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Understanding Communications Systems PrinciplesA Tutorial Approach [Kõva köide]

(NanoMEMS Research, LLC, USA)
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Wireless communications and sensing systems are nowadays ubiquitous; cell phones and automotive radars typifying two of the most familiar examples. This book introduces the field by addressing its fundamental principles, proceeding from its very beginnings, up to today's emerging technologies related to the fifth-generation wireless systems (5G), Multi-Input Multiple Output (MIMO) connectivity, and Aerospace/Electronic Warfare Radar. The tone is tutorial. Problems are included at the end of each chapter to facilitate the understanding and assimilation of the material to electrical engineering undergraduate/graduate students and beginning and non-specialist professionals. Free temporary access to Keysight's SystemVue system simulation is provided to further enhance reader learning through hands-on tutorial exercises.

Chapter 1 introduces wireless communications and sensing and in particular how curiosity-driven scientific research led to the foundation of the field. Chapter 2 presents a brief introduction to the building blocks that make up wireless systems. Chapter 3 focuses on developing an understanding of the performance parameters that characterize a wireless system. Chapter 4 deals with circuit topologies for modulation and detection. In chapter 5 we cover the fundamental transmitter and receiver systems architectures that enable the transmission of information at precise frequencies and their reception from among a rather large multitude of other signals present in space. Chapter 6 introduces 5G, its motivation, and its development and adoption challenges for providing unprecedented levels of highest speed wireless connectivity. Chapter 7 takes on the topic of MIMO, its justification and its various architectures. Chapter 8 addresses the topic of aerospace/electronic warfare radar and finally Chapter 9 presents three Tutorials utilizing the SystemVue simulation tool.
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
List of Figures
xix
List of Tables
xxxv
List of Abbreviations
xxxvii
1 Introduction to Wireless Communications and Sensing Systems
1(28)
1.1 Scientific Beginnings: Electromagnetic Waves
1(8)
1.1.1 Generation and Detection of EM Waves
1(1)
1.1.1.1 Ruhmkorff Coil and Spark Gap
1(1)
1.1.1.2 Hertz's Transmitter
2(3)
1.1.1.3 Hertz's Receiver
5(1)
1.1.1.4 Hertz's Experiment
6(1)
1.1.1.5 Hertz's Analysis of the Interference Pattern
7(2)
1.2 Engineering Beginnings: Communications and RADAR
9(6)
1.2.1 Communications
9(1)
1.2.1.1 Communications Systems
10(1)
1.2.1.1.1 Simplified Transmitter Building Block
11(1)
1.2.1.1.2 Simplified Receiver Building Block
12(1)
1.2.2 RADAR
13(1)
1.2.2.1 RADAR Systems
13(1)
1.2.2.2 Simplified RADAR System Building Block
14(1)
1.3 Fundamentals of Signal Processing
15(9)
1.3.1 Mathematical Description of Carrier Modulation
15(1)
1.3.1.1 Amplitude Modulation
16(1)
1.3.1.2 Frequency Modulation
16(1)
1.3.1.3 Phase Modulation
16(1)
1.3.2 Spectral Properties of Basic Modulation Approaches
16(1)
1.3.2.1 AM Spectrum
17(1)
1.3.2.2 FM Spectrum
18(3)
1.3.2.3 Comparing AM and FM Spectra
21(1)
1.3.2.4 Wideband FM
22(1)
1.3.3 Phase Modulation Spectrum
23(1)
1.4 Fundamentals of Information Theory
24(2)
1.5 Summary
26(1)
1.6 Problems
27(2)
2 Wireless Systems Building Blocks
29(36)
2.1 System Components and Their Performance Parameters
29(16)
2.1.1 Transmission Lines
29(1)
2.1.2 Amplifiers
30(1)
2.1.2.1 Gain Compression and Desensitization
31(2)
2.1.2.2 Cross-Modulation
33(1)
2.1.2.3 Intermodulation
33(1)
2.1.2.4 Memoryless Bandpass Nonlinearities
34(1)
2.1.3 Mixers
35(5)
2.1.4 Filters
40(1)
2.1.5 Oscillators
40(2)
2.1.5.1 Phase Noise of a Local Oscillator
42(2)
2.1.5.2 Amplitude Noise
44(1)
2.1.6 Frequency Multipliers
44(1)
2.2 Antennas
45(13)
2.2.1 Description of Antennas and Their Parameters
45(6)
2.2.2 Antenna Arrays [ 23]
51(1)
2.2.2.1 Array Factor
52(3)
2.2.2.2 Antenna Array Directivity
55(1)
2.2.2.3 Antenna Array Factor
55(3)
2.2.2.4 Prototypical Phased Array Antenna
58(1)
2.3 Free Space Propagation Model
58(5)
2.4 Summary
63(1)
2.5 Problems
64(1)
3 Communication Systems Performance Parameters
65(36)
3.1 Introduction
65(1)
3.2 Transmitter Performance Parameters
65(2)
3.2.1 Modulation Accuracy
66(1)
3.2.2 Adjacent and Alternate Channel Power
67(1)
3.3 Receiver
67(3)
3.3.1 Sensitivity
68(1)
3.3.2 Noise Figure
68(1)
3.3.3 Selectivity
68(1)
3.3.4 Receiver Image Rejection
69(1)
3.3.5 Receiver Dynamic Range
69(1)
3.3.6 Receiver Spurious-Free Dynamic Range
69(1)
3.4 Sensitivity and Dynamic Range Parameters
70(13)
3.4.1 Definition of Receiver Sensitivity
72(1)
3.4.2 Definition of Minimum Detectable Signal
72(1)
3.4.3 Illustration of Signal-to-Noise Ratio
73(2)
3.4.4 Definition of 1-dB Compression Point
75(2)
3.4.5 Definition of Intermodulation Distortion
77(5)
3.4.6 IP3 for Cascade of Networks
82(1)
3.5 Definition of Dynamic Range
83(5)
3.5.1 Noise Figure of Blocks in Cascade
84(1)
3.5.2 Spur-Free Dynamic Range
85(3)
3.6 Circuit Signal-to-Noise Ratio
88(10)
3.6.1 Definition of Available Noise Power
89(1)
3.6.2 Network Noise Figure
89(1)
3.6.3 Single-Frequency (Spot) Noise Figure
90(1)
3.6.4 Equivalent Noise Temperature
91(1)
3.6.5 Effective Noise Temperature of a Network
91(2)
3.6.6 Computing the Overall NF of Cascaded Circuits
93(2)
3.6.7 Noise Figure of a Mixer
95(3)
3.7 Summary
98(1)
3.8 Problems
99(2)
4 Circuit Topologies for Signal Modulation and Detection
101(22)
4.1 Introduction
101(1)
4.2 AM Modulation Approaches
101(2)
4.2.1 Generation of Single-Sideband AM Signals
102(1)
4.3 AM Demodulation Approaches
103(1)
4.3.1 Envelope Detector
103(1)
4.4 FM Approaches
104(1)
4.4.1 Direct FM Modulator
104(1)
4.5 FM Demodulation Approaches
105(1)
4.5.1 FM Demodulation by Phase-Locked Loop
106(1)
4.6 The Digital Modulation Technique
106(2)
4.6.1 Amplitude-Shift Keying Modulation
107(1)
4.6.2 Frequency-Shift Keying Modulation
107(1)
4.6.3 Phase-Shift Keying Modulation
108(1)
4.7 Modulation Signal Representation by Complex Envelope Form
108(13)
4.7.1 M-ary Modulation---MPSK
109(1)
4.7.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying Modulation---BPSK
110(2)
4.7.3 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Modulation---QPSK
112(1)
4.7.3.1 Modulator Circuit for QPSK
113(1)
4.7.3.2 Circuit for QPSK Demodulation
114(1)
4.7.4 Binary Frequency-Shift Keying Modulation Circuit
115(1)
4.7.4.1 Circuit for BFSK Modulation
116(1)
4.7.4.2 BFSK Demodulation via a Coherent Detector
116(1)
4.7.4.3 BFSK Demodulation via a Noncoherent Detector
116(1)
4.7.5 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Approach
117(1)
4.7.6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
117(1)
4.7.7 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Modulation Approach
118(1)
4.7.7.1 Modulation and Demodulation Circuits for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS/SS)
118(2)
4.7.8 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Modulation/Demodulation
120(1)
4.8 Summary
121(1)
4.9 Problems
121(2)
5 Transmitter and Receiver Architectures
123(20)
5.1 Introduction
123(1)
5.2 The Transmitter
124(6)
5.2.1 Heterodyne Transmitter Architecture
124(2)
5.2.2 The Homodyne Transmitter Architecture
126(1)
5.2.2.1 Drawbacks of Homodyne transmitter architecture
127(1)
5.2.2.1.1 LO disturbance and its corrections
127(3)
5.3 The Heterodyne Receiver Architecture
130(1)
5.4 The Homodyne (Zero IF/Direct-Conversion) Receiver
131(2)
5.5 Receiver Architectures in Light of 5G [ 37]
133(8)
5.5.1 Super-Heterodyne Receiver
135(2)
5.5.2 Homodyne Receiver
137(1)
5.5.3 The Low-IF Receiver
138(2)
5.5.4 The Software-Defined Receiver
140(1)
5.6 Summary
141(1)
5.7 Problems
141(2)
6 5G
143(10)
6.1 Introduction
143(3)
6.2 5G Systems Technologies
146(2)
6.2.1 5G Systems: mmWaves [ 44]
147(1)
6.2.1.1 Propagation issues
147(1)
6.2.1.2 Blocking
147(1)
6.2.1.3 Atmospheric and rain absorption
148(1)
6.2.1.4 Large arrays, narrow beams
148(1)
6.2.1.5 Link acquisition
148(1)
6.3 5G: Internet of Things [ 46, 47]
148(1)
6.3.1 Device-to-Device Communications
149(1)
6.3.2 Simultaneous Transmission/Reception (STR)
149(1)
6.4 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access [ 45, 49]
149(2)
6.4.1 NOMA Approaches
150(1)
6.5 5G Evolution
151(1)
6.6 Summary
152(1)
6.7 Problems
152(1)
7 MIMO
153(34)
7.1 Introduction
153(1)
7.2 The SISO Channel
153(6)
7.2.1 The SISO Channel Model
153(2)
7.2.2 The SISO Channel Capacity
155(4)
7.3 The MIMO Channel Model
159(12)
7.3.1 MIMO Channel Propagation Models [ 13, 60, 61]
161(1)
7.3.1.1 The rayleigh distribution model
161(1)
7.3.1.2 The Ricean distribution model
161(1)
7.3.1.3 The Nakagami-m distribution model
162(1)
7.3.2 The Singular Value Decomposition Approach [ 62, 63]
162(3)
7.3.2.1 The mechanics of the SVD approach
165(5)
7.3.2.2 MIMO interpretation of SVD example
170(1)
7.4 MIMO Transmit Antenna Input Power Optimization
171(3)
7.5 MIMO Receive Antenna Signal Processing
174(1)
7.5.1 MIMO Array Gain
174(1)
7.5.2 MIMO Diversity Gain
174(1)
7.6 Massive MIMO Detection and Transmission
174(6)
7.6.1 Massive MIMO Detection: MRC, ZFBF, and MMSE
175(4)
7.6.2 Massive MIMO Transmission: Precoding
179(1)
7.7 Massive MIMO Systems Architectures
180(4)
7.8 Massive MIMO Limiting Factors
184(1)
7.8.1 Pilot Contamination
184(1)
7.8.2 Radio Propagation
184(1)
7.9 Summary
185(1)
7.10 Problems
185(2)
8 Aerospace/Electronic Warfare RADAR
187(28)
8.1 Introduction
187(1)
8.2 Principles of RADARs [ 92--95]
188(16)
8.2.1 Types of RADAR
188(1)
8.2.2 Radio Detection and Ranging [ 93]
189(3)
8.2.3 RADAR-Target Geometry/Coordinate System
192(1)
8.2.4 RADAR Pulses
193(1)
8.2.5 Range Ambiguities
194(1)
8.2.6 Range Resolution
194(1)
8.2.7 Range Gates
195(2)
8.2.8 RADAR Sensitivity
197(3)
8.2.9 Doppler Shift
200(2)
8.2.10 Track Versus Search
202(1)
8.2.11 RADAR Cross Section
203(1)
8.3 RADAR Architectures
204(3)
8.3.1 CW Doppler RADAR Architecture
205(1)
8.3.2 FM-CW RADAR Architecture
205(1)
8.3.3 Pulse Doppler RADAR Architecture
205(2)
8.4 ECM Capabilities of an EW RADAR
207(7)
8.4.1 Searching for Signal Sources
207(1)
8.4.2 ECM Techniques: Jamming
208(1)
8.4.2.1 Noise jamming
208(1)
8.4.2.2 Deception jamming
209(2)
8.4.3 ECCM Techniques
211(1)
8.4.3.1 Pulse compression
211(1)
8.4.3.2 Frequency hopping
212(1)
8.4.3.3 Side lobe blanking
212(1)
8.4.3.4 Polarization
212(1)
8.4.3.5 Artificial-Intelligence-Based Jammer-Nulling
213(1)
8.5 Summary
214(1)
8.6 Problems
214(1)
9 Tutorials
215(40)
9.1 Introduction
215(1)
9.2 Tutorial 1: Introduction to SystemVue
216(18)
9.2.1 Preliminaries
216(2)
9.2.2 Getting Started and Schematic Window
218(1)
9.2.2.1 Implementation of Basic Phased Array (Beamforming) Antenna Model
218(6)
9.2.2.2 Running the Workspace file 5G_MIMO_ Beamforming_ULA_1 x 4.wsv
224(6)
9.2.2.3 Effect of Number of Elements on ULA Directivity
230(2)
9.2.2.4 Element Antenna Radiation Pattern
232(2)
9.3 Tutorial 2: Codebook Design for 28GHz 5G/MIMO Antenna Array Transmission
234(11)
9.3.1 Preliminaries
234(4)
9.3.2 Determination of Codebook for 12 × 12 MIMO URA
238(7)
9.4 Tutorial 3: Electronic/Warfare RADAR Performance
245(10)
9.4.1 Preliminaries: Transmitter---Receiver Simulation
246(1)
9.4.2 FM-CW RADAR Model and Simulations
247(6)
9.4.3 Exercises
253(2)
Bibliography 255(8)
Index 263(4)
About the Author 267
Héctor J. De Los Santos received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, in 1989. He founded NanoMEMS Research, LLC, Irvine, CA, a company engaged in Nanoelectromechanical Quantum Circuits and Systems (NEMX) and RF MEMS (NanoMEMS) research, consulting, and education, where he focuses on discovering fundamentally new devices, circuits and design techniques. Prior to founding NanoMEMS in 2002, he spent two years as a Principal Scientist, RF MEMS, at Coventor, Inc., Irvine, CA. From 1989 to 2000, he was with Hughes Space and Communications Company, Los Angeles, CA, where he served as Principal Investigator and the Director of the Future Enabling Technologies IR&D Program. Under this program he pursued research in RF MEMS, quantum functional devices and circuits and photonic bandgap crystal devices and circuits. He holds over 30 U.S., European, German and Japanese patents. His research interests include, theory, modeling, simulation, design and demonstration of emerging devices (electronic, plasmonic, nanophotonic, mechanical systems in the quantum regime, etc.), and wireless communications.



               During the 2010-11 academic year he held a German Research Foundation (DFG) Mercator Visiting Professorship at Institute for High-Frequency Engineering and Electronics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology/University of Karlsruhe, Germany, where his activities included teaching, and conducting research on his DFG-funded project "Nanoelectromechanical Interferometric Tuning with Non-Equilibrium Cooling for Microwave and mm-Wave Electronics". From 2001-2003 he lectured worldwide as an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer of the Microwave Theory and Techniques Society. Since 2006 he has been an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer of the Electron Devices Society. In February, 2020 he was bestowed upon the title of Honorary Professor by Amity University, Noida, Delhi-NCR, Uttar Pradesh, India. He is a member of Tau Beta Pi, Eta Kappa Nu and Sigma Xi. He is an IEEE Fellow.