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Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles 5th edition [Kõva köide]

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Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles 5th editionSuurem pilt
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Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780134181028.html
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The Complete, Unified, Up-to-Date Guide to Transport and SeparationFully Updated for Todays Methods and Software Tools  

Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, Fifth Edition, offers a unified and up-to-date treatment of momentum, heat, and mass transfer and separations processes. This editionreorganized and modularized for better readability and to align with modern chemical engineering curriculacovers both fundamental principles and practical applications, and is a key resource for chemical engineering students and professionals alike.

 

This edition provides





New chapter objectives and summaries throughout Better linkages between coverage of heat and mass transfer More coverage of heat exchanger design New problems based on emerging topics such as biotechnology, nanotechnology, and green engineering New instructor resources: additional homework problems, exam questions, problem-solving videos, computational projects, and more

Part 1 thoroughly covers the fundamental principles of transport phenomena, organized into three sections: fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and mass transfer.

 

Part 2 focuses on key separation processes, including absorption, stripping, humidification, filtration, membrane separation, gaseous membranes, distillation, liquidliquid extraction, adsorption, ion exchange, crystallization and particle-size reduction, settling, sedimentation, centrifugation, leaching, evaporation, and drying.

 

The authors conclude with convenient appendices on the properties of water, compounds, foods, biological materials, pipes, tubes, and screens.







The companion website (trine.edu/transport5ed/) contains additional homework problems that incorporate todays leading software, including Aspen/CHEMCAD, MATLAB, COMSOL, and Microsoft Excel.
Preface to the Fifth Edition xxvii
About the Authors xxxi
Part 1 Transport Processes: Momentum, Heat, And Mass
Chapter 1 Introduction to Engineering Principles and Units
3(33)
1.0
Chapter Objectives
3(1)
1.1 Classification of Transport Processes and Separation Processes (Unit Operations)
3(3)
1.1A Introduction
3(1)
1.1B Fundamental Transport Processes
4(1)
1.1C Classification of Separation Processes
4(1)
1.1D Arrangement in Parts 1 and 2
5(1)
1.2 SI System of Basic Units Used in This Text and Other Systems
6(2)
1.2A SI System of Units
6(1)
1.2B CGS System of Units
7(1)
1.2C English FPS System of Units
7(1)
1.2D Dimensionally Homogeneous Equations and Consistent Units
7(1)
1.3 Methods of Expressing Temperatures and Compositions
8(2)
1.3A Temperature
8(1)
1.3B Mole Units and Weight or Mass Units
8(2)
1.3C Concentration Units for Liquids
10(1)
1.4 Gas Laws and Vapor Pressure
10(3)
1.4A Pressure
10(1)
1.4B Ideal Gas Law
10(1)
1.4C Ideal Gas Mixtures
11(1)
1.4D Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point of Liquids
12(1)
1.5 Conservation of Mass and Material Balances
13(4)
1.5A Conservation of Mass
13(1)
1.5B Simple Material Balances
13(2)
1.5C Material Balances and Recycle
15(1)
1.5D Material Balances and Chemical Reaction
16(1)
1.6 Energy and Heat Units
17(6)
1.6A Joule, Calorie, and Btu
17(1)
1.6B Heat Capacity
18(2)
1.6C Latent Heat and Steam Tables
20(1)
1.6D Heat of Reaction
21(2)
1.7 Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances
23(5)
1.7A Conservation of Energy
23(1)
1.7B Heat Balances
23(5)
1.8 Numerical Methods for Integration
28(1)
1.8A Introduction and Graphical Integration
28(1)
1.8B Numerical Integration and Simpson's Rule
28(1)
1.9
Chapter Summary
29(7)
Chapter 2 Introduction to Fluids and Fluid Statics
36(14)
2.0
Chapter Objectives
36(1)
2.1 Introduction
36(1)
2.2 Fluid Statics
37(10)
2.2A Force, Units, and Dimensions
37(2)
2.2B Pressure in a Fluid
39(3)
2.2C Head of a Fluid
42(1)
2.2D Devices to Measure Pressure and Pressure Differences
43(4)
2.3
Chapter Summary
47(3)
Chapter 3 Fluid Properties and Fluid Flows
50(11)
3.0
Chapter Objectives
50(1)
3.1 Viscosity of Fluids
50(4)
3.1A Newton's Law of Viscosity
50(3)
3.1B Momentum Transfer in a Fluid
53(1)
3.1C Viscosities of Newtonian Fluids
53(1)
3.2 Types of Fluid Flow and Reynolds Number
54(4)
3.2A Introduction and Types of Fluid Flow
54(1)
3.2B Laminar and Turbulent Flow
55(1)
3.2C Reynolds Number
55(3)
3.3
Chapter Summary
58(3)
Chapter 4 Overall Mass, Energy, and Momentum Balances
61(44)
4.0
Chapter Objectives
61(1)
4.1 Overall Mass Balance and Continuity Equation
62(6)
4.1A Introduction and Simple Mass Balances
62(1)
4.1B Control Volume for Balances
63(1)
4.1C Overall Mass-Balance Equation
64(3)
4.1D Average Velocity to Use in Overall Mass Balance
67(1)
4.2 Overall Energy Balance
68(13)
4.2A Introduction
68(1)
4.2B Derivation of Overall Energy-Balance Equation
69(1)
4.2C Overall Energy Balance for a Steady-State Flow System
70(1)
4.2D Kinetic-Energy Velocity Correction Factor a
71(2)
4.2E Applications of the Overall Energy-Balance Equation
73(2)
4.2F Overall Mechanical-Energy Balance
75(4)
4.2G Bernoulli Equation for Mechanical-Energy Balance
79(2)
4.3 Overall Momentum Balance
81(9)
4.3A Derivation of the General Equation
81(2)
4.3B Overall Momentum Balance in a Flow System in One Direction
83(3)
4.3C Overall Momentum Balance in Two Directions
86(3)
4.3D Overall Momentum Balance for a Free Jet Striking a Fixed Vane
89(1)
4.4 Shell Momentum Balance and Velocity Profile in Laminar Flow
90(6)
4.4A Introduction
90(1)
4.4B Shell Momentum Balance Inside a Pipe
91(2)
4.4C Shell Momentum Balance for Falling Film
93(3)
4.5
Chapter Summary
96(9)
Chapter 5 Incompressible and Compressible Flows in Pipes
105(40)
5.0
Chapter Objectives
105(1)
5.1 Design Equations for Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes
106(19)
5.1A Velocity Profiles in Pipes
106(1)
5.1B Pressure Drop and Friction Loss in Laminar Flow
107(3)
5.1C Pressure Drop and Friction Factor in Turbulent Flow
110(4)
5.1D Pressure Drop and Friction Factor in the Flow of Gases
114(1)
5.1E Effect of Heat Transfer on the Friction Factor
115(1)
5.1F Friction Losses in Expansion, Contraction, and Pipe Fittings
116(7)
5.1G Friction Loss in Noncircular Conduits
123(1)
5.1H Entrance Section of a Pipe
123(2)
5.1I Selection of Pipe Sizes
125(1)
5.2 Compressible Flow of Gases
125(4)
5.2A Introduction and Basic Equation for Flow in Pipes
125(1)
5.2B Isothermal Compressible Flow
126(2)
5.2C Adiabatic Compressible Flow
128(1)
5.3 Measuring the Flow of Fluids
129(9)
5.3A Pitot Tube
129(2)
5.3B Venturi Meter
131(2)
5.3C Orifice Meter
133(2)
5.3D Flow-Nozzle Meter
135(1)
5.3E Variable-Area Flow Meters (Rotameters)
136(1)
5.3F Other Types of Flow Meters
136(1)
5.3G Flow in Open Channels and Weirs
137(1)
5.4
Chapter Summary
138(7)
Chapter 6 Flows in Packed and Fluidized Beds
145(21)
6.0
Chapter Objectives
145(1)
6.1 Flow Past Immersed Objects
146(4)
6.1A Definition of Drag Coefficient for Flow Past Immersed Objects
146(2)
6.1B Flow Past a Sphere, Long Cylinder, and Disk
148(2)
6.2 Flow in Packed Beds
150(6)
6.3 Flow in Fluidized Beds
156(5)
6.4
Chapter Summary
161(5)
Chapter 7 Pumps, Compressors, and Agitation Equipment
166(30)
7.0
Chapter Objectives
166(1)
7.1 Pumps and Gas-Moving Equipment
166(10)
7.1A Introduction
166(1)
7.1B Pumps
167(5)
7.1C Gas-Moving Machinery
172(2)
7.1D Equations for Compression of Gases
174(2)
7.2 Agitation, Mixing of Fluids, and Power Requirements
176(16)
7.2A Purposes of Agitation
176(1)
7.2B Equipment for Agitation
177(2)
7.2C Flow Patterns in Agitation
179(1)
7.2D Typical "Standard" Design of a Turbine
180(1)
7.2E Power Used in Agitated Vessels
180(3)
7.2F Agitator Scale-Up
183(3)
7.2G Mixing Times of Miscible Liquids
186(3)
7.2H Flow Number and Circulation Rate in Agitation
189(1)
7.2I Special Agitation Systems
189(2)
7.2J Mixing of Powders, Viscous Materials, and Pastes
191(1)
7.3
Chapter Summary
192(4)
Chapter 8 Differential Equations of Fluid Flow
196(24)
8.0
Chapter Objectives
196(1)
8.1 Differential Equations of Continuity
196(6)
8.1A Introduction
196(1)
8.1B Types of Time Derivatives and Vector Notation
197(2)
8.1C Differential Equation of Continuity
199(3)
8.2 Differential Equations of Momentum Transfer or Motion
202(5)
8.2A Derivation of Equations of Momentum Transfer
202(2)
8.2B Equations of Motion for Newtonian Fluids with Varying Density and Viscosity
204(2)
8.2C Equations of Motion for Newtonian Fluids with Constant Density and Viscosity
206(1)
8.3 Use of Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion
207(9)
8.3A Introduction
207(1)
8.3B Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion for Flow Between Parallel Plates
207(4)
8.3C Differential Equations of Continuity and Motion for Flow in Stationary and Rotating Cylinders
211(5)
8.4
Chapter Summary
216(4)
Chapter 9 Non-Newtonian Fluids
220(19)
9.0
Chapter Objectives
220(1)
9.1 Non-Newtonian Fluids
221(5)
9.1A Types of Non-Newtonian Fluids
221(1)
9.1B Time-Independent Fluids
221(1)
9.1C Time-Dependent Fluids
222(1)
9.1D Viscoelastic Fluids
223(1)
9.1E Laminar Flow of Time-Independent Non-Newtonian Fluids
223(3)
9.2 Friction Losses for Non-Newtonian Fluids
226(3)
9.2A Friction Losses in Contractions, Expansions, and Fittings in Laminar Flow
226(1)
9.2B Turbulent Flow and Generalized Friction Factors
227(2)
9.3 Velocity Profiles for Non-Newtonian Fluids
229(3)
9.4 Determination of Flow Properties of Non-Newtonian Fluids Using a Rotational Viscometer
232(2)
9.5 Power Requirements in Agitation and Mixing of Non-Newtonian Fluids
234(1)
9.6
Chapter Summary
235(4)
Chapter 10 Potential Flow and Creeping Flow
239(11)
10.0
Chapter Objectives
239(1)
10.1 Other Methods for Solution of Differential Equations of Motion
239(1)
10.1A Introduction
239(1)
10.2 Stream Function
240(1)
10.3 Differential Equations of Motion for Ideal Fluids (Inviscid Flow)
241(1)
10.4 Potential Flow and Velocity Potential
241(5)
10.5 Differential Equations of Motion for Creeping Flow
246(1)
10.6
Chapter Summary
247(3)
Chapter 11 Boundary-Layer and Turbulent Flow
250(15)
11.0
Chapter Objectives
250(1)
11.1 Boundary-Layer Flow
251(3)
11.1A Boundary-Layer Flow
251(1)
11.1B Boundary-Layer Separation and the Formation of Wakes
252(1)
11.1C Laminar Flow and Boundary-Layer Theory
252(2)
11.2 Turbulent Flow
254(6)
11.2A Nature and Intensity of Turbulence
254(2)
11.2B Turbulent Shear or Reynolds Stresses
256(1)
11.2C Prandtl Mixing Length
257(1)
11.2D Universal Velocity Distribution in Turbulent Flow
258(2)
11.3 Turbulent Boundary-Layer Analysis
260(3)
11.3A Integral Momentum Balance for Boundary-Layer Analysis
260(3)
11.4
Chapter Summary
263(2)
Chapter 12 Introduction to Heat Transfer
265(34)
12.0
Chapter Objectives
265(1)
12.1 Energy and Heat Units
265(6)
12.1A Joule, Calorie, and Btu
265(1)
12.1B Heat Capacity
266(3)
12.1C Latent Heat and Steam Tables
269(1)
12.1D Heat of Reaction
270(1)
12.2 Conservation of Energy and Heat Balances
271(6)
12.2A Conservation of Energy
271(1)
12.2B Heat Balances
272(5)
12.3 Conduction and Thermal Conductivity
277(5)
12.3A Introduction to Steady-State Heat Transfer
277(1)
12.3B Conduction as a Basic Mechanism of Heat Transfer
278(1)
12.3C Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction
278(2)
12.3D Thermal Conductivity
280(2)
12.4 Convection
282(2)
12.4A Convection as a Basic Mechanism of Heat Transfer
282(1)
12.4B Convective Heat-Transfer Coefficient
283(1)
12.5 Radiation
284(3)
12.5A Radiation, a Basic Mechanism of Heat Transfer
284(2)
12.5B Radiation to a Small Object from Its Surroundings
286(1)
12.6 Heat Transfer with Multiple Mechanisms/Materials
287(5)
12.6A Plane Walls in Series
287(2)
12.6B Conduction Through Materials in Parallel
289(1)
12.6C Combined Radiation and Convection Heat Transfer
290(2)
12.7
Chapter Summary
292(7)
Chapter 13 Steady-State Conduction
299(33)
13.0
Chapter Objectives
299(1)
13.1 Conduction Heat Transfer
299(6)
13.1A Conduction Through a Flat Slab or Wall (Some Review of
Chapter 12)
299(2)
13.1B Conduction Through a Hollow Cylinder
301(2)
13.1C Multilayer Cylinders
303(1)
13.1D Conduction Through a Hollow Sphere
304(1)
13.2 Conduction Through Solids in Series or Parallel with Convection
305(8)
13.2A Combined Convection, Conduction, and Overall Coefficients
305(3)
13.2B Log Mean Temperature Difference and Varying Temperature Drop
308(3)
13.2C Critical Thickness of Insulation for a Cylinder
311(1)
13.2D Contact Resistance at an Interface
312(1)
13.3 Conduction with Internal Heat Generation
313(2)
13.3A Conduction with Internal Heat Generation
313(2)
13.4 Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions Using Shape Factors
315(3)
13.4A Introduction and Graphical Method for Two-Dimensional Conduction
315(2)
13.4B Shape Factors in Conduction
317(1)
13.5 Numerical Methods for Steady-State Conduction in Two Dimensions
318(8)
13.5A Analytical Equation for Conduction
318(2)
13.5B Finite-Difference Numerical Methods
320(6)
13.6
Chapter Summary
326(6)
Chapter 14 Principles of Unsteady-State Heat Transfer
332(53)
14.0
Chapter Objectives
332(1)
14.1 Derivation of the Basic Equation
332(2)
14.1A Introduction
332(1)
14.1B Derivation of the Unsteady-State Conduction Equation
333(1)
14.2 Simplified Case for Systems with Negligible Internal Resistance
334(3)
14.2A Basic Equation
334(1)
14.2B Equation for Different Geometries
335(2)
14.2C Total Amount of Heat Transferred
337(1)
14.3 Unsteady-State Heat Conduction in Various Geometries
337(18)
14.3A Introduction and Analytical Methods
337(2)
14.3B Unsteady-State Conduction in a Semi-infinite Solid
339(3)
14.3C Unsteady-State Conduction in a Large Flat Plate
342(4)
14.3D Unsteady-State Conduction in a Long Cylinder
346(3)
14.3E Unsteady-State Conduction in a Sphere
349(1)
14.3F Unsteady-State Conduction in Two- and Three-Dimensional Systems
349(5)
14.3G Charts for Average Temperature in a Plate, Cylinder, and Sphere with Negligible Surface Resistance
354(1)
14.4 Numerical Finite-Difference Methods for Unsteady-State Conduction
355(11)
14.4A Unsteady-State Conduction in a Slab
355(2)
14.4B Boundary Conditions for Numerical Method for a Slab
357(8)
14.4C Other Numerical Methods for Unsteady-State Conduction
365(1)
14.5 Chilling and Freezing of Food and Biological Materials
366(6)
14.5A Introduction
366(1)
14.5B Chilling of Food and Biological Materials
367(2)
14.5C Freezing of Food and Biological Materials
369(3)
14.6 Differential Equation of Energy Change
372(4)
14.6A Introduction
372(1)
14.6B Derivation of Differential Equation of Energy Change
372(2)
14.6C Special Cases of the Equation of Energy Change
374(2)
14.7
Chapter Summary
376(9)
Chapter 15 Introduction to Convection
385(59)
15.0
Chapter Objectives
385(1)
15.1 Introduction and Dimensional Analysis in Heat Transfer
385(4)
15.1A Introduction to Convection (Review)
385(2)
15.1B Introduction to Dimensionless Groups
387(1)
15.1C Buckingham Method
387(2)
15.2 Boundary-Layer Flow and Turbulence in Heat Transfer
389(5)
15.2A Laminar Flow and Boundary-Layer Theory in Heat Transfer
389(3)
15.2B Approximate Integral Analysis of the Thermal Boundary Layer
392(1)
15.2C Prandtl Mixing Length and Eddy Thermal Diffusivity
393(1)
15.3 Forced Convection Heat Transfer Inside Pipes
394(8)
15.3A Heat-Transfer Coefficient for Laminar Flow Inside a Pipe
394(1)
15.3B Heat-Transfer Coefficient for Turbulent Flow Inside a Pipe
395(2)
15.3C Heat-Transfer Coefficient for Transition Flow Inside a Pipe
397(1)
15.3D Heat-Transfer Coefficient for Noncircular Conduits
398(2)
15.3E Entrance-Region Effect on the Heat-Transfer Coefficient
400(1)
15.3F Liquid-Metals Heat-Transfer Coefficient
400(2)
15.4 Heat Transfer Outside Various Geometries in Forced Convection
402(6)
15.4A Introduction
402(1)
15.4B Flow Parallel to a Flat Plate
402(1)
15.4C Cylinder with Axis Perpendicular to Flow
403(1)
15.4D Flow Past a Single Sphere
404(1)
15.4E Flow Past Banks of Tubes or Cylinders
405(3)
15.4F Heat Transfer for Flow in Packed Beds
408(1)
15.5 Natural Convection Heat Transfer
408(7)
15.5A Introduction
408(1)
15.5B Natural Convection from Various Geometries
409(6)
15.6 Boiling and Condensation
415(9)
15.6A Boiling
415(4)
15.6B Condensation
419(5)
15.7 Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Fluids
424(3)
15.7A Introduction
424(1)
15.7B Heat Transfer Inside Tikes
424(3)
15.7C Natural Convection
427(1)
15.8 Special Heat-Transfer Coefficients
427(9)
15.8A Heat Transfer in Agitated Vessels
427(3)
15.8B Scraped-Surface Heat Exchangers
430(1)
15.8C Extended Surface or Finned Exchangers
431(5)
15.9
Chapter Summary
436(8)
Chapter 16 Heat Exchangers
444(17)
16.0
Chapter Objectives
444(1)
16.1 Types of Exchangers
444(3)
16.2 Log-Mean-Temperature-Difference Correction Factors
447(3)
16.3 Heat-Exchanger Effectiveness
450(3)
16.4 Fouling Factors and Typical Overall U Values
453(1)
16.5 Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger
454(4)
16.6
Chapter Summary
458(3)
Chapter 17 Introduction to Radiation Heat Transfer
461(26)
17.0
Chapter Objectives
461(1)
17.1 Introduction to Radiation Heat-Transfer Concepts
461(4)
17.1A Introduction and Basic Equation for Radiation
461(2)
17.1B Radiation to a Small Object from Its Surroundings
463(1)
17.1C Effect of Radiation on the Temperature Measurement of a Gas
464(1)
17.2 Basic and Advanced Radiation Heat-Transfer Principles
465(17)
17.2A Introduction and Radiation Spectrum
465(3)
17.2B Derivation of View Factors in Radiation for Various Geometries
468(8)
17.2C View Factors When Surfaces Are Connected by Reradiating Walls
476(1)
17.2D View Factors and Gray Bodies
476(3)
17.2E Radiation in Absorbing Gases
479(3)
17.3
Chapter Summary
482(5)
Chapter 18 Introduction to Mass Transfer
487(32)
18.0
Chapter Objectives
487(1)
18.1 Introduction to Mass Transfer and Diffusion
487(6)
18.1A Similarity of Mass, Heat, and Momentum Transfer Processes
487(2)
18.1B Examples of Mass-Transfer Processes
489(1)
18.1C Fick's Law for Molecular Diffusion
489(3)
18.1D General Case for Diffusion of Gases A and B plus Convection
492(1)
18.2 Diffusion Coefficient
493(15)
18.2A Diffusion Coefficients for Gases
493(5)
18.2B Diffusion Coefficients for Liquids
498(2)
18.2C Prediction of Diffusivities in Liquids
500(3)
18.2D Prediction of Diffusivities of Electrolytes in Liquids
503(2)
18.2E Diffusion of Biological Solutes in Liquids
505(3)
18.3 Convective Mass Transfer
508(1)
18.3A Convective Mass-Transfer Coefficient
508(1)
18.4 Molecular Diffusion Plus Convection and Chemical Reaction
508(4)
18.4A Different Types of Fluxes and Fick's Law
508(2)
18.4B Equation of Continuity for a Binary Mixture
510(1)
18.4C Special Cases of the Equation of Continuity
511(1)
18.5
Chapter Summary
512(7)
Chapter 19 Steady-State Mass Transfer
519(49)
19.0
Chapter Objectives
519(1)
19.1 Molecular Diffusion in Gases
519(9)
19.1A Equimolar Counterdiffusion in Gases
519(2)
19.1B Special Case for A Diffusing Through Stagnant, Nondiffusing B
521(3)
19.1C Diffusion Through a Varying Cross-Sectional Area
524(3)
19.1D Multicomponent Diffusion of Gases
527(1)
19.2 Molecular Diffusion in Liquids
528(3)
19.2A Introduction
528(1)
19.2B Equations for Diffusion in Liquids
529(2)
19.3 Molecular Diffusion in Solids
531(6)
19.3A Introduction and Types of Diffusion in Solids
531(1)
19.3B Diffusion in Solids Following Fick's Law
531(5)
19.3C Diffusion in Porous Solids That Depends on Structure
536(1)
19.4 Diffusion of Gases in Porous Solids and Capillaries
537(7)
19.4A Introduction
537(1)
19.4B Knudsen Diffusion of Gases
538(1)
19.4C Molecular Diffusion of Gases
539(1)
19.4D Transition-Region Diffusion of Gases
539(2)
19.4E Flux Ratios for Diffusion of Gases in Capillaries
541(2)
19.4F Diffusion of Gases in Porous Solids
543(1)
19.5 Diffusion in Biological Gels
544(2)
19.6 Special Cases of the General Diffusion Equation at Steady State
546(4)
19.6A Special Cases of the General Diffusion Equation at Steady State
546(4)
19.7 Numerical Methods for Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Two Dimensions
550(7)
19.7A Derivation of Equations for Numerical Methods
550(1)
19.7B Equations for Special Boundary Conditions for Numerical Method
551(6)
19.8
Chapter Summary
557(11)
Chapter 20 Unsteady-State Mass Transfer
568(18)
20.0
Chapter Objectives
568(1)
20.1 Unsteady-State Diffusion
568(7)
20.1A Derivation of a Basic Equation
568(2)
20.1B Diffusion in a Flat Plate with Negligible Surface Resistance
570(1)
20.1C Unsteady-State Diffusion in Various Geometries
571(4)
20.2 Unsteady-State Diffusion and Reaction in a Semi-Infinite Medium
575(2)
20.2A Unsteady-State Diffusion and Reaction in a Semi-Infinite Medium
575(2)
20.3 Numerical Methods for Unsteady-State Molecular Diffusion
577(5)
20.3A Introduction
577(1)
20.3B Unsteady-State Numerical Methods for Diffusion
577(1)
20.3C Boundary Conditions for Numerical Meth6ds for a Slab
578(4)
20.4
Chapter Summary
582(4)
Chapter 21 Convective Mass Transfer
586(41)
21.0
Chapter Objectives
586(1)
21.1 Convective Mass Transfer
586(8)
21.1A Introduction to Convective Mass Transfer
586(1)
21.1B Types of Mass-Transfer Coefficients
587(4)
21.1C Mass-Transfer Coefficients for the General Case of A and B Diffusing and Convective Flow Using Film Theory
591(1)
21.1D Mass-Transfer Coefficients under High Flux Conditions
592(2)
21.1E Methods for Experimentally Determining Mass-Transfer Coefficients
594(1)
21.2 Dimensional Analysis in Mass Transfer
594(1)
21.2A Introduction
594(1)
21.2B Dimensional Analysis for Convective Mass Transfer
594(1)
21.3 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Various Geometries
595(15)
21.3A Dimensionless Numbers Used to Correlate Data
595(1)
21.3B Analogies among Mass, Heat, and Momentum Transfer
596(2)
21.3C Derivation of Mass-Transfer Coefficients in Laminar Flow
598(3)
21.3D Mass Transfer for Flow Inside Pipes
601(1)
21.3E Mass Transfer for Flow Outside Solid Surfaces
602(8)
21.4 Mass Transfer to Suspensions of Small Particles
610(3)
21.4A Introduction
610(1)
21.4B Equations for Mass Transfer to Small Particles
611(2)
21.5 Models for Mass-Transfer Coefficients
613(4)
21.5A Laminar Flow and Boundary-Layer Theory in Mass Transfer
613(2)
21.5B Prandtl Mixing Length and Turbulent Eddy Mass Diffusivity
615(1)
21.5C Models for Mass-Transfer Coefficients
616(1)
21.6
Chapter Summary
617(10)
Part 2 Separation Process Principles
Chapter 22 Absorption and Stripping
627(67)
22.0
Chapter Objectives
627(1)
22.1 Equilibrium and Mass Transfer Between Phases
627(18)
22.1A Phase Rule and Equilibrium
627(1)
22.1B Gas-Liquid Equilibrium
628(1)
22.1C Single-Stage Equilibrium Contact
629(1)
22.1D Single-Stage Equilibrium Contact for a Gas-Liquid System
630(1)
22.1E Countercurrent Multiple-Contact Stages
631(3)
22.1F Analytical Equations for Countercurrent Stage Contact
634(2)
22.1G Introduction and Equilibrium Relations
636(1)
22.1H Concentration Profiles in Interphase Mass Transfer
637(1)
22.1I Mass Transfer Using Film Mass-Transfer Coefficients and Interface Concentrations
638(4)
22.1J Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients and Driving Forces
642(3)
22.2 Introduction to Absorption
645(4)
22.2A Absorption
645(1)
22.2B Equipment for Absorption and Distillation
646(3)
22.3 Pressure Drop and Flooding in Packed Towers
649(5)
22.4 Design of Plate Absorption Towers
654(2)
22.5 Design of Packed Towers for Absorption
656(16)
22.5A Introduction to Design of Packed Towers for Absorption
656(6)
22.5B Simplified Design Methods for Absorption of Dilute Gas Mixtures in Packed Towers
662(6)
22.5C Design of Packed Towers Using Transfer Units
668(4)
22.6 Efficiency of Random-Packed and Structured Packed Towers
672(3)
22.6A Calculating the Efficiency of Random-Packed and Structured Packed Towers
672(1)
22.6B Estimation of Efficiencies of Tray and Packed Towers
673(2)
22.7 Absorption of Concentrated Mixtures in Packed Towers
675(4)
22.8 Estimation of Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Packed Towers
679(3)
22.8A Experimental Determination of Film Coefficients
679(1)
22.8B Correlations for Film Coefficients
680(1)
22.8C Predicting Mass-Transfer Film Coefficients
680(2)
22.9 Heat Effects and Temperature Variations in Absorption
682(3)
22.9A Heat Effects in Absorption
682(1)
22.9B Simplified Design Method
683(2)
22.10
Chapter Summary
685(9)
Chapter 23 Humidification Processes
694(22)
23.0
Chapter Objectives
694(1)
23.1 Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity
694(9)
23.1A Vapor Pressure of Water
694(1)
23.1B Humidity and a Humidity Chart
695(5)
23.1C Adiabatic Saturation Temperatures
700(1)
23.1D Wet Bulb Temperature
701(2)
23.2 Introduction and Types of Equipment for Humidification
703(1)
23.3 Theory and Calculations for Cooling-Water Towers
704(8)
23.3A Theory and Calculations for Cooling-Water Towers
704(3)
23.3B Design of Water-Cooling Tower Using Film Mass-Transfer Coefficients
707(1)
23.3C Design of Water-Cooling Tower Using Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients
708(2)
23.3D Minimum Value of Air Flow
710(1)
23.3E Design of Water-Cooling Tower Using the Height of a Transfer Unit
711(1)
23.3F Temperature and Humidity of an Air Stream in a Tower
711(1)
23.3G Dehumidification Tower
712(1)
23.4
Chapter Summary
712(4)
Chapter 24 Filtration and Membrane Separation Processes (Liquid-Liquid or Solid-Liquid Phase)
716(43)
24.0
Chapter Objectives
716(1)
24.1 Introduction to Dead-End Filtration
716(6)
24.1A Introduction
716(1)
24.1B Types of Filtration Equipment
717(5)
24.1C Filter Media and Filter Aids
722(1)
24.2 Basic Theory of Filtration
722(10)
24.2A Introduction to the Basic Theory of Filtration
722(3)
24.2B Filtration Equations for Constant-Pressure Filtration
725(6)
24.2C Filtration Equations for Constant-Rate Filtration
731(1)
24.3 Membrane Separations
732(1)
24.3A Introduction
732(1)
24.3B Classification of Membrane Processes
732(1)
24.4 Microfiltration Membrane Processes
733(1)
24.4A Introduction
733(1)
24.4B Models for Microfiltration
733(1)
24.5 Ultrafiltration Membrane Processes
734(4)
24.5A Introduction
734(1)
24.5B Types of Equipment for Ultrafiltration
735(1)
24.5C Flux Equations for Ultrafiltration
735(2)
24.5D Effects of Processing Variables in Ultrafiltration
737(1)
24.6 Reverse-Osmosis Membrane Processes
738(9)
24.6A Introduction
738(2)
24.6B Flux Equations for Reverse Osmosis
740(3)
24.6C Effects of Operating Variables
743(2)
24.6D Concentration Polarization in Reverse-Osmosis Diffusion Model
745(1)
24.6E Permeability Constants for Reverse-Osmosis Membranes
745(1)
24.6F Types of Equipment for Reverse Osmosis
745(1)
24.6G Complete-Mixing Model for Reverse Osmosis
746(1)
24.7 Dialysis
747(4)
24.7A Series Resistances in Membrane Processes
747(2)
24.7B Dialysis Processes
749(1)
24.7C Types of Equipment for Dialysis
750(1)
24.7D Hemodialysis in an Artificial Kidney
750(1)
24.8
Chapter Summary
751(8)
Chapter 25 Gaseous Membrane Systems
759(46)
25.0
Chapter Objectives
759(1)
25.1 Gas Permeation
759(6)
25.1A Series Resistances in Membrane Processes
759(1)
25.1B Types of Membranes and Permeabilities for Separation of Gases
760(2)
25.1C Types of Equipment for Gas-Permeation Membrane Processes
762(2)
25.1D Introduction to Types of Flow in Gas Permeation
764(1)
25.2 Complete-Mixing Model for Gas Separation by Membranes
765(5)
25.2A Basic Equations Used
765(2)
25.2B Solution of Equations for Design of a Complete-Mixing Case
767(3)
25.2C Minimum Concentration of Reject Stream
770(1)
25.3 Complete-Mixing Model for Multicomponent Mixtures
770(3)
25.3A Derivation of Equations
770(2)
25.3B Iteration Solution Procedure for Multicomponent Mixtures
772(1)
25.4 Cross-Flow Model for Gas Separation by Membranes
773(6)
25.4A Derivation of the Basic Equations
773(2)
25.4B Procedure for Design of Cross-Flow Case
775(4)
25.5 Derivation of Equations for Countercurrent and Cocurrent Flow for Gas Separation by Membranes
779(8)
25.5A Concentration Gradients in Membranes
779(1)
25.5B Derivation of Equations for Countercurrent Flow in Dense-Phase Symmetric Membranes
780(2)
25.5C Solution of Countercurrent Flow Equations in Dense-Phase Symmetric Membranes
782(1)
25.5D Derivation of Equations for Countercurrent Flow in Asymmetric Membranes
783(1)
25.5E Derivation of Equations for Cocurrent Flow in Asymmetric Membranes
784(1)
25.5F Effects of Processing Variables on Gas Separation
784(3)
25.6 Derivation of Finite-Difference Numerical Method for Asymmetric Membranes
787(11)
25.6A Countercurrent Flow
787(1)
25.6B Short-Cut Numerical Method
788(6)
25.6C Use of a Spreadsheet for the Finite-Difference Numerical Method
794(1)
25.6D Calculation of Pressure-Drop Effects on Permeation
794(4)
25.7
Chapter Summary
798(7)
Chapter 26 Distillation
805(69)
26.0
Chapter Objectives
805(1)
26.1 Equilibrium Relations Between Phases
805(3)
26.1A Phase Rule and Raoult's Law
805(1)
26.1B Boiling-Point Diagrams and x-y Plots
806(2)
26.2 Single and Multiple Equilibrium Contact Stages
808(5)
26.2A Equipment for Distillation
808(3)
26.2B Single-Stage Equilibrium Contact for Vapor-Liquid System
811(2)
26.3 Simple Distillation Methods
813(5)
26.3A Introduction
813(1)
26.3B Relative Volatility of Vapor-Liquid Systems
813(1)
26.3C Equilibrium or Flash Distillation
814(1)
26.3D Simple Batch or Differential Distillation
815(2)
26.3E Simple Steam Distillation
817(1)
26.4 Binary Distillation with Reflux Using the McCabe-Thiele and Lewis Methods
818(18)
26.4A Introduction to Distillation with Reflux
818(2)
26.4B McCabe-Thiele Method of Calculation for the Number of Theoretical Stages
820(7)
26.4C Total and Minimum Reflux Ratio for McCabe-Thiele Method
827(4)
26.4D Special Cases for Rectification Using the McCabe-Thiele Method
831(5)
26.5 Tray Efficiencies
836(3)
26.5A Tray Efficiencies
836(1)
26.5B Types of Tray Efficiencies
837(1)
26.5C Relationship Between Tray Efficiencies
838(1)
26.6 Flooding Velocity and Diameter of Tray Towers Plus Simple Calculations for Reboiler and Condenser Duties
839(2)
26.6A Flooding Velocity and Diameter of Tray Towers
839(2)
26.6B Condenser and Reboiler Duties Using the McCabe-Thiele Method
841(1)
26.7 Fractional Distillation Using the Enthalpy-Concentration Method
841(10)
26.7A Enthalpy-Concentration Data
841(4)
26.7B Distillation in the Enriching Section of a Tower
845(1)
26.7C Distillation in the Stripping Section of a Tower
846(5)
26.8 Distillation of Multicomponent Mixtures
851(11)
26.8A Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation
851(1)
26.8B Equilibrium Data in Multicomponent Distillation
852(2)
26.8C Boiling Point, Dew Point, and Flash Distillation
854(1)
26.8D Key Components in Multicomponent Distillation
855(1)
26.8E Total Reflux for Multicomponent Distillation
855(4)
26.8F Shortcut Method for the Minimum Reflux Ratio for Multicomponent Distillation
859(1)
26.8G Shortcut Method for Number of Stages at Operating Reflux Ratio
859(3)
26.9
Chapter Summary
862(12)
Chapter 27 Liquid-Liquid Extraction
874(33)
27.0
Chapter Objectives
874(1)
27.1 Introduction to Liquid-Liquid Extraction
874(4)
27.1A Introduction to Extraction Processes
874(1)
27.1B Equilibrium Relations in Extraction
875(3)
27.2 Single-Stage Equilibrium Extraction
878(2)
27.2A Single-Stage Equilibrium Extraction
878(2)
27.3 Types of Equipment and Design for Liquid-Liquid Extraction
880(9)
27.3A Introduction and Equipment Types
880(1)
27.3B Mixer-Settlers for Extraction
881(1)
27.3C Spray Extraction Towers
881(1)
27.3D Packed Extraction Towers
882(4)
27.3E Perforated-Plate (Sieve-Tray) Extraction Towers
886(1)
27.3F Pulsed Packed and Sieve-Tray Towers
887(1)
27.3G Mechanically Agitated Extraction Towers
888(1)
27.4 Continuous Multistage Countercurrent Extraction
889(12)
27.4A Introduction
889(1)
27.4B Continuous Multistage Countercurrent Extraction
889(5)
27.4C Countercurrent-Stage Extraction with Immiscible Liquids
894(2)
27.4D Design of Towers for Extraction
896(2)
27.4E Design of Packed Towers for Extraction Using Mass-Transfer Coefficients
898(3)
27.5
Chapter Summary
901(6)
Chapter 28 Adsorption and Ion Exchange
907(21)
28.0
Chapter Objectives
907(1)
28.1 Introduction to Adsorption Processes
907(3)
28.1A Introduction
907(1)
28.1B Physical Properties of Adsorbents
908(1)
28.1C Equilibrium Relations for Adsorbents
908(2)
28.2 Batch Adsorption
910(2)
28.3 Design of Fixed-Bed Adsorption Columns
912(6)
28.3A Introduction and Concentration Profiles
912(1)
28.3B Breakthrough Concentration Curve
913(1)
28.3C Mass-Transfer Zone
913(1)
28.3D Capacity of Column and Scale-Up Design Method
913(4)
28.3E Basic Models for Predicting Adsorption
917(1)
28.3F Processing Variables and Adsorption Cycles
918(1)
28.4 Ion-Exchange Processes
918(6)
28.4A Introduction and Ion-Exchange Materials
918(1)
28.4B Equilibrium Relations in Ion Exchange
919(1)
28.4C Use of Equilibrium Relations and Relative-Molar-Selectivity Coefficients
920(2)
28.4D Concentration Profiles and Breakthrough Curves
922(1)
28.4E Capacity of Columns and Scale-Up Design Method
922(2)
28.5
Chapter Summary
924(4)
Chapter 29 Crystallization and Particle Size Reduction
928(24)
29.0
Chapter Objectives
928(1)
29.1 Introduction to Crystallization
928(7)
29.1A Crystallization and Types of Crystals
928(2)
29.1B Equilibrium Solubility in Crystallization
930(1)
29.1C Yields, Material, and Energy Balances in Crystallization
930(3)
29.1D Equipment for Crystallization
933(2)
29.2 Crystallization Theory
935(7)
29.2A Introduction
935(1)
29.2B Nucleation Theories
935(1)
29.2C Rate of Crystal Growth and the AL Law
936(1)
29.2D Particle Size Distribution of Crystals
937(1)
29.2E Model for Mixed Suspension-Mixed Product Removal Crystallizer
938(4)
29.3 Mechanical Size Reduction
942(5)
29.3A Introduction
942(1)
29.3B Particle Size Measurement
943(1)
29.3C Energy and Power Required in Size Reduction
944(1)
29.3D Equipment for Particle Size Reduction
945(2)
29.4
Chapter Summary
947(5)
Chapter 30 Settling, Sedimentation, and Centrifugation
952(32)
30.0
Chapter Objectives
952(1)
30.1 Settling and Sedimentation in Particle-Fluid Separation
953(13)
30.1A Introduction
953(1)
30.1B Theory of Particle Movement Through a Fluid
953(4)
30.1C Hindered Settling
957(2)
30.1D Wall Effect on Free Settling
959(1)
30.1E Differential Settling and Separation of Solids in Classification
959(4)
30.1F Sedimentation and Thickening
963(1)
30.1G Equipment for Settling and Sedimentation
964(2)
30.2 Centrifugal Separation Processes
966(13)
30.2A Introduction
966(1)
30.2B Forces Developed in Centrifugal Separation
967(2)
30.2C Equations for Rates of Settling in Centrifuges
969(6)
30.2D Centrifuge Equipment for Sedimentation
975(1)
30.2E Centrifugal Filtration
975(2)
30.2F Gas-Solid Cyclone Separators
977(2)
30.3
Chapter Summary
979(5)
Chapter 31 Leaching
984(18)
31.0
Chapter Objectives
984(1)
31.1 Introduction and Equipment for Liquid-Solid Leaching
984(6)
31.1A Leaching Processes
984(1)
31.1B Preparation of Solids for Leaching
985(1)
31.1C Rates of Leaching
986(2)
31.1D Types of Equipment for Leaching
988(2)
31.2 Equilibrium Relations and Single-Stage Leaching
990(4)
31.2A Equilibrium Relations in Leaching
990(2)
31.2B Single-Stage Leaching
992(2)
31.3 Countercurrent Multistage Leaching
994(5)
31.3A Introduction and Operating Line for Countercurrent Leaching
994(1)
31.3B Variable Underflow in Countercurrent Multistage Leaching
995(4)
31.3C Constant Underflow in Countercurrent Multistage Leaching
999(1)
31.4
Chapter Summary
999(3)
Chapter 32 Evaporation
1002(33)
32.0
Chapter Objectives
1002(1)
32.1 Introduction
1002(2)
32.1A Purpose
1002(1)
32.1B Processing Factors
1003(1)
32.2 Types of Evaporation Equipment and Operation Methods
1004(4)
32.2A General Types of. Evaporators
1004(2)
32.2B Methods of Evaporator Operations
1006(2)
32.3 Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients in Evaporators
1008(2)
32.4 Calculation Methods for Single-Effect Evaporators
1010(6)
32.4A Heat and Material Balances for Evaporators
1010(2)
32.4B Effects of Processing Variables on Evaporator Operation
1012(1)
32.4C Boiling-Point Rise of Solutions
1013(1)
32.4D Enthalpy-Concentration Charts of Solutions
1014(2)
32.5 Calculation Methods for Multiple-Effect Evaporators
1016(10)
32.5A Introduction
1016(1)
32.5B Temperature Drops and Capacity of Multiple-Effect Evaporators
1017(1)
32.5C Calculations for Multiple-Effect Evaporators
1018(1)
32.5D Step-by-Step Calculation Methods for Triple-Effect Evaporators
1018(8)
32.6 Condensers for Evaporators
1026(2)
32.6A Introduction
1026(1)
32.6B Surface Condensers
1026(1)
32.6C Direct-Contact Condensers
1026(2)
32.7 Evaporation of Biological Materials
1028(1)
32.7A Introduction and Properties of Biological Materials
1028(1)
32.7B Fruit Juices
1028(1)
32.7C Sugar Solutions
1028(1)
32.7D Paper-Pulp Waste Liquors
1029(1)
32.8 Evaporation Using Vapor Recompression
1029(1)
32.8A Introduction
1029(1)
32.8B Mechanical Vapor-Recompression Evaporator
1029(1)
32.8C Thermal Vapor-Recompression Evaporator
1030(1)
32.9
Chapter Summary
1030(5)
Chapter 33 Drying
1035(72)
33.0
Chapter Objectives
1035(1)
33.1 Introduction and Methods of Drying
1035(1)
33.1A Purposes of Drying
1035(1)
33.2 Equipment for Drying
1036(4)
33.2A Tray Dryer
1036(1)
33.2B Vacuum-Shelf Indirect Dryers
1037(1)
33.2C Continuous Tunnel Dryers
1037(1)
33.2D Rotary Dryers
1038(1)
33.2E Drum Dryers
1038(1)
33.2F Spray Dryers
1039(1)
33.2G Drying Crops and Grains
1039(1)
33.3 Vapor Pressure of Water and Humidity
1040(9)
33.3A Vapor Pressure of Water
1040(1)
33.3B Humidity and Humidity Chart
1041(5)
33.3C Adiabatic Saturation Temperatures
1046(1)
33.3D Wet Bulb Temperature
1047(2)
33.4 Equilibrium Moisture Content of Materials
1049(3)
33.4A Introduction
1049(1)
33.4B Experimental Data of Equilibrium Moisture Content for Inorganic and Biological Materials
1049(2)
33.4C Bound and Unbound Water in Solids
1051(1)
33.4D Free and Equilibrium Moisture of a Substance
1051(1)
33.5 Rate-of-Drying Curves
1052(5)
33.5A Introduction and Experimental Methods
1052(1)
33.5B Rate of Drying Curves for Constant-Drying Conditions
1052(2)
33.5C Drying in the Constant-Rate Period
1054(1)
33.5D Drying in the Falling-Rate Period
1055(1)
33.5E Moisture Movements in Solids During Drying in the Falling-Rate Period
1055(2)
33.6 Calculation Methods for a Constant-Rate Drying Period
1057(5)
33.6A Method for Using an Experimental Drying Curve
1057(1)
33.6B Method Using Predicted Transfer Coefficients for Constant-Rate Period
1058(3)
33.6C Effect of Process Variables on a Constant-Rate Period
1061(1)
33.7 Calculation Methods for the Falling-Rate Drying Period
1062(3)
33.7A Method Using Numerical Integration
1062(1)
33.7B Calculation Methods for Special Cases in Falling-Rate Region
1063(2)
33.8 Combined Convection, Radiation, and Conduction Heat Transfer in the Constant-Rate Period
1065(3)
33.8A Introduction
1065(1)
33.8B Derivation of the Equation for Convection, Conduction, and Radiation
1065(3)
33.9 Drying in the Falling-Rate Period by Diffusion and Capillary Flow
1068(6)
33.9A Introduction
1068(1)
33.9B Liquid Diffusion of Moisture in Drying
1069(1)
33.9C Capillary Movement of Moisture in Drying
1070(1)
33.9D Comparison of Liquid Diffusion and Capillary Flow
1071(3)
33.10 Equations for Various Types of Dryers
1074(10)
33.10A Through-Circulation Drying in Packed Beds
1074(4)
33.10B Tray Drying with Varying Air Conditions
1078(1)
33.10C Material and Heat Balances for Continuous Dryers
1079(3)
33.10D Continuous Countercurrent Drying
1082(2)
33.11 Freeze-Drying of Biological Materials
1084(4)
33.11A Introduction
1084(1)
33.11B Derivation of Equations for Freeze-Drying
1085(3)
33.12 Unsteady-State Thermal Processing and Sterilization of Biological Materials
1088(8)
33.12A Introduction
1088(1)
33.12B Thermal Death-Rate Kinetics of Microorganisms
1089(1)
33.12C Determination of Thermal Process Time for Sterilization
1090(4)
33.12D Sterilization Methods Using Other Design Criteria
1094(1)
33.12E Pasteurization
1094(1)
33.12F Effects of Thermal Processing on Food Constituents
1095(1)
33.13
Chapter Summary
1096
Part 3 Appendixes
Appendix A.1 Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors
1107(6)
Appendix A.2 Physical Properties of Water
1113(11)
Appendix A.3 Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds
1124(23)
Appendix A.4 Physical Properties of Foods and Biological Materials
1147(4)
Appendix A.5 Properties of Pipes, Tubes, and Screens
1151(3)
Appendix A.6 Lennard-Jones Potentials as Determined from Viscosity Data
1154(2)
Notation 1156(10)
Index 1166
A. Allen Hersel is currently the associate dean of engineering at Trine University in Angola, Indiana. He is also an associate professor in the department of chemical engineering, where he has taught transport phenomena and separations for the last 12 years. His research is in the area of bioseparations and engineering education. Before entering academia, he worked for Koch Industries and Kellogg Brown & Root. He holds a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from Yale University.

 

Daniel H. Lepek is a professor in the department of chemical engineering at The Cooper Union. His research interests include particle technology, fluidization and multiphase flow, pharmaceutical engineering, modeling of transport and biotransport phenomena, and engineering education. He is an active member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), the International Society of Pharmaceutical Engineering (ISPE), and the American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE). He received a bachelor of engineering degree in chemical engineering from The Cooper Union and received his Ph.D. degree in chemical engineering from New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT).