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Toxoplasma Gondii: The Model Apicomplexan Perspectives and Methods 2nd edition [Kõva köide]

Edited by (Professor of Medicine and Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, NY, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 1160 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x191 mm, kaal: 2360 g, 150 illustrations (75 in full color); Illustrations, unspecified
  • Ilmumisaeg: 21-Aug-2013
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0123964814
  • ISBN-13: 9780123964816
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 1160 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x191 mm, kaal: 2360 g, 150 illustrations (75 in full color); Illustrations, unspecified
  • Ilmumisaeg: 21-Aug-2013
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0123964814
  • ISBN-13: 9780123964816
Teised raamatud teemal:

This 2e of Toxoplasma gondii reflects the significant advances in the field in the last 5 years, including new information on the genomics, epigenomics and proteomics of T. gondii as well as a new understanding of the population biology and genetic diversity of this organism. T. gondii remains the best model system for studying the entire Apicomplexa group of protozoans, which includes Malaria, making this new edition essential for a broad group of researchers and scientists.

Toxoplasmosis is caused by a one-celled protozoan parasite known as T. gondii. The infection produces a wide range of clinical syndromes in humans, land and sea mammals, and various bird species. Most humans contract toxoplasmosis by eating contaminated, raw or undercooked meat (particularly pork), vegetables, or milk products; by coming into contact with the T. gondii eggs from cat feces; or by drinking contaminated water. The parasite damages the ocular and central nervous systems, causing behavioral and personality alterations as well as fatal necrotizing encephalitis. It is especially dangerous for the fetus of an infected pregnant woman and for individuals with compromised immune systems, such as HIV-infected patients.

  • Completely updated, the 2e presents recent advances driven by new information on the genetics and genomics of the pathogen
  • Provides the latest information concerning the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of toxoplasmosis
  • Offers a single-source reference for a wide range of scientists and physicians working with this pathogen, including parasitologists, cell and molecular biologists, veterinarians, neuroscientists, physicians, and food scientists

Arvustused

"The field was in need of this new edition because of the information burst that has occurred with the sequencing of the genome which has led to tractable genetic systems. A one source resource for these molecular techniques is essential to the continuing progress in this research field." Melanie T. Cushion, Ph.D., Professor and Associate Chair for Research, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio

"...a must have for anyone interested in the field of Toxoplasma research...the cornerstone of any aspiring protozoologists library...I love this book for its content, layout, and ease of finding detailed information" --JAVMA,Toxoplasma Gondii, 2nd Edition

Muu info

Reflects the significant advances of the field in the last 5 years, including new information on the genetics and genomics of Toxoplasma gondii and on the population biology and genetic diversity of this organism
Preface to the First Edition xiii
Preface to the Second Edition xvii
List of Contributors
xix
1 The History and Life Cycle of Toxoplasma gondii
J.P. Dubey
1.1 Introduction
2(1)
1.2 The Etiological Agent
2(1)
1.3 Parasite Morphology and Life Cycle
3(2)
1.4 Transmission
5(3)
1.5 Toxoplasmosis in Humans
8(3)
1.6 Toxoplasmosis in Other Animals
11(1)
1.7 Diagnosis
12(1)
1.8 Treatment
12(1)
1.9 Prevention and Control
13(7)
Acknowledgements
14(1)
References
14(6)
2 The Ultrastructure of Toxoplasma gondii
David J. P. Ferguson
Jean-Francois Dubremetz
2.1 Invasive Stage Ultrastructure and Genesis
20(14)
2.2 Coccidian Development in the Definitive Host
34(14)
2.3 Development in the Intermediate Host
48(14)
References
57(5)
3 Molecular Epidemiology and Population Structure of Toxoplasma gondii
Marie-Laure Darde
Daniel Ajzenberg
Chunlei Su
3.1 Introduction
62(1)
3.2 Genetic Markers
62(3)
3.3 Genotype Designation
65(1)
3.4 Molecular Epidemiological and Population Studies
65(20)
3.5 Factors Affecting Transmission and Genetic Exchange
85(2)
3.6 Toxoplasma Genotype and Biological Characteristics
87(1)
3.7 Toxoplasma gondii Genotype and Human Disease
88(12)
References
93(7)
4 Human Toxoplasma Infection
Rima Mcleod
Christine Van Tubbergen
Jose G. Montoya
Eskild Petersen
4.1 Clinical Manifestations and Course
100(31)
4.2 Diagnosis of Infection with Toxoplasma gondii
131(9)
4.3 Treatment
140(6)
4.4 Prevention
146(1)
4.5 Conclusions
147(15)
Acknowledgements
147(1)
References
147(15)
5 Ocular Disease due to Toxoplasma gondii
Emily Su
Andrea Honda
Paul Latkany
5.1 Introduction
162(1)
5.2 Historical Features of Ocular Toxoplasmosis
163(1)
5.3 Epidemiology
164(3)
5.4 The Mechanism of Tissue Damage in Ocular Toxoplasmosis
167(1)
5.5 Host Factors in Ocular Toxoplasmosis
168(1)
5.6 Parasite Factors in Ocular Infection
168(1)
5.7 Animal Models
169(3)
5.8 Clinical Characteristics
172(7)
5.9 Diagnostic Tests and Pathology
179(4)
5.10 The Treatment and Management of Ocular Toxoplasmosis
183(4)
5.11 Conclusion
187(7)
Acknowledgements
187(1)
References
187(7)
6 Toxoplasmosis in Wild and Domestic Animals
David S. Lindsay
J.P. Dubey
6.1 Introduction
194(1)
6.2 Toxoplasmosis in Wild Life
194(10)
6.3 Toxoplasmosis in Zoos
204(2)
6.4 Toxoplasma gondii and Endangered Species
206(1)
6.5 Toxoplasmosis in Pets
206(2)
6.6 Domestic Farm Animals
208(2)
6.7 Fish, Reptiles and Amphibians
210(8)
References
211(7)
7 Toxoplasma Animal Models and Therapeutics
Carsten G.K. Luder
Utz Reichard
Uwe Gross
7.1 Introduction
218(1)
7.2 Congenital Toxoplasmosis
219(11)
7.3 Ocular Toxoplasmosis
230(9)
7.4 Cerebral Toxoplasmosis
239(19)
References
249(9)
8 Biochemistry and Metabolism of Toxoplasma gondii: Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleotides
Isabelle Coppens
Takashi Asai
Stanislas Tomavo
8.1 Introduction
258(1)
8.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
259(7)
8.3 N-Glycosylation in Toxoplasma gondii
266(1)
8.4 Glycolipid Anchors
267(2)
8.5 Lipid Metabolism
269(13)
8.6 Nucleotide Biosynthesis
282(5)
8.7 Nucleoside Triphosphate Hydrolase (NTPase)
287(11)
References
290(8)
9 The Apicoplast and Mitochondrion of Toxoplasma gondii
Frank Seeber
Jean E. Feagin
Marilyn Parsons
9.1 Introduction
298(1)
9.2 The Apicoplast
299(31)
9.3 The Mitochondrion
330(11)
9.4 Perspectives
341(11)
Acknowledgements
341(1)
References
341(11)
10 Calcium Storage and Homeostasis in Toxoplasma gondii
Silvia N.J. Moreno
Lucas Borges Pereira
Douglas A. Pace
10.1 Introduction
352(1)
10.2 Fluorescent Methods to Study Calcium Homeostasis in Toxoplasma gondii
352(5)
10.3 Regulation of [ Ca2+]i in Toxoplasma gondii
357(3)
10.4 Calcium Sources
360(8)
10.5 Ca2+ and Cell Function in Toxoplasma gondii
368(3)
10.6 Conclusions
371(4)
Acknowledgements
372(1)
References
372(3)
11 The Toxoplasma gondii Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane: A Multifunctional Organelle in the Infected Cell
Anthony P. Sinai
11.1 Introduction
375(2)
11.2 Biogenesis of the PVM
377(1)
11.3 The Physical Organization of the PV and PVM
378(1)
11.4 Activities Associated with the Early and Developing PVM
379(3)
11.5 Structural Modifications in the Host Cell
382(1)
11.6 Role of the PVM in Nutrient Acquisition
382(1)
11.7 The PVM as the Substrate for the Developing Tissue Cyst Wall
383(1)
11.8 Identification of Novel Activities at the PVM
384(6)
References
384(6)
12 Toxoplasma Secretory Proteins and Their Roles in Cell Invasion and Intracellular Survival
Maryse Lebrun
Vern B. Carruthers
Marie-France Cesbron-Delauw
12.1 Introduction
390(1)
12.2 Invasion: A Rapid and Active Process Unique to Apicomplexan Parasites
391(2)
12.3 Invasion: A Tightly Coupled Secretion Machinery
393(4)
12.4 Micronemes
397(21)
12.5 Rhoptries
418(17)
12.6 Dense Granules
435(9)
12.7 Conclusions
444(12)
Acknowledgements
444(1)
References
444(12)
13 The Toxoplasma Cytoskeleton: Structures, Proteins and Processes
Naomi Morrissette
Marc-Jan Gubbels
13.1 Morphology
456(7)
13.2 Cytoskeletal Elements
463(23)
13.3 Putting it all Together: Processes
486(11)
13.4 Summary: A Story of Adaptation, Loss and Novel Components
497(9)
Acknowledgements
498(1)
References
498(8)
14 Interactions Between Toxoplasma Effectors and Host Immune Responses
Barbara A. Butcher
Michael L. Reese
John C. Boothroyd
Eric Y. Denkers
14.1 Early Indications that Toxoplasma Interferes with Host Signalling
506(1)
14.2 Rhoptry Protein ROP16
506(3)
14.3 Dense Granule Protein GRA15
509(3)
14.4 Rhoptry Protein ROP18
512(1)
14.5 Rhoptry Protein ROP5
513(3)
14.6 Other Parasite Molecules Possibly Influencing Host Cell Signalling
516(1)
14.7 Conclusion
516(5)
References
517(4)
15 Bradyzoite Development
Laura J. Knoll
Tadakimi Tomita
Louis M. Weiss
15.1 Introduction
521(2)
15.2 Bradyzoite and Tissue Cyst Morphology and Biology
523(2)
15.3 The Development of Tissue Cysts and Bradyzoites in Vitro
525(3)
15.4 The Cell Cycle and Bradyzoite Development
528(2)
15.5 The Stress Response and Signalling Pathways for Bradyzoite Formation
530(2)
15.6 Heat Shock Proteins
532(2)
15.7 Transcriptional Control of Bradyzoite Genes
534(1)
15.8 Cyst Wall and Matrix Antigens
535(4)
15.9 Surface Antigens
539(1)
15.10 Metabolic Differences Between Bradyzoites and Tachyzoites
540(2)
15.11 Genetic Studies on Bradyzoite Biology
542(2)
15.12 Summary
544(8)
Acknowledgements
544(1)
References
545(7)
16 Development and Application of Classical Genetics in Toxoplasma gondii
James W. Ajioka
L. David Sibley
16.1 Introduction
552(1)
16.2 Biology of Toxoplasma
552(2)
16.3 Establishment of Transmission Genetics
554(4)
16.4 Development of Genetic Mapping
558(3)
16.5 Mapping Phenotypic Traits by Classical Genetics
561(12)
16.6 Future Challenges
573(5)
Acknowledgements
573(1)
References
573(5)
17 Genetic Manipulation of Toxoplasma gondii
Damien Jacot
Markus Meissner
Lilach Sheiner
Dominique Soldati-Favre
Boris Striepen
17.1 Introduction
578(2)
17.2 The Mechanics of Making Transgenic Parasites
580(5)
17.3 Using Transgenic Parasites to Study the Function of Parasite Genes
585(9)
17.4 Perspectives
594(1)
17.5 The Toxoplasma Maniatis: A Selection of Detailed Protocols for Parasite Culture, Genetic Manipulation and Phenotypic Characterization
594(20)
Acknowledgements
607(1)
References
608(6)
18 Epigenetic and Genetic Factors that Regulate Gene Expression in Toxoplasma gondii
William J. Sullivan, Jr.
Joshua B. Radke
Kami Kim
Michael W. White
18.1 Introduction
614(1)
18.2 Transcription in Toxoplasma
614(11)
18.3 Epigenetics in Toxoplasma
625(10)
18.4 Post-Transcriptional Mechanisms in Toxoplasma
635(4)
18.5 Conclusions and Future Directions
639(8)
Acknowledgements
640(1)
References
640(7)
19 ToxoDB: An Integrated Functional Genomic Resource for Toxoplasma and Other Sarcocystidae
Omar S. Harb
David S. Roos
19.1 Introduction
647(1)
19.2 Genomes in ToxoDB
648(1)
19.3 Data Content
649(1)
19.4 The ToxoDB Home Page
650(1)
19.5 The Search Strategy System
651(4)
19.6 Genomic Colocation
655(4)
19.7 The Genome Browser
659(1)
19.8 Future Directions
659(5)
Acknowledgements
660(1)
References
661(3)
20 Comparative Aspects of Nucleotide and Amino Acid Metabolism in Toxoplasma gondii and Other Apicomplexa
Kshitiz Chaudhary
Barbara A. Fox
David J. Bzik
20.1 Introduction
664(1)
20.2 Purines
665(20)
20.3 Pyrimidines
685(12)
20.4 Amino Acids
697(11)
References
699(9)
21 Toxoplasma gondii Chemical Biology
Matthew Bogyo
Gary Ward
21.1 Introduction
708(1)
21.2 Small Molecules as Tools: To Monitor or to Modulate?
708(2)
21.3 Reverse (Target-Based) Chemical Genetics
710(2)
21.4 Forward (Cell-Based) Chemical Genetics
712(5)
21.5 Demonstrating Compound Specificity/Selectivity; Target Validation
717(3)
21.6 Toxoplasma gondii Chemical Biology: Case Studies
720(7)
21.7 Toxoplasma gondii Chemical Biology: Summary and Future Prospects
727(5)
Acknowledgements
727(1)
References
727(5)
22 Proteomics of Toxoplasma gondii
Jonathan M. Wastling
Dong Xia
22.1 Introduction
732(1)
22.2 Fundamentals of Proteomics
733(2)
22.3 Which Proteome? Proteomes and Subproteomes of Toxoplasma gondii
735(1)
22.4 Mass-Spectrometry Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii Proteins
736(1)
22.5 Quantitative Proteomics
737(2)
22.6 Application of Proteomics to the Study of Toxoplasma gondii
739(1)
22.7 Proteomics Analysis of the Rhoptry Organelles of Toxoplasma gondii
740(3)
22.8 Proteomics Analysis of Excretory/Secretory Proteins of Toxoplasma gondii
743(1)
22.9 Proteomics Analysis of Membrane Proteins of Toxoplasma gondii
744(1)
22.10 The Dynamic Proteome of Toxoplasma gondii
745(2)
22.11 Proteomics as a Tool to Dissect the Host Response to Infection
747(1)
22.12 Database Management of Toxoplasma gondii Proteomics Data
748(3)
22.13 Conclusion and Perspectives
751(5)
Acknowledgements
751(1)
References
751(5)
23 Cerebral Toxoplasmosis: Pathogenesis, Host Resistance and Behavioural Consequences
Yasuhiro Suzuki
Qila Sa
Eri Ochiai
Jeremi Mullins
Robert Yolken
Sandra K. Halonen
23.1 Introduction
756(1)
23.2 Producers of Interleukin (IL)-12 Required for IFNγ Production
757(2)
23.3 Producers of IFNγ
759(4)
23.4 Other Cytokines and Regulatory Molecules for Resistance
763(5)
23.5 Involvement of Humoural Immunity in Resistance
768(1)
23.6 IFNγ Induced Effector Mechanisms
769(4)
23.7 IFNγ Effector Cells in the Brain with Activity Against Toxoplasma gondii
773(3)
23.8 The Role of Host Cells Harbouring Toxoplasma gondii in the Brain
776(3)
23.9 Immune Responses to the Cyst Stage of Toxoplasma gondii in the Brain
779(1)
23.10 Host Genes Involved in Regulating Resistance
780(1)
23.11 Immune Effector Mechanisms in Ocular Toxoplasmosis
781(1)
23.12 Immune Effector Mechanisms in Congenital Toxoplasmosis
782(1)
23.13 Behavourial Consequences of Infection
783(5)
23.14 Conclusions
788(9)
Acknowledgements
788(1)
References
789(8)
24 Innate Immunity to Toxoplasma gondii
Dana G. Mordue
Christopher A. Hunter
24.1 Introduction
797(1)
24.2 Establishment of Infection
798(1)
24.3 The Critical Importance of IL-12-Dependent IFNγ Production
798(2)
24.4 Pattern Recognition Receptors and IL-12 Production
800(2)
24.5 Toxoplasma gondii Modulation of Host Cell Signalling
802(1)
24.6 Toxoplasma gondii Genotype-Dependent Effects on Host Cell Signalling
803(1)
24.7 Cell Autonomous Immunity
804(6)
24.8 Antigen Presentation
810(1)
24.9 Conclusion and Perspectives
811(10)
References
812(9)
25 Adaptive Immunity and Genetics of the Host Immune Response
Craig W. Roberts
Sheela Prasad
Farzana Khaliq
Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
Imtiaz A. Khan
Rima Mcleod
25.1 Introduction
821(3)
25.2 Mouse Genetic Studies
824(41)
25.3 Studies of Lewis and Fischer Rats
865(4)
25.4 Studies in Humans Concerning Genes that Confer Resistance or Susceptibility and the Use of Murine Models with Human Transgenes
869(68)
25.5 Influence of Parasite Strain on Immune Response and Disease in Murine Models
937(2)
25.6 General Aspects of Immunity
939(14)
25.7 Immunological Control in Animal Models
953(5)
25.8 Immunological Control in Humans
958(5)
25.9 Influence of Co-Infection with Other Pathogens
963(1)
25.10 Pregnancy and Congenital Disease
963(3)
25.11 Summary and Conclusions
966(30)
Acknowledgements
966(1)
References
967(29)
26 Vaccination against Toxoplasmosis: Current Status and Future Prospects
Craig W. Roberts
Rima Mcleod
Fiona L. Henriquez
James Alexander
26.1 Introduction
996(1)
26.2 Scope of Problem and Potential Benefits of Vaccination
996(5)
26.3 Current Status of Vaccines for Intermediate Hosts
1001(30)
26.4 The Rodent as a Model to Study Congenital Disease and Vaccination
1031(2)
26.5 Review of Vaccines for Definitive Host (CATS)
1033(2)
26.6 Future Strategies to Design New Vaccines for Coccidial Parasites in General and Toxoplasma gondii in Particular
1035(12)
References
1037(10)
Epilogue 1047(2)
Index 1049
Louis M. Weiss, MD, MPH is Professor of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Professor of Pathology (Division of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine) of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. Dr. Weiss received his M.D. and M.P.H degrees from the Johns Hopkins University in 1982. He then completed a residency in Internal Medicine at the University of Chicago and a fellowship in Infectious Diseases at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Following this fellowship, he joined the faculty at Einstein where he is currently a Professor of Pathology and Medicine. His laboratory group has an active research program on parasitic diseases with a research focus on Toxoplasma gondii, the Microsporidia and Trypanosoma cruzi. Dr. Weiss is the author of over 200 publications and the editor of 3 books on parasitology. He is a fellow of the American College of Physicians, Infectious Disease Society of America and the American Academy of Microbiology. Dr. Weiss is the Co-Director of the Einstein Global Health Center.