Written as an authoritative guide for analytical chemists, geochemists, soil scientists, agricultural chemists and environmental scientists at postgraduate level and beyond, Trace Metals in Soils provides an up-to-date, balanced and comprehensive review broken up into four sections, covering: basic chemistry and general principles; long-term behaviour of trace metals in soils; environmentally important trace metals, and remediation and management of metal contaminated soils.
Arvustused
"This book is very suitable for soil scientists involved in soil contamination, but also for research chemists, geochemists, agronomists, environmental scientists, ecotoxicologists, and professionals who deal with contaminated soils." ( Anal Bioanal Chem, February 2011)
1. Introduction Peter S. Hooda 2.Trace Elements: General Soil
Chemistry, Principles and Processes Filip M.G. Tack 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Distribution of trace elements in the soil 2.3 Chemical species
2.4 Sorption and desorption 2.5 Precipitation and dissolution 2.6
Mobilisation of trace elements 2.7 Transport 2.8 Plant uptake 2.9
Concluding remarks References
3. Soil Sampling and Sample Preparation
Anthony C. Edwards 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Soil sampling 3.3 Errors
associated with soil sampling and preparation 3.4. Overview of the current
situation 3.5 Scale and variability 3.6 Conclusions References
4.
Analysis and Fractionation of Trace Elements in Soils Gijis Du Laing
4.1. Introduction 4.2. Total Analysis 4.3. Fractionation of Trace
Elements 4.4. Species-retaining and Species-selective Leaching
Techniques 4.5. Equipment for Direct Speciation of Trace Elements in
Soil 4.6. Conclusions References
5. Fractionation and Speciation of
Trace Elements in Soil Solution Gijis Du Laing 5.1. Introduction
5.2. Soil Solution Sampling, Storage and Filtration 5.3. Particle Size
Fractionation 5.4. Liquid-liquid Extraction 5.5. Ion Exchange Resins
and Solid Phase Extraction 5.6. Derivatisation Techniques to Create
Volatile Species 5.7. Chromatographic Separation of Trace Element
Species 5.8. Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) 5.9. Diffusive Gradients
in Thin Films (DGT) 5.10. Ion-selective Electrodes 5.11. Donnan
Membrane Technique 5.12. Voltammetric Techniques 5.13. Microelectrodes
and Microsensors 5.14. Models for Predicting Metal Speciation in Soil
Solution 5.15. Conclusions References
6. Long-Term Issues, Impacts
And Predictive Modelling Weiping Chen, Andrew C. Chang, Laosheng Wu,
Albert L. Page and Bonjun Koo 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Biosolids-borne
Trace Elements in Soils 6.3 Assessing Availability of Trace Elements in
Biosolids-amended Soils 6.4 Long-Term Availability Pool Assessment through
a Root Exudates-based Model 6.5 Conclusions References
7.
Fertilizer-borne Trace Element Contaminants in Soils Samuel P. Stacey,
Mike J. McLaughlin and Ganga Hettiarachchi 7.1 Introduction 7.2.
Phosphatic Fertilisers 7.3. Micronutrient Fertilisers
7. 4. Long-term
Accumulation of Fertilizer-borne Trace Element Contaminants 7.5. Trace
Elemental Contaminant Transfer to Crops and Grazing Animals 7.6.
Conclusions References
8. Trace Metal Exposure and Effects on Soil
Dwelling Species and their Communities David J. Spurgeon 8.1
Introduction 8.2 Hazards and Consequences of Trace Metal Exposure 8.3.
Routes of Exposure, Uptake and Detoxification 8.4. Conclusions
References
9. Trace Element Deficient Soils Rainer Schulin, Annette
Johnson, and Emmanuel Frossard 9.1 Introduction 9.2. The concept of
trace element deficient soils 9.3. Methods to identify and map soil trace
element deficiencies 9.4. Soil factors associated with trace element
deficiencies 9.5. Treatment of soils deficient in trace elements
References
10. Application of Chemical Speciation Modelling to Studies on
Toxic Element Behaviour in Soils Les J. Evans, Sarah J. Barabash, David
G. Lumsdon and Xueyuan Gu 10.1. Introduction 10.2. The structure of
chemical speciation models 10.3. The species/component matrix 10.4.
Aqueous Speciation Modeling 10.5. Surface Complexation Modeling to Mineral
Surfaces 10.6. Surface Complexation Modelling to Soil Organic Matter
10.7. Discussion References Bioavailability, Risk Assessment and
Remediation
11. Assessing Bioavailability of Soil Trace Elements
Peter S. Hooda 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Speciation, Bioavailability
and Bioaccumulation Definitions and Concepts 11.3. Bioavailability
Assessment Approaches 11.4.Discussion and Conclusions References
Bioavailability: Exposure, Dose and Risk Assessment
12. Assessing
Bioavailability of Soil Trace Elements Rupert L. Hough 12.1
Introduction 12.2 Hazard Identification 12.3. Exposure Assessment
12.4. Dose-Response 12.5. Risk Characterisation 12.6 Assessment of
mixtures and disparate risks 12.7 Conclusions References
13.
Regulatory Limits for Trace Elements in Soils Graham Merrington, Sohel
Saikat and Albania Grosso 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Derivation of
regulatory limits for trace elements 13.3. National and international
initiatives in setting limit values 13.4. Forward look 13.5.
Conclusions 14 Phytoremediation of Soil Trace Elements Rufus L. Chaney,
C. Leigh Broadhurst and Tiziana Centofanti 14.1. Introduction 14.2.
Nature of soil contamination where phytoextraction may be applied 14.3.
Need for metal tolerant hyperaccumulators for practical phytoextraction
14.4. Phytoremediation strategies applications and limitations 14.5.
Phytostabilization of Zn-Pb, Cu, or Ni mine waste or smelter contaminated
soils 14.6. Recovery of elements from phytoextraction biomass 14.7.
Risks to wildlife during phytoextraction operations? 14.8 Conclusions
References
15. Trace Element Immobilization in Soil Using Amendments
Jurate Kumpiene 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Soil Amendments for Trace
Element Immobilization 15.3 Method Acceptance 15.4 Concluding remarks
References Characteristics and Behaviour of Individual Elements
16.
Arsenic and Antimony Yuji Arai 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Geogenic
Occurrence 16.3. Sources of Soil Contamination 16.4. Chemical Behaviour
in Soils 16.5 Arsenic retention in soils 16.6 Risks from As and Sb in
Soils 16.7 Conclusions and Future Research Needs References
17.
Cadmium and Zinc Rufus L. Chaney 17.1. Introduction 17.2. Geogenic
occurrence and sources of soil contamination 17.3. Chemical behavior in
soils 17.4. Plant accumulation of soil Cd and Zn 17.5. Risk
implications for Cd in soil amendments 17.6. Plant uptake of Cd and Zn in
relation to food-chain Cd risk 17.7. Food-chain Zn issues References
18. Copper and Lead Rupert L. Hough 18.1 Introduction 18.2. Copper
18.3. Lead 18.4. Risks from copper and lead 18.5 Concluding remarks
References
19. Chromium, Cobalt and Nickel Yibing Ma and Peter S.
Hooda 19.1. Introduction 19.2. Geogenic Occurrences 19.3. Sources
of Soil Contamination 19.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils 19.5.
Environmental and Human Heath Risks 19.6. Concluding Remarks References
20. Manganese and Selenium Zhenli L. He, Jiali Shentu, and Xiao E.
Yang 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Concentrations and Sources of Mn and Se in
soils 20.3. Chemical Behavior of Mn and Se in soils 20.4. Effects on
Plant, Animal and human Health References
21. Tin and Mercury
Martin J. Clifford, Gavin M. Hilson and Mark E. Hodson 20.1. Introduction
21.2. Geogenic Occurrence 21.3. Sources of Soil Contamination 21.4.
Chemical Behaviour in Soils 21.5. Risks from Tin and Mercury in Soils
References
22. Molybdenum, Silver, Thallium,and Vanadium Les J. Evans
and Sarah J. Barabash 22.1. Introduction 22.2. Molybdenum 22.3.
Silver 22.4. Thallium 22.5. Vanadium 22.6. Environmental and Human
Health Risks References
23. Gold and Uranium Ian D. Pulford
23.1. Introduction 23.2. Geogenic Occurrence 23.3. Soil Contamination
23.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils 23.5. Risks from Gold and Uranium in
Soils 23.6. Concluding Comments References
24. Platinum Group
Elements in Soil F. Zereini and C.L.S. Wiseman 24.1. Introduction
24.2. Sources of PGE in soils 24.3. Emissions, Depositional Behavior and
Concentrations in Soils 24.4. Geochemical Behaviour in Soils 24.5.
Bioavailability 24.6. Conclusions References
Peter Hooda is Reader in Environmental Soil Science at Kingston University London, UK
