| Figures |
|
xvii | |
| Tables |
|
xxv | |
| Preface |
|
xxvii | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xxxi | |
| Part I Perspectives On Emotions |
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1 | (82) |
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1 Approaches To Understanding Emotions |
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3 | (29) |
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4 | (1) |
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What Is an Emotion? First Ideas |
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5 | (1) |
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Nineteenth-Century Founders |
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6 | (6) |
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Charles Darwin: The Evolutionary Approach |
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6 | (4) |
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William James: The Bodily Approach |
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10 | (1) |
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Sigmund Freud: The Psychoanalytic Approach |
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10 | (2) |
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Philosophical and Literary Approaches |
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12 | (6) |
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Aristotle and the Ethics of Emotions |
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12 | (3) |
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Rene Descartes: Philosophically Speaking |
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15 | (2) |
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George Eliot: The World of the Arts |
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17 | (1) |
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Brain Science, Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology |
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18 | (8) |
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John Harlow, Tania Singer: Toward a Brain Science of Emotion |
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19 | (3) |
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Magda Arnold, Sylvan Tomkins: New Psychological Theories |
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22 | (2) |
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Erving Goffman, Arlie Russell Hochschild, and Lila Abu-Lughod: Emotions as Moral Dramas Involving Selves and Others |
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24 | (2) |
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Empirical Inspirations for a New Science of Emotion |
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26 | (2) |
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What Is an Emotion? A Framework |
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28 | (1) |
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The Emotional Realm: Emotions-Moods-Dispositions |
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29 | (2) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Personality and Temperament |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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To Think About and Discuss |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (27) |
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Elements of an Evolutionary Approach |
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33 | (8) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (2) |
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Natural Design for Gene Replication |
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37 | (4) |
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An Evolutionary History of Human Emotions |
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41 | (8) |
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Insights from Modern Hunter-Gatherers |
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41 | (2) |
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Insights from Nonhuman Primates |
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43 | (4) |
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47 | (2) |
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Evolution of Symbolic Representation and Language |
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49 | (2) |
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Emotions as Bases of Human Relationships |
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51 | (6) |
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Emotions That Promote Attachment |
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52 | (2) |
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Emotions and Negotiation of Social Hierarchy |
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54 | (1) |
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Emotions, Affiliation, and Friendship |
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54 | (1) |
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Collective Emotion and Preference for In-Groups |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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To Think About and Discuss |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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3 Cultural Understandings Of Emotions |
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59 | (24) |
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60 | (2) |
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60 | (1) |
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Three Principles: Emotions as Interpersonal, Active, and Value-based |
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61 | (1) |
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Cross-cultural Approaches to Emotion |
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62 | (7) |
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62 | (1) |
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Independent and Interdependent Selves |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (2) |
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The Construction of Emotions in the West |
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69 | (6) |
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The Coming of Civilization to Medieval Societies |
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69 | (2) |
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Has Violence Declined Over Time? |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (3) |
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Falling in Love: Emotion as a Role |
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75 | (3) |
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Women and Men: Different Cultures? |
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78 | (1) |
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Integrating Evolutionary and Cultural Approaches |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (1) |
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To Think About and Discuss |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
| Part II Elements Of Emotions |
|
83 | (114) |
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4 Communication Of Emotions |
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85 | (34) |
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Five Kinds of Nonverbal Behavior |
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88 | (3) |
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Facial Expressions of Emotion |
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91 | (11) |
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Darwin's Observations and Theoretical Analysis |
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91 | (2) |
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Early Evidence of the Universality of Facial Expressions of Emotion |
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93 | (2) |
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Critiques of the Ekman and Friesen Studies |
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95 | (1) |
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Discovering New Facial Expressions of Emotion |
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96 | (3) |
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Inference and Context in Emotion Recognition |
|
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99 | (3) |
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Vocal Communication of Emotion |
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102 | (5) |
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The Communication of Emotions with the Voice |
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104 | (3) |
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Tactile Communication of Emotion |
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107 | (2) |
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107 | (1) |
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Communicating Emotions with Touch |
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108 | (1) |
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Emotional Expression and the Coordination of Social Interaction |
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109 | (2) |
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Cultural Variation in Emotional Expression |
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111 | (2) |
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Cultural Variation in Expressive Behavior |
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111 | (1) |
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Cultural Variation in the Interpretation of Emotional Expression |
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112 | (1) |
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Communication of Emotion in Art |
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113 | (4) |
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Four Hypotheses from the Idea of Romanticism |
|
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114 | (1) |
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Aesthetic Emotions in the Natyasastra |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (1) |
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To Think About and Discuss |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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5 Bodily Changes And Emotions |
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119 | (24) |
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Early Theorizing About Emotion and Bodily Changes |
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120 | (2) |
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Emotion and the Autonomic Nervous System |
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122 | (8) |
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Directed Facial Action and Physiological Differentiation of Negative Emotion |
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123 | (2) |
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Autonomic Response and Positive Emotion |
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125 | (1) |
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Vagal Tone and Compassion |
|
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (2) |
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Emotion and the Neuroendocrine System |
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130 | (2) |
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The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis |
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130 | (2) |
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Emotion and the Immune System |
|
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132 | (2) |
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The Inflammation Response |
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132 | (2) |
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Bodily Changes and Emotional Experience |
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134 | (4) |
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Representations of Emotions in the Body |
|
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (1) |
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Embodiment, Cognition, and Social Interaction |
|
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138 | (4) |
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Gut Feelings and Decision Making |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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To Think About and Discuss |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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6 Appraisal, Experience, Regulation |
|
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143 | (26) |
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144 | (1) |
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Historical Background and Concepts |
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144 | (1) |
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Primary Appraisals, Good and Bad |
|
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145 | (3) |
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Which Is Stronger, Good or Bad? |
|
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147 | (1) |
|
|
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148 | (6) |
|
|
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148 | (1) |
|
|
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149 | (3) |
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Extending Appraisal Research: Tests of Theories and Patterns of Variation |
|
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152 | (2) |
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A Third Phase of Appraisal: Verbal Sharing |
|
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154 | (1) |
|
|
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155 | (5) |
|
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155 | (1) |
|
Conceptualization of Emotion |
|
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156 | (1) |
|
|
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156 | (1) |
|
|
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157 | (1) |
|
Variations in Emotion Lexicon |
|
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158 | (2) |
|
|
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160 | (4) |
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The Perspective That Emotions Are Discrete |
|
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161 | (1) |
|
The Perspective That Emotions Are Constructed |
|
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (4) |
|
Distraction, Reappraisal, Suppression |
|
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165 | (3) |
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168 | (1) |
|
To Think About and Discuss |
|
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168 | (1) |
|
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168 | (1) |
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7 Brain Mechanisms And Emotion |
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169 | (28) |
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Historical Approaches to the Neuroscience of Emotion |
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170 | (7) |
|
Early Research on Brain Lesions and Stimulation |
|
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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Emotion Systems in the Mammalian Brain |
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175 | (2) |
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A Framework from Affective Neuroscience |
|
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177 | (1) |
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Emotion-Related Appraisals and Subcortical Processes in the Brain |
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177 | (6) |
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Appraisals of Novelty and Concern Relevance: The Amygdala |
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178 | (2) |
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Appraisals of Possible Rewards: The Nucleus Accumbens |
|
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180 | (2) |
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Appraisals of Pain, Threat, and Harm: The Periaqueductal Gray |
|
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182 | (1) |
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Bodily Awareness and Subjective Feeling: The Anterior Insular Cortex |
|
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183 | (1) |
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From Conceptualization to Empathic Understanding: Cortical Processes in the Brain |
|
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184 | (8) |
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Learning Associations Between Events and Rewards: The Orbitofrontal Cortex |
|
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184 | (1) |
|
Emotion Conceptualization: The Prefrontal Cortex |
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185 | (3) |
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Emotion Regulation: Regions of the Prefrontal Cortex |
|
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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Social Pain and the Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Anterior Insular Cortex |
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190 | (2) |
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The Search for Emotion-Specific Patterns of Brain Activation |
|
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192 | (3) |
|
Distinct Emotions Are Constructed in the Cortex |
|
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192 | (1) |
|
Emotions Engage Discrete Patterns of Brain Activation |
|
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192 | (3) |
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195 | (1) |
|
To Think About and Discuss |
|
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195 | (1) |
|
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195 | (2) |
| Part III Emotions And Social Life |
|
197 | (80) |
|
8 Development Of Emotions In Childhood |
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199 | (29) |
|
Theories of Emotional Development |
|
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (8) |
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The Developmental Emergence of Emotions |
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202 | (4) |
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Social Emotions: 18 Months and Beyond |
|
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206 | (3) |
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Developments in Language and the Understanding of Other Minds |
|
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (8) |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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Multimodal Recognition of Emotions |
|
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214 | (2) |
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Brain Mechanisms in Infants' Recognition of Emotions |
|
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216 | (1) |
|
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216 | (2) |
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218 | (6) |
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219 | (1) |
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Neurobiological Development of Emotion Regulation |
|
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (2) |
|
Biological Contributions to Temperament |
|
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224 | (3) |
|
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227 | (1) |
|
To Think About and Discuss |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
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227 | (1) |
|
9 Emotions In Social Relationships |
|
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228 | (26) |
|
Emotions Within Intimate Relationships |
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230 | (7) |
|
Principles of Sexual Love |
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231 | (3) |
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234 | (3) |
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237 | (4) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
|
Emotions in Hierarchical Relationships |
|
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241 | (6) |
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Emotional Displays and the Negotiation of Social Rank |
|
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242 | (2) |
|
|
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244 | (1) |
|
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245 | (2) |
|
Emotion and Group Dynamics |
|
|
247 | (5) |
|
Group and Collective Emotions |
|
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248 | (2) |
|
Group and Collective Emotion and Between-Group Conflict |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
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251 | (1) |
|
Emotional Processes That Improve Group Relations |
|
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
|
To Think About and Discuss |
|
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (23) |
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255 | (1) |
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Emotions Prioritize Thoughts, Goals, and Actions |
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256 | (3) |
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Emotion and Mood in Economic Behavior |
|
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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Affect Infusion, and Affect as Information |
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260 | (3) |
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263 | (1) |
|
Effects of Moods and Emotions on Cognitive Functioning |
|
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264 | (5) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
|
Emotion-Related Biases in Memory |
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267 | (1) |
|
|
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (4) |
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Intuitions and Principles |
|
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269 | (3) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (2) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
|
To Think About and Discuss |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
|
276 | (1) |
| Part IV Emotions And The Individual |
|
277 | (114) |
|
11 Individual Differences In Emotionality |
|
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279 | (29) |
|
Emotionality Over the Life Span |
|
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280 | (7) |
|
Continuities in Emotionality from Childhood to Adulthood |
|
|
280 | (2) |
|
From Temperament to Personality |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
Individual Differences in Emotion Shape How We Construe the World |
|
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283 | (1) |
|
Age-Related Changes in Temperament and Personality |
|
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284 | (1) |
|
Propensities in Emotionality That Shape the Relational Environment |
|
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285 | (1) |
|
Emotionality Moderates Environmental Risk |
|
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286 | (1) |
|
Attachment and Emotionality |
|
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287 | (5) |
|
|
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287 | (1) |
|
Attachment Status and Emotional Outcomes |
|
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288 | (1) |
|
Parental Sensitivity and Shared Thinking |
|
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289 | (1) |
|
From Parent Attachment to Child Attachment |
|
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290 | (1) |
|
The Role of Environmental Risk in Children's Attachment Relationships |
|
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291 | (1) |
|
Genetic Influences on Attachment |
|
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291 | (1) |
|
Parental Behaviors Beyond Attachment |
|
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292 | (7) |
|
Biobehavioral Synchronization |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Parental Mentalization and Reflective Capacity |
|
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292 | (1) |
|
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293 | (2) |
|
Parental Socialization of Emotion |
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295 | (4) |
|
Beyond Parenting: Influences of Siblings, Peers, and the Broader Social Context |
|
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299 | (4) |
|
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
|
Programs That Optimize Emotional Development |
|
|
303 | (3) |
|
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306 | (1) |
|
To Think About and Discuss |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
12 Psychopathology Of Emotions In Childhood |
|
|
308 | (29) |
|
Emotions and Psychopathology |
|
|
309 | (3) |
|
|
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309 | (1) |
|
Conceptualizing Childhood Disorders: Categories versus Dimensions |
|
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309 | (1) |
|
How Are Emotions Involved in Children's Psychopathology? |
|
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310 | (1) |
|
Are Emotions Abnormal in Psychopathology? |
|
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311 | (1) |
|
Prevalence of Psychopathology in Childhood |
|
|
312 | (2) |
|
Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Comorbidity, Heterogeneity, and the "p" Factor |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
The Relationship Between Risk Factors and Psychopathology |
|
|
314 | (4) |
|
People, Contexts, and the Multilevel Environment |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Risk and Resilience: The Combination of Risk and Protective Factors |
|
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315 | (3) |
|
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318 | (10) |
|
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318 | (4) |
|
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322 | (4) |
|
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326 | (2) |
|
Trajectories of Disorders |
|
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328 | (4) |
|
Homotypic and Heterotypic Continuity |
|
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329 | (1) |
|
Trajectories of Externalizing Problems |
|
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329 | (2) |
|
Trajectories of Internalizing Disorders |
|
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331 | (1) |
|
Interventions for Child and Adolescent Psychopathology |
|
|
332 | (3) |
|
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335 | (1) |
|
To Think About and Discuss |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
13 Emotional Disorders In Adulthood |
|
|
337 | (27) |
|
|
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338 | (1) |
|
Psychiatric Disorders: Symptoms and Prevalence |
|
|
338 | (5) |
|
|
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338 | (2) |
|
Kinds of Depression and Anxiety |
|
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340 | (3) |
|
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343 | (6) |
|
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343 | (1) |
|
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344 | (2) |
|
Life Events and Difficulties |
|
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346 | (3) |
|
Gene-Environment Interactions |
|
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349 | (1) |
|
Emotional Predispositions and Emotional Disorders |
|
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350 | (3) |
|
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353 | (1) |
|
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
|
Recurrence, Recovery, and Prolongation of Disorders |
|
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354 | (4) |
|
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355 | (1) |
|
Recovery and Fresh Starts |
|
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356 | (1) |
|
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356 | (1) |
|
Cognitive Biases in Anxiety and Other Emotional Disorders |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Neurophysiology of Depression and Anxiety |
|
|
358 | (2) |
|
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359 | (1) |
|
Beyond Depression and Anxiety |
|
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360 | (3) |
|
Psychopathic People in Society |
|
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360 | (1) |
|
Schizophrenia, Emotion, Expressed Emotion in Relatives |
|
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361 | (1) |
|
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
|
To Think About and Discuss |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (27) |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (7) |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (2) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (2) |
|
Psychological Therapy with Others and by Oneself |
|
|
372 | (10) |
|
Psychoanalysis: Unconscious Schemas of Relating |
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
Rogerian Counseling: Empathetic Support |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Changing Emotional Life by Thought |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Emotion-Focused Therapy: Changing Emotional Life by Emotions |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Outcomes of Psychotherapy |
|
|
378 | (3) |
|
Psychotherapy Without Therapists |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Mindfulness, Ancient and Modern |
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
Consciously Making Sense of Emotions |
|
|
384 | (2) |
|
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
|
387 | (2) |
|
Emotion and Meaning in the Social World |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
To Think About and Discuss |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (1) |
| References |
|
391 | (94) |
| Author Index |
|
485 | (16) |
| Subject Index |
|
501 | |
