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Technology Meets Research - 60 Years Of Cern Technology: Selected Highlights [Kõva köide]

Edited by (Vienna Univ Of Tech & Austrian Academy Of Sci, Austria.), Edited by (Cern, Switzerland), Edited by (Cern, Switzerland), Edited by (Cern, Switzerland)
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Teised raamatud teemal:
'The contributions from leading scientists of the day collected in this relatively slim book document CERN's 60-year voyage of innovation and discovery, the repercussions of which vindicate the vision of those who drove the foundation of the laboratory European in constitution, but global in impact. The spirit of inclusive collaboration, which was a key element of the original vision for the laboratory, together with the aim of technical innovation and scientific excellence, are reflected in each of the articles in this unique volume.'CERN Courier'Big' science and advanced technology are known to cross-fertilize. This book emphasizes the interplay between particle physics and technology at CERN that has led to breakthroughs in both research and technology over the laboratory's first 60 years. The innovations, often the work of individuals or by small teams, are illustrated with highlights describing selected technologies from the domains of accelerators and detectors. The book also presents the framework and conditions prevailing at CERN that enabled spectacular advances in technology and contributed to propel the European organization into the league of leading research laboratories in the world.While the book is specifically aimed at providing information for the technically interested general public, more expert readers may also appreciate the broad variety of subjects presented. Ample references are given for those who wish to further explore a given topic.
Foreword xi
Fabiola Gianotti
Preface by the Editors xiii
List of Authors
xv
Acronyms xvii
Boxes with Supplementary Information xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(14)
Christine Sutton
Horst Wenninger
1.1 CERN's First 30 Years: From Fixed Targets to the First Colliders
5(3)
1.2 CERN's Second 30 Years: The LEP and LHC Story
8(7)
Chapter 2 The 600 MeV Synchrocyclotron (SC): Laying the Foundation
15(24)
Brian Allardyce
Giuseppe Fidecaro
2.1 Introduction
15(12)
2.2 The Rotary Capacitor: Tuning Acceleration
27(2)
Reinhold Hohbach
Kurt Hubner
2.3 Discovery of the π → ev Decay: Rare and Precious
29(3)
Giuseppe Fidecaro
2.4 Measuring the Muon (g -- 2): Precision with Precession
32(7)
Guido Petrucci
Chapter 3 The Proton Synchrotron (PS): At the Core of the CERN Accelerators
39(48)
Donald Cundy
Simone Gilardoni
3.1 Introduction
39(17)
3.2 Extraction: Getting the Beam to Leave the Accelerator
56(5)
Massimo Giovannozzi
Charles Steinbach
3.3 Acceleration and Bunch Gymnastics
61(3)
Heiko Damerau
Steven Hancock
3.4 Boosting PS Beam Intensity
64(4)
Karlheinz Schindl
3.5 Capacitive Energy Storage Replaces Flywheel
68(3)
Jean-Paul Burnet
3.6 Taking the Neutrinos by the Horns
71(3)
Alan Ball
3.7 OMEGA: Towards the Electronic Bubble Chamber
74(3)
Werner Beusch
Emanuele Quercigh
3.8 ISOLDE: Targeting a New Era in Nuclear Physics
77(4)
Helge Ravn
3.9 The CERN n_TOF Facility: Catching Neutrons on the Fly
81(6)
Enrico Chiaveri
Chapter 4 The Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR): The First Hadron Collider
87(48)
Christian Fabjan
Kurt Hubner
4.1 Introduction
87(12)
4.2 Vacuum Pumping by Freezing Molecules
99(2)
Cristoforo Benvenuti
4.3 How to Measure Almost Nothing
101(2)
Cristoforo Benvenuti
4.4 Superconducting Magnets: Squeezing Beams to Extract More Collisions
103(4)
Romeo Perin
4.5 Cryogenics for the Superconducting High Luminosity Insertion Magnets
107(4)
Philippe Lebrun
4.6 Van der Meer Scan: Proton Beam Tomography
111(1)
Helmut Burkhardt
4.7 Roman Pots: Physics Next to the Accelerator Beam
112(3)
Giorgio Matthiae
4.8 The Gas Detector (R)evolution
115(6)
Fabio Sauli
4.9 Transition Radiation: Imaging Relativistic Particles
121(4)
Christian Fabjan
4.10 Precision Calorimetry: Honing an Essential Tool
125(4)
Christian Fabjan
4.11 The Open Axial Field Magnet: Barrier-Free Access
129(6)
Thomas Taylor
Chapter 5 The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS): A Tale of Two Lives
135(44)
Niels Doble
Lau Gatignon
Kurt Hubner
Edmund Wilson
5.1 Introduction
135(15)
5.2 SPS Distributed Control System: The Emergence of Local Area Networks
150(2)
Pier Giorgio Innocenti
5.3 SPS Controls: A Part of Touch-Screen History
152(2)
Bent Stumpe
5.4 The SPS Muon Beam: Energy, Intensity and Precision
154(4)
Niels Doble
Lau Gatignon
5.5 Two Very Special K0 Beams: Discovery of Direct CP Violation
158(3)
Niels Doble
Lau Gatignon
5.6 Liquid Krypton Calorimetry: Elucidating Nature's Subtle Asymmetries
161(3)
Italo Mannelli
5.7 Bubble Chambers at the SPS: A Technique at its Apogee
164(3)
Horst Wenninger
5.8 Polarized Targets: Pointing to New Directions
167(3)
Tapio Niinikoski
5.9 The Silicon Age: Micrometre Precision Millions of Times a Second
170(9)
Erik Heijne
Chapter 6 The CERN Antiproton Programme: Imagination and Audacity Rewarded
179(38)
Vinod Chohan
Pierre Darriulat
6.1 Introduction
179(12)
6.2 Stochastic Cooling: Technology to Compress the Beams
191(4)
Fritz Caspers
Lars Thorndahl
6.3 Radio Frequency Quadrupole: Slowing Down Antimatter
195(3)
Werner Pirkl
6.4 The LEAR Ultra-Slow Beam Extraction: Trickling Antiprotons
198(3)
Michel Chanel
Kurt Hubner
6.5 The UA1 Tracker: An Electronic Bubble Chamber
201(7)
Bernard Sadoulet
6.6 A Novel Particle Detector for UA2: The Power of Silicon
208(3)
Claus Gobling
Pierre Jarron
6.7 Antimatter's Disappearing Act
211(6)
Michael Doser
Chapter 7 The Large Electron Positron Collider (LEP): Probing the Standard Model
217(46)
Thomas Taylor
Daniel Treille
7.1 Introduction
217(15)
7.2 Concrete Stuffing for the LEP Magnets
232(2)
Jean-Pierre Gourber
7.3 Pumping LEP: Sticky Tape for Molecules
234(4)
Cristoforo Benvenuti
7.4 Superconducting Skin Boosts Accelerator Cavity Performance
238(4)
Cristoforo Benvenuti
7.5 Measuring the (Accelerator) World
242(2)
Michel Mayoud
7.6 Precise Energy Measurement: Heed the Moon
244(2)
Albert Hofmann
7.7 The LEP Silicon Vertex Detectors: Right on Target
246(3)
Hans Dijkstra
7.8 DELPHI RICH: The Luminous Footprint of Particles
249(4)
Paul Baillon
7.9 BGO for the L3 Experiment: Betting on Precision
253(3)
Paul Lecoq
7.10 The Magnetic Cavern of L3
256(7)
Alain Herve
Chapter 8 The Large Hadron Collider (LHC): The Energy Frontier
263(64)
Giorgio Brianti
Peter Jenni
8.1 Introduction
263(15)
8.2 Superconducting Magnets: Powerful, Precise, Plentiful
278(5)
Romeo Perin
8.3 LHC Cryogenics: Quantum Fluids at Work
283(4)
Philippe Lebrun
8.4 Current Leads: High Temperature Superconductors to the Fore
287(3)
Amalia Ballarino
8.5 A Pumping Vacuum Chamber: Ultimate Simplicity
290(2)
Cristoforo Benvenuti
8.6 Vertex Detectors at LHC: In Search of Beauty
292(4)
Leonardo Rossi
8.7 Large Silicon Trackers: Fast, Precise, Efficient
296(4)
Luigi Rolandi
8.8 Two Approaches to High Resolution Electromagnetic Calorimetry
300(6)
Tejinder Virdee
8.9 Multigap Resistive Plate Chamber: Chronometry of Particles
306(4)
Crispin Williams
8.10 The LHCb RICH: The Lord of the Cherenkov Rings
310(4)
Carmelo D'Ambrosio
Olav Ullaland
8.11 Signal Processing: Taming the LHC Data Avalanche
314(4)
Philippe Farthouat
8.12 Giant Magnets for Giant Detectors
318(9)
Alain Herve
Peter Jenni
Thomas Taylor
Chapter 9 Data Handling and Communication
327(38)
Frederic Hemmer
Pier Giorgio Innocenti
9.1 Introduction
327(6)
9.2 Computing Clusters and Data Storage: The New Factory and Warehouse
333(7)
Les Robertson
9.3 Local Area Networks: Organizing Interconnection
340(3)
Ben Segal
9.4 High-Speed Worldwide Networking: Accelerating Protocols
343(6)
Francois Fluckiger
9.5 Detector Simulation: Events Before the Event
349(4)
Rene Brun
9.6 Data Analysis and Programming Environment: Distilling Information
353(4)
Rene Brun
9.7 World Wide Web: Global Networking
357(8)
Francois Fluckiger
Chapter 10 Knowledge and Technology: Sharing with Society
365(28)
Cristoforo Benvenuti
Christine Sutton
Horst Wenninger
10.1 A Core Mission of CERN
365(9)
10.2 Medical Accelerators: A Tool for Tumour Therapy
374(3)
Kurt Hubner
10.3 Medipix: The Image is the Message
377(2)
Michael Campbell
10.4 Crystal Clear: From Higgs to PET
379(3)
Paul Lecoq
10.5 Solar Collectors: When Nothing is Better
382(3)
Cristoforo Benvenuti
10.6 The TARC Experiment at CERN: Modern Alchemy
385(2)
Jean-Pierre Revol
10.7 A CLOUD Chamber with a Silvery Lining
387(6)
Jasper Kirkby
Chapter 11 Managing the Laboratory and Large Projects
393(30)
Philippe Lebrun
Thomas Taylor
11.1 The CERN Approach: Change and Continuity
393(12)
11.2 Building Large Accelerators with Industry: Lessons from the LHC
405(12)
Philippe Lebrun
11.3 Building LHC Detectors: Collaborations that Span the World
417(6)
Markus Nordberg
Achille Petrilli
Thomas Taylor
Chapter 12 R&D for the Future
423(36)
Kurt Hubner
Daniel Treille
Daniel Schulte
12.1 The LHC and Beyond
423(9)
12.2 Accelerator Magnets with Ever-Higher Fields
432(2)
Lucio Rossi
12.3 Teasing Performance from Superconductors Old and New
434(5)
Amalia Ballarino
12.4 RF Power for CLIC: Acceleration by Deceleration
439(4)
Igor Syratchev
12.5 The Next Energy Frontier e+e- Collider: Innovation in Detectors
443(7)
Lucie Linssen
12.6 Hadron Collider Detectors: A Bright and Energetic Future
450(9)
Werner Riegler
Concluding Remarks by the Editorial Team 459