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Test Anxiety: The State of the Art 1998 ed. [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 440 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x152 mm, kaal: 1890 g, 9 Illustrations, black and white; XXI, 440 p. 9 illus., 1 Hardback
  • Sari: Perspectives on Individual Differences
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-Aug-1998
  • Kirjastus: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
  • ISBN-10: 0306457296
  • ISBN-13: 9780306457296
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 440 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x152 mm, kaal: 1890 g, 9 Illustrations, black and white; XXI, 440 p. 9 illus., 1 Hardback
  • Sari: Perspectives on Individual Differences
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-Aug-1998
  • Kirjastus: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
  • ISBN-10: 0306457296
  • ISBN-13: 9780306457296
Teised raamatud teemal:
Examination stress and test anxiety are pervasive problems in modern society. As the information age continues to evolve, test scores will become even more important than they are today in evaluating applicants for demanding jobs and candidates for admission into highly competitive educational programs. Because test anxiety gen- ally causes decrements in performance and undermines academic achievement, the development of effective therapeutic interventions for reducing its adverse effects will continue to be an important priority for counselors, psychologists, and educators. Alleviating test anxiety will also serve to counteract the diminished access to edu- tional and occupational opportunities that is frequently experienced by test-anxious individuals. As its title promises, this volume provides a state-of-the-art evaluation of the nature, antecedents, correlates, and consequences of examination stress and test anxiety. Professor Zeidners cogent and comprehensive analysis of the affective, cognitive, somatic, and behavioral manifestations of test anxiety are grounded in the extensive knowledge he has gained from his own research on the assessment and treatment of test anxiety. This work has also benefitted from the authors lo- standing and productive collaboration with leading contributors to test anxiety theory and research, and his active participation in national and international conferences devoted to understanding test anxiety, including those convened by the Society for Test Anxiety Research (STAR).
I. BASIC AND CONCEPTUAL ISSUES 3(92)
Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Domain of Test Anxiety
3(26)
Overview
3(1)
The Pervasiveness and Prevalence of Test Anxiety in Modern Society
3(4)
The Widespread Interest in Test Anxiety
3(3)
Prevalence of Test Anxiety
6(1)
Brief Historical Overview of Test Anxiety Research
7(6)
Early Studies of Examination Stress and Anxiety: 1900-1950
7(1)
Initiation of Programmatic Research on the Test Anxiety Construct: 1950s
8(1)
Conceptual Distinctions and Advances: 1960s
9(1)
Advances in Model Construction, Research, and Applications: 1970s
10(1)
Research Proliferation, Dissemination, and Integration: 1980s
11(2)
Recent Advances in Research and Assessment Methodology: 1990-Present
13(1)
Stress, Anxiety, and Test Anxiety: Conceptualizations and Important Distinctions
13(12)
The Domain of Stress and Anxiety Research
13(4)
Definition of the Test Anxiety Construct
17(2)
Key Elements in the Test Anxiety Process: A Transactional Perspective
19(6)
Summary
25(4)
Chapter 2 The Nature and Phenomenology of Test Anxiety
29(32)
Overview
29(2)
Facets of Test Anxiety
31(19)
Cognitive Facet
31(9)
Affective Facet
40(8)
Behavioral Facet
48(2)
Temporal Phases of Test Anxiety
50(2)
Debunking the Uniformity Myth: Different Types of Test-Anxious Students
52(4)
Examinees with Deficient Study and Test-Taking Skills
52(1)
Examinees Experiencing Anxiety Blockage and Retrieval Problems
52(1)
Failure-Accepting Examinees
53(1)
Failure-Avoiding Examinees
53(1)
Self-Handicappers
54(1)
Perfectionistic Overstrivers
55(1)
Related Forms of Social Evaluation Anxiety
56(2)
Summary
58(3)
Chapter 3 Models and Theoretical Perspectives
61(34)
Overview
61(1)
Drive Models
62(3)
Basic Concepts and Principles
62(1)
Drive and Anxiety
63(1)
Anxiety and Performance
63(2)
Limitations
65(1)
Deficit Models
65(11)
Cognitive-Attentional (Interference) Model
65(4)
Skills-Deficit Model
69(7)
Contemporary Cognitive-Motivational Models
76(7)
Self-Regulation Model
76(5)
Self-Worth Model
81(2)
Transactional Models
83(5)
Spielberger's State-Trait Model
83(1)
Transactional Process Model
84(4)
Summary
88(7)
II. METHODOLOGY: RESEARCH AND ASSESSMENT METHODS 95(50)
Chapter 4 Current and Recurrent Issues in Conducting Experimental Test Anxiety Research
95(22)
Overview
95(1)
Units of Observation
96(2)
Treatment Conditions
98(6)
Stress Induction
98(3)
Design Issues
101(3)
Settings
104(2)
Field Settings
104(1)
Laboratory Settings
105(1)
Observations
106(7)
Subjective Self-Reports
107(1)
Physiological Measures
108(2)
Performance Measures
110(1)
Systematic Observations
111(2)
Unobtrusive Measures
113(1)
Summary
113(4)
Chapter 5 Developing Self-Report Test Anxiety Instruments
117(28)
Overview
117(1)
What to Measure: Defining the Test Anxiety Domain
118(2)
Facet-Analytic Approach to Domain Definition
119(1)
Sampling the Domain
120(4)
Elaborated Definition
121(1)
Determining Dimensionality and Broad versus Narrow Mapping of the Domain
122(1)
A Facet Theory Approach to Domain Sampling
122(2)
Item Writing
124(1)
Guidelines for Writing Items
124(1)
Selecting and Piloting Items
125(1)
Item Selection Criteria
125(1)
Classical Item Selection
126(1)
Modern Item Selection
126(1)
Creating Scales from Items
126(3)
Assembling Items
126(3)
Sampling and Establishing Scale Norms
129(1)
Validity
129(6)
Construct Validity
130(4)
Threats to Validity in Contemporary Measures
134(1)
Establishing Scale Reliability
135(1)
Standard Approaches
135(1)
Generalizability
136(1)
Interpreting Test Scores
136(2)
Normative Interpretation Strategy
137(1)
Interpretation in Terms of Reference Factors
137(1)
Assessment within Context
138(1)
Cross-Cultural Adaptations of Test Anxiety Scales
138(2)
Limitations of Current Scales and Needed Areas of Improvement
140(2)
Summary
142(3)
III. ORIGINS, SOURCES, AND DETERMINANTS OF TEST ANXIETY 145(62)
Chapter 6 The Origins and Development of Test Anxiety
145(26)
Overview
145(1)
Biological Makeup
146(1)
Family Environment and Primary Socialization
147(10)
Models of Test Anxiety Development
148(7)
Empirical Evidence in Support of Development Models of Test Anxiety
155(2)
Implications for Test Anxiety Reduction
157(1)
Social Learning and Conditioning
157(4)
Observation and Modeling of Test-Anxious Behavior
158(1)
Conditioning of Test-Anxious Behaviors
159(2)
School Environment
161(5)
Competitive Climate
161(1)
Evaluative Orientation and Practice
162(1)
Ability Grouping
163(1)
Social Comparison
163(2)
Teacher Attributes and Classroom Behaviors
165(1)
Educational Solutions to Test Anxiety
166(1)
History of Failure Experiences in Evaluative Contexts
166(2)
Summary
168(3)
Chapter 7 Situational Determinants of Anxiety in Evaluative Situations
171(12)
Overview
171(1)
Test-Related Variables
172(4)
Complexity of Cognitive Task
172(2)
Item Arrangement
174(1)
Test Format
175(1)
Providing Choice among Items
175(1)
Situational Variables
176(6)
Test Environment and Atmosphere
176(2)
Feedback and Success/Failure Experiences
178(2)
Time Pressure
180(1)
Modes of Test Administration
181(1)
Summary
182(1)
Chapter 8 Subjective Determinants of Test Anxiety
183(24)
Overview
183(1)
Cognitive Processes and Structures
184(8)
Cognitive Appraisals
184(3)
Evaluative Threat Structures and Schemata
187(3)
Irrational Thought Patterns
190(2)
Self-Related Thinking
192(3)
Self-Related Thoughts
192(1)
Self-Consciousness and Self-Focus
193(2)
Belief Systems
195(7)
Task Valence and Expectancy Beliefs
195(3)
Attributional Styles
198(4)
Summary
202(5)
IV. CONSEQUENCES OF TEST ANXIETY FOR COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE 207(54)
Chapter 9 Test Anxiety and Cognitive Performance
207(30)
Overview
207(1)
Basic Concepts and Distinctions
207(8)
Facilitating versus Debilitating Effects of Anxiety
208(1)
Performance Efficiency versus Effectiveness
209(1)
Linear versus Curvilinear Anxiety-Performance Relationship
210(1)
Moderating versus Mediating Effects in the Anxiety-Performance Relationship
211(3)
State versus Trait Anxiety Effects
214(1)
Empirical Evidence for the Test Anxiety-Performance Relationship
215(5)
Meta-Analytic Results
216(2)
Differential Effects of Worry and Emotionality
218(1)
A Note on Causality
219(1)
Moderating Effects
220(14)
Task-Related Variables
221(4)
Situational Variables
225(8)
Demographic Variables
233(1)
Summary
234(3)
Chapter 10 Test Anxiety and Information Processing
237(24)
Overview
237(1)
Causal Models and Mechanisms
238(3)
Cognitive-Attentional Interference
238(1)
Limited Cognitive Capacity
239(1)
Reduced Processing Efficiency
240(1)
Anxiety Effects on Various Stages of Information Processing
241(15)
Information Encoding and Acquisition
241(5)
Information Storage and Processing
246(9)
Information Retrieval and Output
255(1)
Summary
256(5)
V. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 261(44)
Chapter 11 Individual and Group Differences in Test Anxiety
261(22)
Overview
261(1)
Gender Group Differences
261(8)
Magnitude of Gender Group Differences
262(5)
Explanations for the Observed Group Differences
267(1)
Gender Differences in the Latent Structure of Test Anxiety
268(1)
Age Trends
269(2)
Developmental Track of Test Anxiety
269(1)
Explanations of Age Increases in Test Anxiety
270(1)
Sociocultural Group Differences
271(3)
Socioeconomic Group Differences
271(1)
Ethnic Group Differences
272(2)
Cross-National Differences
274(6)
Cultural Factors Potentially Influencing Test Anxiety
275(1)
Cultural Values and Orientations
275(3)
Socialization Practices and Parental Values and Pressures
278(1)
Perceived Valence of Exam Success and High-Stake Testing Environments
279(1)
Problems and Shortcomings in Cross-Cultural Test Anxiety Research
280(1)
Summary
280(3)
Chapter 12 Personal Correlates of Test Anxiety
283(22)
Overview
283(1)
Motivational Factors
283(10)
Achievement Motivation
283(4)
Perceived Control and Self-Efficacy
287(1)
Optimism
288(1)
Helplessness
289(1)
Self-Handicapping
290(1)
Procrastination
291(1)
Time Orientation and Perception
292(1)
Affective Personality Factors
293(5)
Trait Anxiety
293(1)
Anger
294(1)
Depression
295(1)
Self-Concept and Self-Regard
296(1)
Type A Personality
297(1)
Emotional States
298(1)
Intelligence and Scholastic Ability
299(3)
Summary
302(3)
VI. COPING, INTERVENTIONS, AND CLINICAL PARAMETERS 305(88)
Chapter 13 Coping with Test Situations: Resources, Strategies, and Adaptational Outcomes
305(28)
Overview
305(1)
The Coping Process
306(4)
Coping Strategies versus Resources
308(1)
Coping Styles versus Coping Responses
309(1)
How Do Students Cope with Examinations?
310(8)
Stages of a Stressful Evaluative Encounter
310(1)
Appraisals and Emotions in an Evaluative Encounter
311(2)
Personal Variables and Coping
313(1)
Specific Ways of Coping with Exams
314(1)
Dimensions of Test Coping
315(3)
Coping, Anxiety, and Test Performance
318(1)
Coping and Anxiety
318(1)
Coping and Examinations Performance
318(1)
Coping and Adaptational Outcomes
319(11)
Major Considerations in Assessing Coping Effectiveness
321(2)
Methodological Problems and Limitations
323(3)
Some Tentative Generalizations about Coping and Coping Effectiveness
326(4)
Summary
330(3)
Chapter 14 Optimizing Procedures
333(14)
Overview
333(1)
Modifying Test Item Difficulty and Order
334(1)
Providing and Opportunity to Comment on Test Items
335(1)
Interjecting Humor into the Test Situation
336(1)
Modifications of Test Atmosphere and Environment
337(1)
Providing Soothing Background Music
338(1)
Optimizing Test Administration Procedures, Modes, and Formats
338(1)
Relaxing Time Pressures
339(1)
Providing Examiner Support and Reassurance
340(1)
Providing External Aids and Supports
341(1)
Structuring of the Learning and Test Environment
341(2)
Summary
343(4)
Chapter 15 Emotion-Focused Behavioral Intervention Techniques
347(20)
Overview
347(2)
Emotion-Focused Behavioral Techniques
349(18)
Anxiety Induction (AI)
350(1)
Biofeedback Training (BT)
351(1)
Relaxation Training (RT)
352(3)
Systematic Desensitization (SD)
355(5)
Anxiety Management Training (AMT)
360(3)
Modeling (M)
363(1)
Summary
364(3)
Chapter 16 Cognitive-Focused, Cognitive-Behavioral, and Cognitive-Skills Training Intervention Techniques
367(26)
Overview
367(1)
Cognitive Approaches
368(4)
Cognitive-Attentional Training (CAT)
368(1)
Cognitive Restructuring Therapy (CRT)
369(3)
Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches
372(9)
Cognitive-Behavioral Modification (CBM)
373(5)
Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)
378(1)
Zeidner et al. Exemplary SIT Program
378(3)
Cognitive-Skill Deficit Approach: Study-Skills Training (SST)
381(3)
Specific Therapeutic Techniques
381(2)
Program Effectiveness
383(1)
Evaluation of Cognitive Treatments
384(1)
Basic Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Test Anxiety Intervention Research
384(6)
Major Considerations in Therapeutic Intervention
384(3)
Methodological Problems and Limitations
387(3)
Summary
390(3)
Epilogue
393(6)
Overview
393(1)
Directions for Future Research
394(1)
Refining Conceptual Models
394(1)
Developing Useful Taxonomies
394(1)
Furthering Our Understanding of the Test Anxiety Experience and Its Long-Term Outcomes
394(1)
Uncovering the Developmental Origins of Test Anxiety
395(1)
Assessing the Effects of School Environment on Test Anxiety
395(1)
Determining the Prevalence of Test Anxiety and Mapping Out Individual Differences in the Test Anxiety Experience
396(1)
Modeling the Test Anxiety-Performance Relationship
396(1)
Determining the Relationship between Test Anxiety, Coping, and Adaptive Outcomes
397(1)
Improving Test Anxiety Interventions Research
397(1)
Improving Research Designs and Analyses
397(2)
References 399(30)
Index 429