Foreword |
|
xi | |
References |
|
xii | |
|
|
1 | (20) |
|
The Need for Oversampling Converters |
|
|
1 | (3) |
|
Delta and Delta-Sigma Modulation |
|
|
4 | (5) |
|
Higher-Order Single-Stage Noise-Shaping Modulators |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
Multi-Stage (Cascade, MASH) Modulators |
|
|
10 | (3) |
|
|
13 | (2) |
|
ΔΣ Modulators with Multi-Bit Quantizers |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
Delta-Sigma Digital-to-Analog Converters |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
History; Performance and Architecture Trends |
|
|
17 | (4) |
|
The First-Order Delta Sigma Modulator |
|
|
21 | (42) |
|
Quantizers and Quantization Noise |
|
|
21 | (8) |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
|
29 | (5) |
|
|
34 | (2) |
|
|
36 | (2) |
|
|
38 | (3) |
|
|
41 | (8) |
|
|
42 | (3) |
|
|
45 | (4) |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
The Effects of Finite Op-Amp Gain |
|
|
50 | (4) |
|
Linear Systems Perspective---Degraded Noise Shaping |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
Nonlinear Systems Perspective---Dead Zones |
|
|
51 | (3) |
|
Decimation Filters for MODI |
|
|
54 | (6) |
|
|
55 | (3) |
|
|
58 | (2) |
|
|
60 | (3) |
|
The Second-Order Delta-Sigma Modulator |
|
|
63 | (28) |
|
The Second-Order Modulator: MOD2 |
|
|
63 | (4) |
|
|
67 | (4) |
|
Nonlinear Effects in MOD2 |
|
|
71 | (8) |
|
Signal-dependent quantizer gain |
|
|
71 | (3) |
|
|
74 | (3) |
|
|
77 | (2) |
|
Alternative Second-Order Modulator Structures |
|
|
79 | (7) |
|
The Boser-Wooley Modulator |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
The Silva-Steensgaard Structure |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
The Error-Feedback Structure |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
Generalized Second-Order Structures |
|
|
82 | (2) |
|
Optimal Second-Order Modulator |
|
|
84 | (2) |
|
Decimation Filtering for Second-Order ΔΣ Modulators |
|
|
86 | (3) |
|
|
89 | (2) |
|
Higher-Order Delta-Sigma Modulation |
|
|
91 | (48) |
|
High-Order Single-Quantizer Modulators |
|
|
91 | (6) |
|
Stability Considerations in High-Order Modulators |
|
|
97 | (10) |
|
|
98 | (6) |
|
Multi-Bit Modulators [ 12] |
|
|
104 | (3) |
|
Optimization of the NTF Zeros and Poles |
|
|
107 | (8) |
|
|
107 | (4) |
|
|
111 | (4) |
|
Loop Filter Architectures |
|
|
115 | (7) |
|
Loop Filters with Distributed Feedback and Input Coupling--The CIFB and CRFB Structures |
|
|
115 | (6) |
|
Loop Filters with Distributed Feedforward and Input Coupling--The CIFF and CRFF Structures |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
|
122 | (14) |
|
The Leslie-Singh (L-0 Cascade) Structure [ 16] |
|
|
123 | (4) |
|
Cascade (MASH) Modulators |
|
|
127 | (5) |
|
Noise Leakage in Cascade Modulators |
|
|
132 | (4) |
|
|
136 | (3) |
|
Bandpass and Quadrature Delta-Sigma Modulation |
|
|
139 | (40) |
|
The Need for Bandpass and Quadrature Modulation |
|
|
139 | (6) |
|
|
145 | (6) |
|
Pseudo N-path transformation |
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
Architectures for Bandpass Delta-Sigma Modulators |
|
|
151 | (10) |
|
|
151 | (3) |
|
Resonator Implementations |
|
|
154 | (7) |
|
Bandpass Modulator Example |
|
|
161 | (5) |
|
|
166 | (6) |
|
|
172 | (4) |
|
|
176 | (3) |
|
Implementation Considerations For ΔΣ ADCs |
|
|
179 | (40) |
|
Modulators with Multi-Bit Internal Quantizers |
|
|
179 | (3) |
|
Dual-Quantizer Modulators |
|
|
182 | (2) |
|
Dual-Quantization MASH Structure |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
Dual-Quantization Single-Stage Structure |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
Dynamic Element Randomization |
|
|
184 | (2) |
|
|
186 | (13) |
|
Element Rotation or Data-Weighted Averaging |
|
|
189 | (2) |
|
Individual Level Averaging |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
Vector-Based Mismatch Shaping |
|
|
192 | (4) |
|
Element Selection Using a Tree Structure |
|
|
196 | (3) |
|
Digital Correction of DAC Nonlinearity |
|
|
199 | (6) |
|
Digitally-Corrected Multi-Bit ΔΣ Modulator with Power-Up Calibration |
|
|
200 | (2) |
|
Digitally-Corrected Multi-Bit ΔΣ ADC with Background Calibration |
|
|
202 | (3) |
|
Continuous-Time Implementations |
|
|
205 | (11) |
|
A Continuous-Time Implementation of MOD2 |
|
|
207 | (5) |
|
Inherent Anti-Aliasing in CT ΔΣ ADCs |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
Design Issues for Continuous-Time Modulators |
|
|
213 | (3) |
|
|
216 | (3) |
|
|
219 | (38) |
|
System Architectures for ΔΣ DACs |
|
|
220 | (2) |
|
Loop configurations for ΔΣ DACs |
|
|
222 | (7) |
|
Single-Stage Delta-Sigma Loops |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
The Error Feedback Structure |
|
|
224 | (2) |
|
Cascade (MASH) Structures |
|
|
226 | (3) |
|
ΔΣ DACs Using Multi-Bit Internal DACs |
|
|
229 | (10) |
|
Dual-Truncation DAC Structures |
|
|
230 | (2) |
|
Multi-bit Delta-Sigma DACs with Mismatch Error Shaping |
|
|
232 | (4) |
|
Digital Correction of Multi-Bit Delta-Sigma DACs |
|
|
236 | (2) |
|
Comparison of Single-Bit and Multi-Bit ΔΣ DACs |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
Interpolation Filtering for ΔΣ DACs |
|
|
239 | (4) |
|
Analog Post-Filters for ΔΣ DACs |
|
|
243 | (10) |
|
Analog Post-Filtering in Single-Bit ΔΣ DACs |
|
|
244 | (7) |
|
Analog Post-Filtering in Multi-Bit ΔΣ DACs |
|
|
251 | (2) |
|
|
253 | (4) |
|
High-Level Design and Simulation |
|
|
257 | (26) |
|
|
257 | (6) |
|
|
260 | (2) |
|
Limitations of synthesizeNTF |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
NTF Simulation, SQNR Calculation and Spectral Estimation |
|
|
263 | (3) |
|
NTF Realization and Dynamic Range Scaling |
|
|
266 | (7) |
|
|
271 | (2) |
|
Creating a SPICE-Simulatable Schematic |
|
|
273 | (8) |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
274 | (6) |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (2) |
|
Example Modulator Systems |
|
|
283 | (82) |
|
SCMOD2: General-Purpose Second-Order Switched-Capacitor ADC |
|
|
283 | (15) |
|
|
284 | (2) |
|
|
286 | (2) |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
289 | (3) |
|
|
292 | (2) |
|
|
294 | (4) |
|
SCMOD5: A Fifth-Order Single-Bit Noise-Shaping Loop |
|
|
298 | (13) |
|
NTF and Architecture Selection |
|
|
298 | (4) |
|
|
302 | (9) |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
A Wideband 2-0 Cascade System |
|
|
311 | (6) |
|
|
312 | (3) |
|
|
315 | (2) |
|
A Micropower Continuous-Time ADC |
|
|
317 | (9) |
|
|
318 | (4) |
|
|
322 | (4) |
|
A Continuous-Time Bandpass ADC |
|
|
326 | (11) |
|
|
328 | (5) |
|
|
333 | (4) |
|
|
337 | (20) |
|
|
338 | (6) |
|
Interpolation Filter Design |
|
|
344 | (11) |
|
DAC and Reconstruction Filter Design |
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
|
357 | (8) |
|
|
357 | (2) |
|
|
359 | (3) |
|
|
362 | (3) |
|
APPENDIX A Spectral Estimation |
|
|
365 | (24) |
|
|
366 | (7) |
|
Scaling and Noise Bandwidth |
|
|
373 | (4) |
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
|
379 | (4) |
|
|
383 | (6) |
|
APPENDIX B The Delta-Sigma Toolbox |
|
|
389 | (28) |
|
Demonstrations and Examples |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
391 | (19) |
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
396 | (2) |
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
405 | (3) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
410 | (7) |
|
APPENDIX C Noise in Switched-Capacitor Delta-Sigma Data Converters |
|
|
417 | |
|
Noise Effects in CMOS Op Amps |
|
|
419 | (4) |
|
|
423 | (2) |
|
Noise Effects in an SC Integrator |
|
|
425 | (8) |
|
Integrator Noise Analysis Example |
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
Noise Effects in Delta-Sigma ADC Loops |
|
|
435 | |