| Acknowledgements |
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ix | |
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xi | |
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xiv | |
| Abbreviations |
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xvi | |
| Part I Theoretical and Empirical Background |
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1 | (54) |
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3 | (13) |
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Tourism Impact Assessment: a Neglected Issue in China |
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3 | (3) |
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Tourism and Its Effects: Comparative Perspectives |
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6 | (4) |
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Scope and Research Questions of This Study |
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10 | (6) |
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Incentives for Local Participation in Tourism Development |
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16 | (14) |
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Decentralization and Local Development Initiatives |
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16 | (2) |
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Tourism as a New Development Factor |
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18 | (5) |
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Regional Implications of National Tourism Policies |
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23 | (4) |
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Institution vs. Deregulating |
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23 | (1) |
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Tourism Enterprise Reforms |
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23 | (2) |
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The 1984/85 Tourism Policy |
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25 | (2) |
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National and Local Goals of Tourism Development |
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27 | (3) |
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Regional Settings of Tourism Development |
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30 | (25) |
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Guilin, Suzhou and Beidaihe in National Perspectives |
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30 | (3) |
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33 | (8) |
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Tourism in an Economically Less Developed Area |
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33 | (4) |
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Tourism Potentials: Karst Landscape |
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37 | (4) |
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41 | (7) |
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Tourism in an Industrialized Area |
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41 | (2) |
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Tourism Potentials: A Historical-Cultural City |
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43 | (5) |
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48 | (7) |
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A Traditional Seaside Resort |
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48 | (3) |
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Tourism Potentials: Sun and Sand |
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51 | (4) |
| Part II The Growth and Structure of Tourist Demand |
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55 | (54) |
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57 | (15) |
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The Rise of Commercial International Tourism |
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57 | (2) |
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Early `Political Reception' |
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57 | (1) |
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The Growth Since the Early 1980s |
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58 | (1) |
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Structural Changes in Tourist Demand |
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59 | (5) |
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Foreigners, Compatriots and Overseas Chinese |
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59 | (4) |
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Nationalities of Foreign Tourists |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (3) |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (5) |
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67 | (3) |
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70 | (2) |
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Domestic Travel and Tourism |
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72 | (37) |
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Mass Domestic Tourism: a National Perspective |
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72 | (10) |
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72 | (3) |
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75 | (7) |
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Natural Sightseeing Tourism in Guilin |
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82 | (8) |
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(Inter-regional) Individual Tourism |
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82 | (5) |
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87 | (3) |
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Cultural Sightseeing Tourism in Suzhou |
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90 | (9) |
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91 | (4) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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(Inter-regional) Individual Tourism and Travel Meetings |
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97 | (2) |
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Seaside Resort Tourism in Beidaihe |
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99 | (5) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (3) |
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Summary: A Descriptive Model of Domestic Tourism in China |
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104 | (5) |
| Part III Tourism Infrastructure Development |
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109 | (40) |
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International Hotel Industry |
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111 | (20) |
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112 | (6) |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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Structure of Hotel Standards |
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117 | (1) |
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The Role of Foreign Direct Investment |
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118 | (4) |
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The Surge of Joint-venture Hotels |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (9) |
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122 | (1) |
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Consequences of Over-capacity |
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123 | (5) |
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Consequences of Over-involvement of FDI (Guilin) |
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128 | (3) |
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Domestic Accommodation Sector |
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131 | (18) |
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Discontinuities in Service Standards |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (4) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Commercialization in the Early 1980s |
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136 | (1) |
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Rapid Expansions and Restructuring |
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137 | (12) |
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Rapid Growth in the Mid-1980s |
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137 | (3) |
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The Role of Different `Actors' |
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140 | (4) |
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Restructuring Since the Late 1980s |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (4) |
| Part IV Economic Effects |
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149 | (58) |
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Tourism Revenues and Their Distribution |
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151 | (17) |
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The Growth of Foreign Exchange Receipts |
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151 | (5) |
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Yuan-based Price System and Its Consequences |
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152 | (2) |
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Dollar-based Price System and Its Effects |
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154 | (2) |
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Local Shares of Foreign Exchange Receipts |
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156 | (6) |
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Ownership Structure and Revenue Distribution |
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156 | (2) |
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FDI and Leakage of Tourism Revenues in Guilin |
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158 | (2) |
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Enterprise Structure and Souvenir Trading in Suzhou |
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160 | (2) |
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Domestic Tourism Revenues |
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162 | (6) |
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162 | (3) |
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165 | (3) |
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Tourism Employment and Its Role in Local Labor Markets |
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168 | (39) |
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Direct Tourism Employment |
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168 | (11) |
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168 | (3) |
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171 | (3) |
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Tourism and Urban Tertiary Sector Employment |
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174 | (1) |
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Estimating the Capital/Labor Ratio |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (2) |
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Individual and Self-Employment |
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179 | (6) |
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Tourism and Private Sector Employment |
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179 | (3) |
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The Forms of Private Sector Employment |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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Employment Spill-overs in Souvenir Manufacturing |
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185 | (5) |
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The Prospering Souvenir Industry in Suzhou |
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186 | (1) |
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Underdevelopment of Souvenir Industry in Guilin and Beidaihe |
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187 | (3) |
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Tourism Job Opportunities and Rural-Urban Migration |
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190 | (8) |
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Tourism Jobs as a `Pull Factor' |
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190 | (3) |
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The Forms of Tourism-Induced Rural-Urban Migration |
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193 | (3) |
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Access of Rural Migrants to Tourism Job Opportunities |
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196 | (2) |
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Tourism Employment and Income Effects in Rural Areas |
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198 | (5) |
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A Small Area Case: The Rural Communities Around Beidaihe |
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198 | (3) |
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A Village Case: The Chunyan Village (Guilin) |
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201 | (2) |
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Summary: A Model of Tourism Employment and Labor Mobility |
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203 | (4) |
| Part V Summary, Prospects and Policy Issues |
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207 | (18) |
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209 | (6) |
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Prospects and Policy Issues |
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215 | (10) |
| Bibliography |
|
225 | |
