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Trace and Ultratrace Elements in Plants and Soil [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 390 pages, kõrgus x laius: 220x138 mm, Illustrations
  • Sari: Advances in Ecological Sciences v. 20
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-Jul-2004
  • Kirjastus: WIT Press
  • ISBN-10: 1853129607
  • ISBN-13: 9781853129605
Teised raamatud teemal:
Trace and Ultratrace Elements in Plants and SoilSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 390 pages, kõrgus x laius: 220x138 mm, Illustrations
  • Sari: Advances in Ecological Sciences v. 20
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-Jul-2004
  • Kirjastus: WIT Press
  • ISBN-10: 1853129607
  • ISBN-13: 9781853129605
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781853129605.html
Märksõnad:
Describing different aspects of the biogeochemistry of trace elements, this volume highlights elements of unknown biological significance. It focuses on the main aspects of soil chemistry, transport of trace elements from soil to plants, and phytoremediation methodologies and applications. Concepts and methods of analytical chemistry in trace element analysis are also reviewed with special emphasis being placed on newer and usually more sensitive methods, and quality control of determination of low concentrations. The book reflects the differing opinions of the international team of contributors. Contents: Multi-Element Analysis of Plant and Soil Samples; Exploratory Multivariate Data Analysis of Soil and Plant Multi-Element Data; Processes and Factors Regulating the Behaviour and Uptake of Trace Elements in the Rhizosphere; Metal and Arsenic Bioavailability and Uptake by Hyperaccumulator Plants; Copper; Arsenic; Cadmium; Phytoremediation of Lead; Scandium; Fractionation and Bioavailability of Rare Earth Elements in Soils; Biogeochemistry of Gold: Accepted Theories and New Opportunities; Thorium.
Chapter 1 Multi-element analysis of plant and soil samples 1(32)
S. Ayrault
1 Introduction
1(1)
2 Formulating the question
2(2)
3 The steps of the analysis and associated errors
4(5)
3.1 Sampling
6(1)
3.2 Cleaning
6(1)
3.3 Drying, homogenisation and storage
7(2)
4 Trace element determination
9(11)
4.1 Direct measurements
9(4)
4.2 Destructive methods
13(7)
5 Choosing the analytical method
20(4)
5.1 Optimal detection limits
22(1)
5.2 Detection limits in environmental samples
22(2)
5.3 Comparative evaluation
24(1)
6 Quality control
24(4)
7 Concluding comments
28(5)
Chapter 2 Exploratory multivariate data analysis of soil and plant multi-element data 33(36)
K. Heydorn
1 Introduction
33(2)
2 Statistics and chemometrics
35(6)
3 Strategy
41(7)
3.1 Autoscaling
41(1)
3.2 Outliers
41(2)
3.3 Clusters
43(1)
3.4 Replicates
44(1)
3.5 Trends
45(1)
3.6 Dimensionality
45(2)
3.7 Selection of variables
47(1)
3.8 Back to square one
47(1)
3.9 Classification
47(1)
4 Definition of a project
48(3)
4.1 One factor at a time
48(2)
4.2 Several factors at a time
50(1)
5 Description of a project
51(16)
5.1 Overview
51(2)
5.2 Individual sample types
53(14)
6 Conclusion
67(2)
Chapter 3 Processes and factors regulating the behaviour and uptake of trace elements in the rhizosphere 69(28)
M. Arienzo
1 Introduction
69(1)
2 The rhizosphere
70(1)
3 Geochemical forms of trace elements in the rhizosphere
71(1)
4 Processes affecting the behaviour of trace elements in the rhizosphere
72(6)
4.1 Cation exchange capacity
72(1)
4.2 Adsorption
73(1)
4.3 Trace element association with oxides and hydroxides
74(1)
4.4 Trace element association with organic substances
75(2)
4.5 Mobilisation of trace elements
77(1)
5 Factors affecting the uptake of trace elements in the rhizosphere
78(12)
5.1 Abiotic factors
81(3)
5.2 Biotic factors
84(6)
6 Conclusions
90(7)
Chapter 4 Metal and arsenic bioavailability and uptake by hyperaccumulator plants 97(32)
E. Lombi & A.L. Nolan
1 Introduction
97(1)
2 Phytoavailability of trace metals in soils
98(11)
2.1 Aqueous-phase metal speciation
98(11)
3 Phytoavailability of arsenic in soils
109(2)
3.1 Forms of arsenic in soils
109(2)
4 Metal and arsenic uptake by hyperaccumulator plants
111(6)
4.1 Rhizosphere processes
111(3)
4.2 Metal uptake by hyperaccumulators
114(2)
4.3 Arsenic uptake by hyperaccumulators
116(1)
5 Conclusions
117(12)
Chapter 5 Copper 129(20)
N.W. Lepp
1 Introduction
129(1)
2 Bioavailability of soil copper
130(3)
3 Plant copper uptake
133(1)
4 Copper transport within the plant
134(1)
5 Copper toxicity in plants
135(2)
6 Copper tolerance
137(1)
7 Copper indicators and accumulators
138(1)
8 Soil copper contamination from fungicides
138(1)
9 Remediation of Cu-contaminated soils
139(2)
10 Conclusions
141(8)
Chapter 6 Arsenic in plants, soils and foodstuffs 149(22)
M. Anke
1 Introduction
149(1)
2 Arsenic in the earth's crust
150(4)
2.1 Arsenic in rocks
151(1)
2.2 Arsenic in soils and its bioavailability
151(2)
2.3 Arsenic in water
153(1)
3 Arsenic in plants
154(9)
3.1 Influence of the geological origin of soil
154(1)
3.2 Influence of plant age
155(1)
3.3 Influence of species and plant organs
156(1)
3.4 Arsenic in green foodstuffs and in beverages
156(4)
3.5 Essentiality of arsenic for plants
160(1)
3.6 Toxicity of arsenic for plants
160(2)
3.7 Metabolic transformation
162(1)
4 Conclusions
163(8)
Chapter 7 Cadmium 171(38)
T. Punshon, A.L. Neal & B.P. Jackson
1 Introduction
171(3)
1.1 Status of Cd as a potentially toxic element (PTE)
172(2)
2 Cd and the soil
174(6)
2.1 Anthropogenic sources of Cd to soil
174(1)
2.2 Sorption of Cd to pure mineral phases
175(3)
2.3 Measuring Cd bioavailability
178(1)
2.4 Cd species in the soil and soil solution
179(1)
3 Cd and bacteria
180(3)
3.1 Responses of natural soil bacterial communities to Cd
180(1)
3.2 Bacterial resistance to Cd
181(1)
3.3 Fate of Cd in the presence of bacteria in soils and sediments
182(1)
4 Cd and mycorrhizal symbiosis
183(2)
4.1 Tolerance of mycorrhiza to Cd
185(1)
5 Plant uptake of Cd
185(4)
5.1 Tolerance of plants to Cd
186(3)
6 Trophic transfer of Cd
189(2)
7 Remediation of Cd contaminated soils
191(2)
7.1 Phytoremediation and Short Rotation Forestry (SRF)
191(1)
7.2 Chemical sorbents
192(1)
8 Conclusion
193(16)
Chapter 8 Phytoremediation of lead 209(14)
S.V. Sahi & N.C. Sharma
1 Introduction
210(1)
2 Lead transport and accumulation in Sesbania
211(3)
2.1 Sesbania grown in nutrient solution
211(1)
2.2 Sesbania grown in soil
212(1)
2.3 Cellular localisation of Pb in Sesbania
213(1)
3 Transport pathway and mechanism
214(3)
3.1 Physiology of Pb acquisition and accumulation
214(1)
3.2 Lead transport pathways
215(1)
3.3 Metal tolerance and resistance mechanisms
216(1)
4 Improving plants for efficient phytoremediation
217(6)
Chapter 9 Scandium 223(26)
I. Shiangeeva
1 Introduction
223(2)
1.1 Scandium in the earth crust
224(1)
1.2 Geochemistry of scandium
224(1)
1.3 Application of scandium
224(1)
2 Analytical problems of scandium determination
225(2)
3 Scandium in soil
227(2)
4 Scandium and micro-organisms
229(3)
5 Scandium in plants
232(4)
5.1 Scandium in mosses and lichens
232(1)
5.2 Scandium in higher plants
233(3)
6 Relationships of scandium and other elements in plants and soil
236(2)
7 Toxicity of scandium
238(4)
7.1 Toxicity of scandium for wheat plants
240(2)
8 Conclusions
242(7)
Chapter 10 Fractionation and bioavailability of rare earth elements in soils 249(38)
X.-Q. Shan, S. Zhang & B. Wen
1 Introduction
249(1)
2 Adsorption and desorption of REEs by and from soils
250(11)
2.1 Adsorption of REEs in soils
250(2)
2.2 Desorption of REEs from soils
252(1)
2.3 Effect of low-molecular-weight-organic-acids on adsorption by and desorption of REEs from soils
252(4)
2.4 Adsorption and desorption kinetics of REEs from soils
256(5)
3 Bioavailability of REEs in soils to plants
261(11)
3.1 Free metal ion activity model
262(1)
3.2 Correlation methods
263(9)
4 Subcellular location, sequestration and transport of REEs
272(5)
4.1 Subcellular location of REEs
273(1)
4.2 Separation and characterisation of REE-binding proteins and peptides
273(1)
4.3 A natural perennial fern that hyperaccumulates REEs
274(3)
5 Conclusions
277(10)
Chapter 11 Biogeochemistry of gold: accepted theories and new opportunities 287(36)
C.W.N. Anderson
1 Introduction
288(1)
1.1 Gold the most noble of metals
288(1)
1.2 Mining gold
289(1)
2 Geochemistry of gold
289(4)
2.1 Solution geochemistry of gold
289(1)
2.2 Geochemical mobility of gold
290(3)
3 Plants as indicators of mineralisation: geobotany and biogeochemistry
293(3)
3.1 Gold in plants: biogeochemistry
294(2)
4 Gold in microbes and animals
296(1)
5 Phytoextraction
297(7)
5.1 Induced hyperaccumulation
298(3)
5.2 Phytoextraction of gold
301(3)
6 Geochemical explanation for induced solubility and uptake
304(9)
6.1 Thiocyanate-induced solubility
305(5)
6.2 Thiosulfate-induced solubility
310(3)
7 Studies on the form and location of gold stored inside a plant
313(2)
7.1 Distribution of gold in leaves, stems and roots
313(1)
7.2 Storage of the metal complex
314(1)
8 Review and conclusions: the application of gold phytoextraction
315(8)
Chapter 12 Thorium 323
I. Shtangeeva
1 Introduction
323(2)
1.1 Application of thorium
324(1)
1.2 Mineralogy of thorium
324(1)
1.3 Geochemistry of thorium
325(1)
2 Thorium in soils
325(2)
3 Thorium and micro-organisms
327(3)
4 Thorium in lower plants
330(1)
5 Thorium in higher plants
330(5)
6 Toxicity of thorium
335(2)
7 Accumulation of thorium in plants and possible application of the effect for remediation of contaminated soils and wastes
337(6)
8 Conclusions
343