| Preface |
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Section 1
Chapter on General and on Asia |
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Chapter 1 Challenges En-Route towards E-Governance in Small Developing Island Nations of the South Pacific: The Case of Papua New Guinea |
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1 | (35) |
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Papua New Guinea is hampered by many factors pertaining to institutions, socioeconomic, technological, legal-political factors amongst others. |
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E-governance though is seen as a new mantra having the potential of solving immense problems from service delivery, is still many a times constrained in its capacity to yield benefits. |
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So, what are the hurdles that Papua New Guinea faces given its contextual setting is the main research objective of this paper. |
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This objective is achieved through a quantitative methodological framework using structured questionnaires in which a sample of 189 respondents was interviewed. |
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The findings of this research highlight that in PNG the following barriers were cited: lack of project management, inadequate technological/data and legal infrastructure, difficulty in change management, insufficient time and money, lack of requisite competencies, improper communication environment, lack of internal will and finally the dominance of external pressure. |
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Section 2
Chapter on Eastern Asia |
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Chapter 2 E-Government in China: Status, Challenges, and Progress |
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36 | (20) |
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E-government has made good achievements in China and played a major role in improving administrative institutions and provision of public services. |
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In China, the applications of e-government increased since 2001. |
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The application of e-government in China was intended, in part, to accelerate the government's pace of implementing and using information and communications technologies (ICTs) to improve administrative efficiency and effectiveness and, through this administrative reform, to promote economic development and the administrative capacity (Hongguan Tiaokong Nengli) of the central government in China. |
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While Chinese leaders also emphasize the importance of providing a better quality of public services to their citizens, the major goal of e-government seems to be interestingly different than in western countries. |
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Some critical problems have arisen at the same time as in many other developing countries, such as institutional inertia, over expenditure, lack of use, lack of knowledge, lack of infrastructure, asymmetry of regional development, etc. |
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China should consider formulating effective e-government policy as well as creating an institutional mechanism in various government departments for integrating and sharing e-government applications across provinces and local governments. |
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This could prove especially helpful to those citizens who are living in the less developed regions and provinces lacking e-government delivery of public services. |
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Section 3
Chapters on Western Asia |
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Chapter 3 Digital Governance: A Usability Study of Omani E-Government Websites |
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56 | (19) |
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This study aimed to evaluate the usability of Omani ministry websites (OMW). |
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The researchers depended mainly on the dimensions and typical variables proposed by Baker (2009) to measure the usability of the websites and only on a few dimensions adopted from Smith (2001). |
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The borrowed dimensions were used to evaluate the websites' ease of use. |
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The researchers organized the dimensions of website usability into six dimensions, which were: (1) Online services, (2) User-help, (3) Navigation, (4) Legitimacy, (5) Information Architecture, and (6) Accessibility accommodations. |
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Based on the study findings, the researchers made a number of recommendations to improve the performance of Omani e-government websites, including the following: Users should be involved in the early stages of a website's development, in addition to automatic tools, when testing its accessibility. |
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This will ensure that the website is usable and accessible. |
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Chapter 4 Impact of E-Government on Transparency and Corruption in Iran |
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75 | (20) |
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Iran also is not exceptional case in terms of E- government when applications have emerged rapidly almost all countries in glob to use E- government as an enabling tool to increase efficiency, enhance transparency, collect more revenue and facilitate public sector reform. |
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Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is transforming the governmental processes in serving citizens (G2C), businesses (G2B) and governments (G2G). |
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Due to various economic, social and political limitations and pressures, most countries of the world has already began the implementation of e-government architecture in sectors where it seems more necessary and they focus their investments in these areas. |
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Many works which find out on impact of E-government have shown that while E-government is not a remedy and magic to solve all problem, it is just a powerful enabling tool that has aided governments to achieve some of their development and administrative reform goals. |
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Hence E-government is not a complete solution, but can be a catalyst for change E-government must be a part of broader commitment to reform the public sector. |
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Since, sill is there some obstacle which we could categorize in three factors and all this factors are critical for the successful implementation of E-government. |
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The first is willingness to reform, secondly, availability of information and communication technology infrastructure and finally the institutional capacity to absorb and manage change. |
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So in this purpose we try to analyze the potential impact of E-government on transparency and corruption in Iranian society. |
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Moreover, this article attempted to give details the extent to which corruption and transparency have been impacted in implemented on corruption in Iran. |
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Enhancing transparency and reducing corruption are identified. |
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Evidence shows that E-government has had a significant impact on broader government goals where political leadership and a commitment to reform have been present. |
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In this work the authors try to distinguish the main obstacles such like legal, social and cultural and some other obstacles concerned. |
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Chapter 5 The Impact of Culture on E-Readiness for E-Government in Yemen |
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95 | (22) |
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E-government is considered to be one of the most important project in both developed and developing countries. |
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The Yemenis government is trying to apply e-government project. |
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E-readiness is the cornerstone of the e-government. |
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Culture affects e-readiness especially in developing countries. |
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One of the aims of this chapter is to find a suitable model to measure the impact of the culture on the e-readiness for e-government in Yemen. |
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The cultural elements that have been adopted by the discussion such as gender, age, education, income, occupation level, computer experience and Internet experience. |
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We carried out a comparative study between the well-known models. |
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Besides to that our chapter investigates applying this model on the Yemen society to measure the impact of the cultural elements on the e-readiness for e-government in Yemen. |
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We applied a quantitative research based on a survey method using questionnaires as a data collection technique. |
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The findings showed that there are positive indicators for e-readiness in Yemen where the level of e-readiness scored 63.5%. |
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The findings also showed the impact of the culture on the e-readiness for e-government in Yemen. |
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Age does not affect the e-readiness in this study. |
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Trust affects the e-readiness in Yemen and the facilities. |
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The positive finding from this study is the high belief in e-government as an era requirement. |
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The researcher recommends starting building award society and increase the information culture. |
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Section 4
Chapters on South Asia |
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Chapter 6 E-Government Services in India: A Critical Analysis of Aadhaar UID |
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117 | (10) |
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The study will focus on technological components of the Indian Aadhaar program which tries to give every resident of the country a digital ID. |
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The paper provides the architectural and implementation features of the program. |
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Aadhaar program is only 40% implemented to date as mandated by the Government of India. |
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Aadhaar is mostly based on Free Open Source Software (FOSS) and its processes are International Standards Organization (ISO) compliant. |
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The paper would do a critical analysis of the architectures of the ID programs. |
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Chapter 7 E-Government Approaches to Facilitate the Process of Democracy in the Administration of Bangladesh: Rhetoric or Reality |
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127 | (12) |
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In order to expedite the process of democracy, through the openness the functions of government's administration, multifarious initiatives have been taken by almost every government in the world. |
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The most recent and viable one is the initiative of e-government. |
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The main aim of e-government is to make the administration ready to endow accountability, transparency, and to ease the communication process between the, government and the citizens. |
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Bangladesh is a developing country in the world, has initiated a massive programs to introduce the e-government application through the different administrative levels. |
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Moreover, the special emphasis has been given in the field administration of Bangladesh where from almost 70% citizens directly benefited and take part into the administrative process. |
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However, the gap is yet not up to mark to promote the actual level of democracy. |
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This chapter will elaborate different initiatives of e-government taken by the government of Bangladesh for endorsing the process of democracy. |
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Moreover, the actual present situation of government will also be outlined here. |
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In order to elaborate this paper different secondary sources of data such as, books, journals, web, etc. will be used as much as possible. |
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Chapter 8 Public Value of E-Government: The Case of Ministry of Public Administration and Home Affairs in Sri Lanka |
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139 | (21) |
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Main purpose of this study is to examine the level of Public Value of e-government in Sri Lanka. |
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In this regard, a website of "www.pubad.gov.lk" of the Ministry of Public Administration and Home Affairs in Sri Lanka was selected. |
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Other objective of this study is to identify e-government maturity level of the selected website. |
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Both qualitative and quantitative data were used for achieving these two objectives. |
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The quantitative data collection was done using a structured questionnaire. |
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Population was 2204 Sri Lanka Administrative Service officers and the selected sample is 10% from the population. |
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The website' maturity level was evaluated mainly through observation. |
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The study was conducted from January 2014 to March of 2014. |
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It was found that the mean value of the level of the Public Value of the website is 3.34. |
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This represents that the majority of officers have no idea about the Public Value of this website. |
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Only 20% of the officers agreed that the website has this Public Value (2% of the sample strongly agreed and 18% of them agreed). |
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This website belongs to the second e-government maturity level according to the UN ASPA model. |
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The facilities to conduct online transactions and adhering to the web standards are recommended for enhancing the service delivery of the website. |
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Chapter 9 Social Media in E-Governance: Challenges and Opportunities |
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160 | (32) |
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Social media has enormous prospectus to expand the usage of Internet and to realize full benefits of e-Governance by promoting, intensifying, improving and monitoring its offered services at reduced costs, increasing citizen usage of e-Services and e-Participation, posting job advertisements, announcing and marketing events, and seeking public feedback, opinion, cooperation and collaborate across its geographically diverse citizens and thus increase transparency and trust on government. |
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However, at the same time using social media in e-Governance may impose diverse challenges which unless are not adequately addressed to, may hamper its successful integration with e-Governance. |
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This chapter highlights the prospectus of social media and its current usage in e-Governance in India. |
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It discusses the potential issues especially issues related to security and privacy of individuals, employees, infrastructure and data that may limit its benefits in e-Governance. |
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It examines and compares social media policy of government of India with similar guidelines of some other nations in terms of employee's access, account management, acceptable use, employee conduct, content, security, legal issues and citizen conduct besides discussing emerging mobility and mobile social media policy of government of India and enumerates their merits, demerits and scope for further improvements. |
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Chapter 10 E-Governance: Changing Scenario of Public Services |
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192 | (16) |
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In the earlier phase, it was expected from citizens to do each and everything manually to avail any government service, which causes long waiting time and even it was impossible for citizen to know the whole process and status of that activity but in the present scenario, most of the services are available on e-governance portals for e.g. online application for passport, PAN card, Voter-ID, Aadhar Card, online payment of public utility bills, etc. |
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Indian Government has a strong vision for delivery of citizen services through NeGP (National e-Governance Plan) but at the same time, inequality is exists in public access to internet services, unreliability on web, cyber attacks, etc. which causes high cost and unsecure & improper utilization of service. |
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The ultimate objective of implementation of IT is to be able to increase the portfolio of public service delivery system in secured and cost effective manner. |
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To overcome the drawbacks of e-governance, Indian IT sector must adopt certain strong standards and strategy for data and workflow, privacy, reliability, cyber security, etc. |
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Implementation of e-governance across the various departments of government at the national, state and local levels is the benchmark for utilization of IT services. |
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Chapter 11 Electronic Government Adoption in Pakistan: Supply and Demand Perspectives |
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208 | (20) |
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The fundamental factor that creates barrier in the deployment of e-services in the government sector of Pakistan is a critic issue. |
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These barriers are in both demand side as well as supply side of e-Government. |
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As the technology is moving towards innovation, the governments all around the world are transforming their public administrations from conventional methods to new innovative methods. |
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Electronic services are beneficial for citizens and government alike due to cost and time saving, simplification of the procedures, transparency in the governance processes and improvement of office management. |
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Pakistan first took the initiative to incorporate e-Government services in the year 2002. |
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The analysis of e-Government in Pakistan should be conducted through perspective of both parties. |
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The supply-side perspective of the government is one side of the depiction that includes infrastructure, policies, employees behavior, skills etc. |
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And, the demand-side depiction is the people's perspective regarding the deployment of Information Communication Technology (ICT) and users willingness. |
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The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model will provide the most preeminent insight in the demand side of e-Government in Pakistan. |
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The government of Pakistan can incorporate the demand side factors side of e-Government services in developing countries like Pakistan. |
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Chapter 12 Designing and Implementing E-Government Projects in India: Actors, Behaviours, Influences, and Fields of Play |
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228 | (28) |
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The recent, rapid global proliferation of the new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has sparked an explosive increase in an already steadily-growing stream of scholarly and practitioner literature on the applicative potential of e-government initiatives for development. |
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Attracted by the potential intrinsic to these innovative digital technologies, platforms, and applications, political actors across the world have adopted computer-based network-systems for strategic use in government; as a means of reforming inefficiencies in public administration, and in public service provision. |
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This research chapter, through the delineation of an electronic property tax collection system, deployed in Bangalore, India, analyses and unravels the strategic actor interactions shaping similar e-government initiatives, globally; predominantly, through a detailed scholarly examination of prevailing actor behaviours, motivations, and interactions. |
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The research presented herein considers, thus, not only the interplay of local contingencies and external influences acting upon the project, but also the disjunctions apparent within these relationships which inhibit the effective exploitation of ICTs in the given context. |
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Section 5
Chapters on South-East Asia |
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Chapter 13 E-Government in Vietnam: Situation, Prospects, Trends, and Challenges |
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256 | (25) |
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Electronic government (e-government) has established as an effective mechanism for increasing government productivity and efficiency and a key enabler of citizen- centric services. |
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Despite the considerable investment of the Government of Vietnam in e-government, the outcomes of it are still far below the expectation. |
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This paper aims also to assess the current situation of e-government in Vietnam and to investigate the reasons for the modest results of it. |
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Different indicator groups for the measurement of e-government will be applied to access the status of each dimension of e-government as well as the overall performance of e-government in general. |
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The challenges and issues of implementing e-Government systems will also be relevant to implementing ICTs to build systems to support e-governance. |
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Chapter 14 Influence of Organizational Factors in the Sustainability of E-Government: A Case Study of Local E-Government in Indonesia |
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281 | (44) |
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The majority of e-government implementations and their subsequent use, particularly in developing countries, have resulted in high rates of failure. |
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These failures of e-government implementation have been caused by a plethora of organizational, human, financial and infrastructure challenges that mostly result from organizational factors such as lack of resources, political commitment and poor collaboration. |
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These commonly result when government organizations try to sustain their e-government facilities alone and have insufficient resources, competence, and legitimacy to do so. |
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This study is an attempt to understand how organizational factors shape the sustainability of e-government implementation within a local government context. |
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A case study of local e-government implementation is presented and then analyzed from perspective of organizational view. |
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Our construct is based on organizational factors that are commonly found to influence information systems implementation. |
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Our findings show that organizational factors such as organizational and employees' professionalism, commitment, coordination and cooperation, and responsibility sharing among local government institutions have influenced the sustainability of e-government implementation within the local government. |
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Our findings also show that e-government is a complex project that requires coordination and cooperation among actors as well as the need to share responsibility among the actors to support the sustainability of the project. |
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Section 6
Chapter on Central & Northern Asia |
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Chapter 15 Value and Risk in Business to Business E-Banking |
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325 | (27) |
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The purpose of this chapter is to examine the functional relationships between three types of risk (performance, financial and psychological) and the benefits and sacrifices components of value are tested within a broader neurological network that includes e-service quality and satisfaction, word-of-mouth and intention to switch. |
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The hypothesized relationships are tested; using Partial Least Squares, on data collected through a postal survey from 167 Iran-based SME organizations. |
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The results confirm the significant, but the differential impact of the three types of risk on the two value components. |
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Specifically, performance risk and financial risk are found to be significant determinants of benefits, while psychological risk impacts on perceptions of sacrifices. |
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This chapter also provides evidence of the differential impact of the benefits and sacrifices components of value on satisfaction, and the existence of both direct and indirect impacts of these components on word-of-mouth and intention to switch. |
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| Compilation of References |
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352 | (47) |
| About the Contributors |
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399 | (8) |
| Index |
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