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Theory of Atmospheric Radiative Transfer: A Comprehensive Introduction [Pehme köide]

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(Texas A&M Univ, USA), (Universität Leipzig, Ge)
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Theory of Atmospheric Radiative Transfer: A Comprehensive IntroductionSuurem pilt
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9783527408368.html
Knowledge about the transfer of solar and terrestrial radiation in the atmosphere is critical to understanding the radiative energy budget and current and future climates, says Wendisch (meteorology, U. of Liepzig, Germany) and Yang (atmospheric sciences, Texas A&M U.), and also plays a vital role in atmospheric remote sensing. They introduce and illustrate the governing equations of atmospheric radiative transfer, comprehensively surveying all of the physical processes relevant to the single-scattering and multiple-scattering absorption and emission of electromagnetic radiation in the atmosphere. The material is suitable for a one-semester course for students who have completed two years of college physics and mathematics courses. Annotation ©2012 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Aimed at the senior undergraduate and graduate level, this textbook fills the gap between general introductory texts offering little detail and very technical, advanced books written for mathematicians and theorists rather than experimentalists in the field.
The result is a concise course in atmospheric radiative processes, tailored for one semester. The authors are accomplished researchers who know how to reach their intended audience and provide here the content needed to understand climate warming and remote sensing for pollution measurement. They also include supplementary reading for planet scientists and problems.
Equally suitable reading for geophysicists, physical chemists, astronomers, environmental chemists and spectroscopists.
A solutions manual for lecturers will be provided on www.wiley-vch.de/supplements.

Arvustused

My first impression of Wendisch and Yangs new is that the authors did a very good job of organizing a wide range of material, some of which is quite advanced, and presenting it in a compact package.  (American  Meteorological Society, 1 June 2014)

Preface xi
1 Introduction
1(10)
1.1 Brief Survey of Atmospheric Radiation
1(2)
1.2 A Broadbrush Picture of the Atmospheric Radiation Budget
3(3)
1.3 Solar and Terrestrial Thermal Infrared Spectra in a Cloudless Atmosphere
6(1)
1.4 The Greenhouse Effect
7(2)
1.5 Relevance to the Interpretation of Spaceborne Observations
9(2)
2 Notation and Math Refresher
11(18)
2.1 Physical Dimensions and Prefixes
11(2)
2.2 Some Rules and Conventions
13(1)
2.3 Vector Algebra Brief
13(5)
2.3.1 Major Vector Operations
13(2)
2.3.2 Use of Index Notation
15(3)
2.4 Dirac δ-Function
18(2)
2.5 Geometry
20(2)
2.5.1 Directions
20(1)
2.5.2 Solid Angle
20(2)
2.5.3 Angle between Two Directions
22(1)
2.6 Orthogonal Functions
22(4)
2.6.1 Legendre Polynomials
23(1)
2.6.2 Legendre Functions
24(2)
2.7 Quadrature Formula
26(3)
Problems
27(2)
3 Fundamentals
29(30)
3.1 Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation
29(7)
3.1.1 Maxwell's Equations and Plane-Wave Solutions
29(2)
3.1.2 Wavelength, Frequency, Wavenumber, Dispersion Relation, and Phase Speed
31(1)
3.1.3 Coherence, Incoherence, and Polarization
32(1)
3.1.4 Wave-Particle Duality
33(1)
3.1.5 Atmospheric EM Radiation Spectrum
34(2)
3.2 Basic Radiometric Quantities
36(7)
3.2.1 Radiant Energy Flux, Flux Density, and Radiance
36(2)
3.2.2 Radiant Energy Density and Radiance
38(2)
3.2.3 Irradiance, Emittance, Exitance, and Actinic Radiation
40(1)
3.2.4 Relation between Upward, Downward, and Net Actinic Flux Densities and Radiance
41(2)
3.2.5 Isotropic Radiation Field
43(1)
3.2.6 Reflectivity, Absorptivity, and Transmissivity
43(1)
3.3 Blackbody and Graybody Radiation: Basic Laws
43(16)
3.3.1 Planck's Law
43(2)
3.3.2 Wien's Displacement Law
45(2)
3.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann Law
47(1)
3.3.4 Rayleigh-Jeans and Wien's Approximations
48(1)
3.3.5 Emissivity and Kirchhoff's Law
48(3)
Problems
51(8)
4 Interactions of EM Radiation and Individual Particles
59(74)
4.1 Overview
59(1)
4.2 Complex Index of Refraction
60(2)
4.3 Decomposition of Electric Field Vector
62(1)
4.4 Complex Amplitude Scattering Matrix
63(1)
4.5 Stokes Vector
64(2)
4.6 Degree of Polarization
66(1)
4.7 Mueller Matrix
67(3)
4.8 Optical Properties of Individual Particles
70(5)
4.8.1 Optical Parameters
70(3)
4.8.2 Optical Theorem
73(2)
4.9 Spherical Particles (Lorenz-Mie Theory)
75(9)
4.9.1 Assumptions and Goals
75(1)
4.9.2 Efficiency Factors: Qext,Mie, Qsca,Mie, Qabs,Mie
76(2)
4.9.3 Single-Scattering Albedo: ωMie
78(1)
4.9.4 Elements of the Complex Amplitude Scattering Matrix
78(1)
4.9.5 Elements of the Mueller Matrix
79(1)
4.9.6 Polarization
80(2)
4.9.7 Phase Function for Unpolarized Incident Radiation: Punp,Mie
82(1)
4.9.8 Asymmetry Factor: gunp,Mie
83(1)
4.10 Rayleigh Scattering and Oscillating Electric Dipole
84(9)
4.10.1 Amplitudes Scattering Matrix and Mueller Matrix
84(2)
4.10.2 Degree of Polarization
86(1)
4.10.3 Rayleigh Phase Function for Unpolarized Incident Radiation: Punp,Rayl
86(2)
4.10.4 Scattering Cross Section and Efficiency Factor
88(1)
4.10.5 Extinction and Absorption Cross Sections and Efficiency Factors
88(1)
4.10.6 Rayleigh Scattering as an Approximation of Lorenz-Mie Theory
89(2)
4.10.7 Rayleigh Scattering in the Atmosphere
91(2)
4.11 Scattering by Nonspherical Individual Particles
93(6)
4.11.1 Analytical Approaches
93(1)
4.11.2 Mueller Matrix
94(1)
4.11.3 Phase Function
95(2)
4.11.4 Integrated Optical Properties
97(2)
4.12 Geometric-Optics Method for Light Scattering by Large Particles
99(23)
4.12.1 Directional Changes Due to Reflection and Transmission (Refraction) at a Plane Interface: Snel's Law
101(4)
4.12.2 The n2 Law
105(1)
4.12.3 Fresnel Formulas for Reflection and Transmission
106(3)
4.12.4 Radiant Energy Changes for Transmission (Plane Interface)
109(2)
4.12.5 Radiant Energy Changes for Reflection (Plane Interface)
111(3)
4.12.6 Ray-Tracing Technique
114(2)
4.12.7 Diffraction
116(6)
4.13 Rainbow and Halo
122(11)
Problems
125(8)
5 Volumetric (Bulk) Optical Properties
133(10)
5.1 Particle Size Distribution
133(3)
5.1.1 Analytical Descriptions
133(1)
5.1.2 Integrated Microphysical Parameters
134(1)
5.1.3 Parameterizations
135(1)
5.2 Volumetric (Bulk) Scattering, Absorption, and Extinction
136(7)
Problems
140(3)
6 Radiative Transfer Equation
143(30)
6.1 Optical Thickness
144(1)
6.2 Lambert-Bouguer Law
144(3)
6.2.1 Differential and Exponential Forms
144(2)
6.2.2 Application to Direct Solar Irradiance Sdir,λ
146(1)
6.3 General Formulation of the RTE
147(9)
6.3.1 Spectral Photon Density Function
147(2)
6.3.2 Radiative Transfer Equation in Scattering Media
149(4)
6.3.3 Photon Budget Equation
153(1)
6.3.4 3D Time-Dependent and Stationary RTE for Total Radiance
153(1)
6.3.5 3D Stationary RTE for Diffuse Radiance
154(2)
6.4 1D RTE for a Horizontally Homogeneous Atmosphere
156(17)
6.4.1 Independent Variables
156(1)
6.4.2 Standard Form of 1D RTE for Diffuse Radiance
157(4)
6.4.3 Downward Diffuse Radiance
161(4)
6.4.4 Upward Radiance
165(4)
Problems
169(4)
7 Numerical and Approximate Solution Techniques for the RTE
173(60)
7.1 Legendre and Fourier Expansions
173(14)
7.1.1 Expansion of Phase Function in Terms of Legendre Polynomials
173(2)
7.1.2 Truncation of Phase Function and Similarity Principle
175(3)
7.1.3 Atmospheric Angular Coordinates
178(3)
7.1.4 The Delta-M Method (DMM) and Delta-Fit Methods (DFM)
181(4)
7.1.5 Fourier Expansions of Diffuse Radiance and Irradiance
185(2)
7.2 Equations for Fourier Modes of Diffuse Radiance
187(4)
7.2.1 Net Radiative Flux Density in a Nonabsorbing Atmosphere
188(3)
7.3 Method of Successive Order of Scattering (MSOS)
191(2)
7.4 Adding-Doubling Method (A-DM)
193(12)
7.4.1 Simplified Example
193(3)
7.4.2 Generalization for Radiances
196(6)
7.4.3 Application to Flux Densities
202(3)
7.5 Discrete Ordinate Method (DOM)
205(4)
7.6 Spherical Harmonics Method (SHM)
209(3)
7.7 Monte Carlo Method (MCM)
212(10)
7.7.1 Basic Principle
213(3)
7.7.2 Backward (Inverse) Monte Carlo Method (BMCM)
216(6)
7.8 Two-Stream Approximation (TSA)
222(11)
7.8.1 Classical Approach
222(5)
7.8.2 TSA Based on RTE
227(3)
Problems
230(3)
8 Absorption and Emission by Atmospheric Gases
233(42)
8.1 Interactions of Photons and Gas Molecules
233(4)
8.1.1 Types of Molecular Energy Emol
233(1)
8.1.2 Photon Absorption and Emission
234(1)
8.1.3 Allowed Quantized Energies and Frequencies (Wavelengths)
235(1)
8.1.4 Energy Level Probability in Thermal Equilibrium
235(2)
8.2 Examples of Energy Transitions
237(2)
8.2.1 Structure of Gas Molecules
237(1)
8.2.2 Molecular Rotational Energy Enrot
238(1)
8.2.3 Molecular Vibrational Energy Envib
238(1)
8.3 Line Spectra for Single-Atomic Gases
239(5)
8.3.1 Molecular Electron Orbital Energy Enorb
239(1)
8.3.2 Line Spectrum of the Hydrogen Atom
240(4)
8.4 Molecular Absorption/Emission Line Spectra
244(8)
8.4.1 Molecular Rotational Spectra
244(2)
8.4.2 Ratio of Molecular Electron Orbital and Rotational Energies
246(1)
8.4.3 Vibrational Spectra of Diatomic Molecules
247(1)
8.4.4 Combined Molecular Vibration-Rotation Spectra
248(4)
8.5 Examples of Atmospheric Gas Spectra
252(4)
8.5.1 Three General Types of Spectra
252(1)
8.5.2 Infrared (IR) - Combined Vibrational and Rotational Transitions
252(1)
8.5.3 Near Infrared (NIR) to Visible (VIS)
253(1)
8.5.4 Visible (VIS) to Ultraviolet (UV) - Electron Orbital Transitions
254(2)
8.6 Approximations of Absorption/Emission Line Shapes
256(4)
8.6.1 Lorentz Line Shape of the Absorption Coefficient - Collision Broadening
257(1)
8.6.2 Thermal Doppler Line Shape
258(1)
8.6.3 Voigt Line Shape - Combined Collision and Doppler Broadening
259(1)
8.7 Spectral Transmissivity and Absorptivity
260(15)
8.7.1 Weak-Line and Strong-Line Approximations
261(3)
8.7.2 Line-By-Line Method (LBLM)
264(1)
8.7.3 Band Models
264(2)
8.7.4 Scaling Techniques for Inhomogeneous Path
266(1)
8.7.5 The k-Distribution Method
267(3)
8.7.6 The Correlated k-Distribution Method (CKDM)
270(1)
8.7.7 Application of the CKDM to Satellite Remote Sensing
271(1)
Problems
272(3)
9 Terrestrial Radiative Transfer
275(26)
9.1 Downward Spectral Radiation
276(11)
9.1.1 Diffuse Downward Radiance I↓diff,λ
276(6)
9.1.2 Diffuse Downward Irradiance I↓diff,λ
282(5)
9.2 Upward Terrestrial Spectral Radiation
287(1)
9.2.1 Diffuse Upward Radiance I↓diff,λ
287(1)
9.2.2 Diffuse Upward Irradiance F↓diff,λ
288(1)
9.3 Example of Simulated Spectra
288(3)
9.3.1 Downward and Upward Radiances
288(1)
9.3.2 Influence of Cirrus on Terrestrial Spectral Irradiance
289(2)
9.4 Broadband Terrestrial Radiative Transfer
291(10)
9.4.1 Impact of Cirrus on Irradiance
291(2)
9.4.2 Radiative Cooling and Heating
293(5)
Problems
298(3)
Appendix A Abbreviations, Symbols, and Constants
301(10)
A.1 Acronyms
301(1)
A.2 Subscripts and Superscripts
302(3)
A.3 Greek Symbols
305(1)
A.4 Latin Symbols
306(3)
A.5 Physical Constants
309(1)
A.6 Mathematical Constants
309(2)
References 311(8)
Index 319
Manfred Wendisch is a full professor and director of the Institute of Meteorology at the University of Leipzig, Germany, and holds a permanent guest professor appointment at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. In 2011, Professor Wendisch was elected as a member of the Saxonian Academy of Sciences. Ping Yang is a professor and the holder of the David Bullock Harris Chair in Geosciences, the Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A & M University, USA.Professor Yang received a Best Paper Award from the Climate and Radiation Branch, NASA Goddard Space Center in 2000 and the U.S. National Science Foundation CAREER grant award in 2003.