List of Figures
Preface
Acknowledgments
Note on the text
Introduction
1. The Most Brilliant Color Dyed on Cotton
1.1. Defining Turkey red
1.1.1. A reputable red
1.1.2. A complicated process
1.2. Identifying Turkey red
1.3. Material record
1.4. Conclusion
2. Global Exchanges and Anthraquinone Dyes
2.1. The origin and dissemination of Turkey red
2.1.1. India
2.1.2. Indonesia
2.1.3. The Levant and the Ottoman Empire
2.1.4. The Hapsburg Empire
2.1.5. France
2.1.6. Britain
2.2. Madder
2.2.1. The cultivation of madder
2.2.2. Madder composition and derivatives
2.3. Synthetic alizarin
2.3.1. Understanding alizarin
2.3.2. Alizarin synthesis and patent disputes
2.3.3. Synthetic alizarin products
2.4. Conclusion
3. The Dyeing, Chemistry, and Technological Advances of Turkey Red
3.1 Oiling
3.1.1Oiling in the old process
3.1.2The chemistry of oiled cotton
3.1.3Ruminant dung and tannins
3.1.4Turkey red oil and the new process
3.1.5The Steiner process
3.2 Aluminium
3.2.1Precipitated aluminium soaps
3.3 Dyeing
3.3.1Color complexes in Turkey red
3.3.2 Blood and albumen
3.4. Clearing
3.5. Conclusions
4. Printed Turkey Red
4.1. Textile printing methods
4.2. Discharge printing
1.1.3.Lead plate press discharging
1.1.4.Acid paste discharging
4.3. A bright palette
1.1.5.Black, blue, yellow, and green
1.1.6.Identifying colorants on Turkey red prints
4.4. Design
1.1.7.Industrial design and production
1.1.8.European design for the export market
4.5. Conclusions
5. Turkey Red in the Industrial Revolution
5.1. Turkey red industry by country
5.1.1.France
5.1.2. England
5.1.3. Scotland
5.1.4. Switzerland
5.1.5. The Netherlands
5.1.6. North America
5.1.7. Other locations
5.2. Working conditions and labor
5.3. Colonialism
5.4. Conclusions
6. Trade, Use, and Object Record
6.1. Documentary evidence of availability
6.2. How Turkey red was used
6.2.1. Bandanas
6.2.2. Domestic textiles, quilts and bedcovers
6.2.3. Accessories, garments, and tools
6.3.Conclusions
Conclusions
Glossary
References
Index
