
5.1.2 History of EMG
110(1)
5.2 Muscle physiology
110(1)
5.2.1 Neuromuscular anatomy
111(1)
5.2.2 Signal propagation
111(1)
5.3 Measuring neuromuscular function
111(6)
5.3.1 Innervation zone (IZ)
112(1)
5.3.2 Sensor placement
113(1)
5.3.3 Tissue properties
113(2)
5.3.4 Skin preparation
115(1)
5.3.5 Signal quality check
116(1)
5.4 EMG electrode and system design
117(7)
5.4.1 Electrode design
117(4)
5.4.2 Sensor and system design
121(1)
5.4.3 Sampling rate
122(1)
5.4.4 Reference electrode
122(1)
5.4.5 Inter-electrode spacing
123(1)
5.5 EMG decomposition
124(5)
5.5.1 Decomposition techniques
124(3)
5.5.2 EMG decomposition metrics
127(2)
5.6 Real-time EMG decomposition
129(1)
5.7 High-density surface EMG
130(3)
5.7.1 Instrumentation
131(1)
5.7.2 What can be found in the signal
132(1)
5.7.3 A look to the future
133(1)
5.8 Summary
133(6)
References
134(5)
6 Considerations for data analysis
139(26)
Brian L. Davis
Alexandria Mallinos
Brittany Sommers
6.1 Introduction
139(1)
6.2 Time domain analyses
140(3)
6.2.1 Strain gauge force transducers and socket reaction moments
140(1)
6.2.2 Force plates and GRF
141(1)
6.2.3 Motion capturing systems (3D)
141(2)
6.3 Frequency domain
143(1)
6.3.1 Accelerometry studies
143(1)
6.3.2 Application of FFT to quantify neural control
143(1)
6.4 Wavelet analyses
144(7)
6.4.1 Wavelets and wavelet transforms
145(1)
6.4.2 Wavelet families
145(1)
6.4.3 Continuous and discrete wavelet transforms
146(1)
6.4.4 Choosing the proper mother wavelet
147(3)
6.4.5 Applications of wavelets
150(1)
6.5 Factor analyses
151(3)
6.6 Data visualization approaches
154(5)
6.7 Summary
159(6)
References
159(6)
7 Novel technologies for gait analysis
165(48)
Tom Shannon
7.1 Introduction
165(6)
7.2 Application of gait analysis measurement technologies
171(2)
7.3 Wearable devices
173(10)
7.3.1 EMG
173(1)
7.3.2 Goniometers
173(1)
7.3.3 Insole pressure and force sensors
174(1)
7.3.4 IMUs
175(3)
7.3.5 Example of a clinical application using a single IMU - diabetic peripheral neuropathy
178(3)
7.3.6 Example of a single or dual limb IMU - sports science
181(1)
7.3.7 Capture of human ambulatory motion using IMU groups
182(1)
7.4 Floor-mounted kinematic and kinetic capture technologies
183(5)
7.4.1 Instrumented walkways
184(1)
7.4.2 Pressure measurement systems (pedobarograph)
185(1)
7.4.3 GRF plates
185(3)
7.5 Image processing motion capture
188(16)
7.5.1 Passive optical motion capture systems
188(2)
7.5.2 Retro-reflectivity
190(1)
7.5.3 Confirmation of retro-reflective marker performance
191(1)
7.5.4 Motion capture cameras
192(1)
7.5.5 Illuminating markers and removing background from images
192(1)
7.5.6 Detecting marker images in two-dimensions
192(3)
7.5.7 Compensating for lens non-linearity
195(1)
7.5.8 Three-dimensional calibration
196(1)
7.5.9 Marker labelling and trajectory management
197(1)
7.5.10 Performance of motion capture systems
197(1)
7.5.11 Independent protocol for quantifying the accuracy of motion analysis systems
197(3)
7.5.12 Biomechanical modelling
200(3)
7.5.13 Active marker motion capture systems
203(1)
7.6 Energy expenditure and oxygen consumption
204(1)
7.7 Clinical gait analysis, review and reporting
205(1)
7.8 Systematic review of the efficacy of clinical gait analysis
206(7)
References
207(6)
8 Clinical gait analysis
213(50)
Howard Hillstrom
Jennifer Jezequel
Bridget Assip
Silvia Zanini
Sherry Backus
Paulo Selber
David Scher
8.1 Introduction
213(2)
8.1.1 Purpose of clinical gait analysis
213(1)
8.1.2 Overview of the clinical gait analysis process
213(2)
8.1.3 The team
215(1)
8.1.4 Laboratory accreditation
215(1)
8.2 Components of clinical gait analysis
215(22)
8.2.1 Postural stability
215(3)
8.2.2 Temporal-distance parameters
218(3)
8.2.3 3D kinematics
221(5)
8.2.4 3D kinetics
226(4)
8.2.5 Dynamic EMG
230(1)
8.2.6 Plantar pressures
231(4)
8.2.7 3D gait analysis interpretation
235(2)
8.2.8 Summary
237(1)
8.3 Clinical cases
237(21)
8.3.1 Case 1
238(10)
8.3.2 Case 2
248(10)
8.4 Summary
258(5)
References
259(4)
9 Gait analysis in rehabilitation
263(40)
Man Sang Wong
Babak Hassan Beygi
Hui Dong Wu
Nicola Eddison
Nachiappan Chockalingam
Aoife Healy
9.1 Introduction
263(1)
9.2 Muscular dystrophies
264(2)
9.2.1 Gait deviations
265(1)
9.2.2 Rehabilitation
265(1)
9.3 Multiple sclerosis
266(1)
9.3.1 Gait deviations
266(1)
9.3.2 Rehabilitation
266(1)
9.4 Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
267(2)
9.4.1 Gait deviations
267(1)
9.4.2 Rehabilitation
268(1)
9.5 Spina bifida
269(2)
9.5.1 Gait deviations
269(1)
9.5.2 Rehabilitation
270(1)
9.6 Poliomyelitis
271(2)
9.6.1 Gait deviations
271(1)
9.6.2 Rehabilitation
272(1)
9.7 Spinal deformities
273(4)
9.7.1 Kyphosis
273(1)
9.7.2 Scoliosis
274(3)
9.8 Cerebral palsy
277(3)
9.8.1 Gait deviation
277(1)
9.8.2 Rehabilitation
278(2)
9.9 Cerebrovascular accident
280(2)
9.9.1 Gait deviation
281(1)
9.9.2 Rehabilitation
281(1)
9.10 Aging and balance disorders
282(2)
9.10.1 Gait deviation
283(1)
9.10.2 Rehabilitation
283(1)
9.11 Biomechanical optimization of ankle-foot orthoses and footwear combinations
284(1)
9.12 Amputation and prosthetic management
284(19)
9.12.1 Transtibial gait analysis
285(2)
9.12.2 Transfemoral gait analysis
287(3)
9.12.3 Prosthetic prescription
290(1)
References
291(12)
10 Forensic gait analysis - Is there a case?
303(22)
Yasushi Makihara
Daigo Muramatsu
Yasushi Yagi
10.1 Introduction
303(3)
10.2 Gait verification system
306(9)
10.2.1 Target person selection module
306(1)
10.2.2 Silhouette creation module
307(2)
10.2.3 Feature extraction and posterior probability calculation module
309(6)
10.2.4 Future direction of the gait verification system
315(1)
10.3 Use cases of gait forensics in Japan
315(1)
10.4 Conclusion and future prospects
316(9)
References
317(8)
11 Future of gait analysis
325(28)
Tom Shannon
11.1 Introduction
325(1)
11.2 Application of functional calibration to the routine analysis of human gait
326(4)
11.3 Clinical gait analysis standardisation
330(3)
11.4 Animation and computer graphics
333(4)
11.5 Data fusion
337(1)
11.6 Application of computer vision
338(1)
11.7 Application of cameras with a depth measurement capability
339(3)
11.8 Deep learning and neural networks
342(2)
11.9 Markerless gait analysis
344(1)
11.10 Application of artificial intelligence and machine learning
345(1)
11.11 Gait analysis in the twenty-first century
346(7)
References
346(7)
Index 353
Nachiappan Chockalingam is a Professor of Clinical Biomechanics and Director of the Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies at Staffordshire University, UK. He is a chartered engineer, registered clinical scientist, a Fellow of the Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine and a member of numerous professional organisations. He holds visiting professorships in Malta, India and China. He has over 700 research outputs, including over 240 full research manuscripts and he reviews for numerous journals and grant-awarding bodies worldwide. His research has received funding from various international bodies including the European Commission and British Council. He is involved in charitable and non-profit organisations to help the wider global community on healthy ageing and assistive technology which aid mobility. His current activities at Staffordshire University focuses on translational research. He has played a pivotal role in bringing various allied health professionals to the wider biomechanics and medical engineering community.