| Acknowledgments |
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xii | |
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xiii | |
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xix | |
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Table of official publications |
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xxxii | |
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1 | (13) |
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1 | (4) |
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1.2 Perceptions of difference and convergence |
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5 | (6) |
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1.2.1 Perceptions of difference |
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5 | (2) |
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1.2.2 Perceptions of truth |
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7 | (2) |
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1.2.3 Perceptions of convergence |
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9 | (2) |
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1.3 Structure of the book |
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11 | (3) |
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2 Aspiration to mutual admissibility of evidence in the European Union |
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14 | (35) |
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14 | (2) |
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2.2 The development of cooperation in criminal matters on the basis of 'mutual recognition' |
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16 | (7) |
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2.2.1 From mutual legal assistance to mutual recognition |
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16 | (7) |
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2.3 Gathering and transfer of evidence |
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23 | (8) |
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2.3.1 The European Evidence Warrant and the European Investigation Order |
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24 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Admissibility of evidence |
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26 | (2) |
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2.3.3 Exchange of information regarding previous convictions |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (3) |
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2.4 Developing safeguards for suspects and defendants |
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31 | (15) |
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2.4.1 Safeguards contained in the evidence-gathering instruments |
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31 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Promoting 'mutual trust' -- development of minimum procedural safeguards |
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32 | (3) |
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2.4.3 Latest developments in providing common procedural rights |
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35 | (11) |
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46 | (3) |
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3 Theoretical approaches to the comparison of procedural systems |
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49 | (33) |
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49 | (1) |
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3.2 The development of criminal procedural systems and approaches to proof -- a historical perspective |
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50 | (15) |
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3.2.1 Criminal procedure up to the thirteenth century in France and England: accusatory type procedure in common |
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51 | (2) |
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3.2.2 Beginnings of divergence -- the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries |
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53 | (4) |
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3.2.3 Pre-eighteenth-century approaches to proof |
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57 | (2) |
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3.2.4 Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century England -- development of adversarial trial and the establishment of the law of evidence |
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59 | (2) |
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3.2.5 Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century France -- development of the principle of free proof and trial by jury |
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61 | (3) |
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3.2.6 Divergence of procedure in England and France |
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64 | (1) |
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3.3 Comparative approaches through use of models of criminal procedure |
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65 | (15) |
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3.3.1 Accusatorial and inquisitorial models |
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65 | (5) |
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3.3.2 Adversarial and non-adversarial procedure |
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70 | (2) |
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3.3.3 Approaches to proof in adversary and non-adversary procedure |
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72 | (2) |
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3.3.4 Hierarchical and coordinate models of authority |
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74 | (2) |
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3.3.5 The analytical value of the models |
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76 | (1) |
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3.3.6 Lost in translation: procedure contradictoire and adversarial procedure |
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77 | (3) |
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80 | (2) |
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4 Gathering, receiving and contesting evidence in Ireland |
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82 | (51) |
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82 | (1) |
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4.2 Gathering evidence in the pre-trial phase |
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83 | (14) |
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4.2.1 Organisational structure of the pre-trial phase |
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83 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Means of evidence-gathering during investigation |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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4.2.5 Obtaining evidence from witnesses |
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87 | (1) |
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4.2.6 Obtaining evidence from the suspect during detention in police custody |
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87 | (10) |
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97 | (16) |
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4.3.1 Unlawfully obtained evidence |
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97 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Fruit of the poisoned tree -- causative link |
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99 | (9) |
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4.3.3 Confession evidence |
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108 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Potentially unreliable evidence -- hearsay evidence |
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109 | (2) |
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4.3.5 Potentially prejudicial evidence -- evidence of bad character |
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111 | (2) |
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4.4 Receiving, presenting and challenging evidence |
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113 | (16) |
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4.4.1 The presumption of innocence |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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4.4.3 The course of the trial |
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115 | (14) |
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129 | (4) |
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5 Gathering, receiving and contesting evidence in France |
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133 | (54) |
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133 | (2) |
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5.2 Gathering evidence in the pre-trial phase |
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135 | (20) |
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5.2.1 Organisational structure of the pre-trial phase |
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135 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Enquete preliminaire procedure; instruction procedure |
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137 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Means of gathering evidence |
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138 | (17) |
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5.3 Approach to evidence law in France |
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155 | (4) |
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5.3.1 Principle of loyaute with respect to gathering evidence -- illegally obtained evidence |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (2) |
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5.4 Receiving, presenting and challenging evidence |
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159 | (19) |
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160 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Parties to proceedings |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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5.4.5 Course of the trial |
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162 | (16) |
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178 | (3) |
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5.5.1 Reasons for decision |
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179 | (2) |
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5.6 Role of president of the court at trial |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (5) |
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6 Gathering, receiving and contesting evidence in Italy |
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187 | (51) |
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187 | (2) |
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6.2 Gathering evidence in the pre-trial phase |
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189 | (12) |
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6.2.1 Organisational structure of the pre-trial phase |
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189 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Means of evidence-gathering during investigation |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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6.2.5 Obtaining evidence from the suspect |
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193 | (8) |
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201 | (12) |
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6.3.1 Unlawfully obtained evidence -- nullity system |
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202 | (6) |
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208 | (2) |
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6.3.3 Statements of the accused |
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210 | (1) |
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6.3.4 Documentary evidence |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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6.4 Receiving, presenting and challenging evidence |
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213 | (17) |
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213 | (1) |
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6.4.2 The course of the trial |
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214 | (3) |
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6.4.3 Presentation of evidence |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (1) |
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6.4.5 Examining and cross-examining witnesses |
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220 | (2) |
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6.4.6 Questioning by the trial judge |
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222 | (1) |
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6.4.7 Evidence from the accused |
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223 | (1) |
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6.4.8 Power of trial judge to seek further evidence |
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224 | (6) |
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6.4.9 Use of evidence from the prosecutor's file through the 'readings' system |
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230 | (1) |
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6.5 Evaluation of evidence and judgment |
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230 | (3) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (5) |
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235 | (3) |
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7 Prospects for realising a mutual admissibility system in light of the differences revealed |
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238 | (12) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (7) |
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7.2.1 Theoretical considerations |
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238 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Differences in pre-trial investigation procedure |
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239 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Differences in right of access to a lawyer afforded to suspects |
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240 | (1) |
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7.2.4 Differences in approach to rules of evidence |
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241 | (1) |
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7.2.5 Differences in evidence procedure within trial structure |
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242 | (3) |
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245 | (5) |
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7.3.1 Adversarial and contradictoire types of procedure |
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245 | (2) |
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7.3.2 Prospects for a principle of mutual admissibility of evidence |
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247 | (3) |
| Bibliography |
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250 | (7) |
| Index |
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257 | |