Acknowledgements |
|
xiv | |
Guide to the book |
|
xv | |
Preface |
|
xvii | |
List of figures |
|
xviii | |
Table of cases |
|
xx | |
Tables of statutes and other instruments |
|
xxv | |
1 The Sources Of Law |
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1 | (26) |
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1.1 The English legal system |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (2) |
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1.3.1 The Supreme Court of the UK |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (4) |
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1.4.1 Problems of the common law |
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5 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Development of equity |
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6 | (3) |
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9 | (4) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.5.2 The enactment process |
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9 | (4) |
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1.6 Delegated legislation |
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13 | (6) |
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1.6.1 Statutory instruments |
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13 | (1) |
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1.6.2 Legislative Reform Orders |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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1.6.4 Orders of the Legislative Committee of the Privy Council |
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15 | (1) |
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1.6.5 Parliamentary control of secondary legislation |
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16 | (1) |
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1.6.6 Judicial control of secondary legislation |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (4) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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1.7.3 The law reform agencies |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (2) |
2 The English Legal System And European Law |
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27 | (22) |
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2.1 The English Legal System and International Law |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (6) |
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29 | (1) |
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2.2.2 The remaining EU treaties |
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30 | (1) |
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2.2.3 UK membership of the EU |
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31 | (2) |
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2.2.4 The role of the Court of Justice of the European Union |
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33 | (1) |
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2.2.5 Effect on parliamentary sovereignty |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (6) |
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2.3.1 The referendum and its background |
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35 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Invoking Article 50 TEU |
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35 | (2) |
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2.3.3 The European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 |
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37 | (1) |
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2.3.4 Agreeing the Withdrawal Agreement and Political Declaration |
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38 | (2) |
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2.3.5 The future trading relationship |
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40 | (1) |
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2.4 European Convention on Human Rights |
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41 | (5) |
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2.4.1 The Human Rights Act 1998 |
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41 | (5) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (2) |
3 The Doctrine Of Judicial Precedent |
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49 | (32) |
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3.1 What is the doctrine of precedent? |
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50 | (1) |
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3.2 How does the doctrine of precedent operate? |
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51 | (5) |
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3.2.1 The court hierarchy |
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51 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Ratio decidendi and obiter dicta |
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52 | (3) |
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3.2.3 Persuasive precedent |
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55 | (1) |
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3.3 The doctrine as applied in individual courts |
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56 | (13) |
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56 | (5) |
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3.3.2 The Court of Appeal (Civil Division) |
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61 | (4) |
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3.3.3 The Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) |
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65 | (1) |
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3.3.4 The Divisional Courts of the High Court |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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3.3.7 County Courts and Magistrates' Courts |
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67 | (1) |
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3.3.8 The Court of Justice of the European Union |
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67 | (1) |
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3.3.9 The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council |
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67 | (2) |
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3.4 The Human Rights Act 1998 |
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69 | (2) |
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3.5 The declaratory theory |
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71 | (4) |
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75 | (3) |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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3.7 Pros and cons of precedent |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
4 Statutory Interpretation |
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81 | (46) |
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81 | (6) |
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4.1.1 The need for statutory interpretation |
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81 | (3) |
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84 | (1) |
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4.1.3 Judicial law-making |
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85 | (1) |
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4.1.4 Interpretation or construction? |
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86 | (1) |
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4.1.5 Parliamentary definitions |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (8) |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (3) |
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4.3 The purposive approach |
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95 | (6) |
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99 | (2) |
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4.4 Literal approach versus purposive approach |
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101 | (7) |
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108 | (2) |
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4.5.1 The ejusdem generis rule |
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108 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Expressio unius est exclusio alterius (the express mention of one thing excludes others) |
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109 | (1) |
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4.5.3 Noscitur a sociis (a word is known by the company it keeps) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (2) |
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4.7 Intrinsic and extrinsic aids |
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112 | (8) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (4) |
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117 | (1) |
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4.7.5 International conventions |
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118 | (2) |
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4.8 The effect of the Human Rights Act 1998 |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (3) |
5 Legal Reasoning |
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127 | (24) |
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127 | (1) |
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5.2 What is legal reasoning? |
|
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127 | (2) |
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5.3 The Case of the Spelucean Explorers |
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129 | (5) |
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5.3.1 The facts of the case |
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130 | (2) |
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5.3.2 The Judgments of the Court |
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132 | (2) |
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5.3.3 What can this fictional case tell us? |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (3) |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (3) |
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142 | (2) |
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5.8 Critical legal studies |
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144 | (3) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (3) |
6 Civil Courts |
|
151 | (34) |
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6.1 Introduction to the courts system |
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151 | (5) |
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6.1.1 Civil and criminal cases |
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151 | (3) |
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6.1.2 Superior courts and inferior courts |
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154 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Appellate courts and trial courts |
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154 | (1) |
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6.1.4 Courts and tribunals |
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155 | (1) |
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6.2 Civil courts of trial |
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156 | (5) |
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6.2.1 Queen's Bench Division |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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|
158 | (1) |
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|
158 | (1) |
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6.2.7 Transfer of cases between the County Court and the High Court |
|
|
159 | (2) |
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6.3 Problems in the civil justice system |
|
|
161 | (1) |
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6.3.1 The Civil Justice Review |
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|
161 | (1) |
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6.3.2 The Heilbron-Hodge Committee |
|
|
162 | (1) |
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|
162 | (10) |
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163 | (1) |
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|
163 | (1) |
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|
164 | (1) |
|
6.4.4 Pre-action protocols |
|
|
165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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6.4.7 Judgment in default and summary judgment |
|
|
166 | (1) |
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6.4.8 Part 36 offers to settle |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
6.4.9 Are the Woolf reforms a success? |
|
|
167 | (5) |
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6.5 Enforcement of judgment |
|
|
172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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|
174 | (6) |
|
6.7.1 Administrative tribunals |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
6.7.2 Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 |
|
|
175 | (1) |
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6.7.3 Composition and procedure |
|
|
176 | (2) |
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6.7.4 Advantages and disadvantages of tribunals |
|
|
178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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|
180 | (2) |
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182 | (3) |
7 Alternative Dispute Resolution |
|
185 | (14) |
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7.1 Alternative dispute resolution |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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|
187 | (1) |
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7.5 Online dispute resolution |
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188 | (1) |
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7.6 Dispute resolution services |
|
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (4) |
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7.8 Encouraging the use of ADR |
|
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192 | (1) |
|
7.9 Has ADR been a success? |
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193 | (3) |
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196 | (2) |
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|
198 | (1) |
8 Criminal Courts And Procedure |
|
199 | (22) |
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|
199 | (2) |
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8.2 The Criminal Procedure Rules |
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|
201 | (1) |
|
8.3 The Crown Prosecution Service |
|
|
201 | (4) |
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8.3.1 Code for Crown Prosecutors |
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
8.3.2 The Glidewell Report |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
8.3.3 Victims' Right to Review |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
8.4 Advance sentence indication |
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205 | (1) |
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8.4.1 Advance indication of sentence not plea-bargaining |
|
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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8.5 Courts exercising criminal jurisdiction |
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|
206 | (1) |
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|
206 | (2) |
|
8.6.1 The Court of Justice of the European Union |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
8.6.2 The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council |
|
|
207 | (1) |
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|
208 | (1) |
|
8.6.4 The Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) |
|
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208 | (1) |
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8.6.5 The High Court of Justice |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
8.6.6 The Crown Court - appellate jurisdiction |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
8.7 Criminal courts of first instance |
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|
208 | (2) |
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|
208 | (1) |
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|
209 | (1) |
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8.7.3 The Magistrates' Court |
|
|
209 | (1) |
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8.8 Classification of criminal offences |
|
|
210 | (5) |
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8.8.1 Indictable Only offences |
|
|
210 | (1) |
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|
211 | (1) |
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8.8.3 Offences triable either way |
|
|
211 | (3) |
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8.8.4 The choice: Magistrates' Court or Crown Court? |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
8.9 The 'right' to trial by jury |
|
|
215 | (3) |
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|
215 | (1) |
|
8.9.2 The Criminal Justice Act 2003 |
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|
216 | (1) |
|
8.9.3 Do we have the 'right' to elect jury trial? |
|
|
217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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|
219 | (2) |
9 Appeals |
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221 | (22) |
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|
221 | (1) |
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9.2 Appeals in civil proceedings |
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|
222 | (3) |
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9.2.1 The Access to Justice Act 1999 |
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
9.2.2 The Court of Appeal (Civil Division) |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
9.2.3 The Supreme Court of the UK |
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|
224 | (1) |
|
9.2.4 Other appeals in civil cases |
|
|
225 | (1) |
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9.3 Appeals in criminal proceedings |
|
|
225 | (1) |
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226 | (3) |
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9.4.1 Section 36 Criminal Justice Act 1972 |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
9.4.2 Section 36 Criminal Justice Act 1988 |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
9.4.3 Sections 54 and 55 Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
9.4.4 Appeals against a judge's erroneous decision - Criminal Justice Act 2003 |
|
|
226 | (1) |
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9.4.5 Abolition of the rule against double jeopardy - Criminal Justice Act 2003 |
|
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227 | (2) |
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229 | (4) |
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9.5.1 Appeal following summary trial |
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229 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Appeal following trial on indictment |
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|
230 | (3) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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9.8 The Criminal Cases Review Commission |
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|
235 | (4) |
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|
239 | (2) |
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|
241 | (2) |
10 Funding |
|
243 | (20) |
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|
243 | (1) |
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|
244 | (2) |
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|
244 | (1) |
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10.2.2 The Access to Justice Act 1999 |
|
|
245 | (1) |
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10.3 The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LAPSO) |
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|
246 | (2) |
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|
246 | (1) |
|
10.3.2 Criteria for civil legal aid services |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
10.3.3 Availability of legal aid |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
10.4 Government funding in civil cases |
|
|
248 | (4) |
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|
248 | (2) |
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10.4.2 Problems with funding of civil cases |
|
|
250 | (2) |
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|
252 | (3) |
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10.5.1 Conditional fee agreements |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
10.5.2 How conditional fees work |
|
|
252 | (1) |
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|
253 | (1) |
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10.5.4 Insurance premiums |
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|
253 | (1) |
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10.5.5 Are conditional fees working? |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
10.6 Advice in civil cases |
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|
255 | (2) |
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10.6.1 Civil Legal Advice |
|
|
255 | (1) |
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|
255 | (1) |
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10.6.3 Other advice agencies |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
10.6.4 Citizens' Advice Bureaux |
|
|
255 | (1) |
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|
256 | (1) |
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10.6.6 Schemes run by lawyers |
|
|
256 | (1) |
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|
257 | (1) |
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10.7 Legal aid in criminal cases |
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|
257 | (3) |
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10.7.1 Merits: the 'interests of justice test' |
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|
257 | (1) |
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|
258 | (1) |
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10.7.3 Advice and assistance for individuals in custody |
|
|
259 | (1) |
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10.7.4 The Public Defender Service |
|
|
259 | (1) |
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|
260 | (2) |
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|
262 | (1) |
11 Juries |
|
263 | (36) |
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|
263 | (1) |
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11.1.1 The independence of the jury |
|
|
263 | (1) |
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11.1.2 Modern-day use of the jury |
|
|
264 | (1) |
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|
264 | (6) |
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11.2.1 Basic qualifications |
|
|
264 | (2) |
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11.2.2 Disqualification from jury service |
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|
266 | (1) |
|
11.2.3 Excusal from jury service |
|
|
266 | (1) |
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11.2.4 Discretionary excusals |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
11.2.5 Make-up of jury panels |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
11.2.6 Police and prosecutors on jury service |
|
|
268 | (2) |
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|
270 | (3) |
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|
271 | (1) |
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|
271 | (1) |
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|
271 | (1) |
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|
272 | (1) |
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|
272 | (1) |
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11.4 Juries in civil cases |
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|
273 | (5) |
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|
274 | (2) |
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11.4.2 Damages in defamation cases |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
11.4.3 Juries in personal injury cases |
|
|
276 | (2) |
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11.5 Juries in Coroners' Courts |
|
|
278 | (1) |
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11.6 Juries in criminal cases |
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
11.7 Secrecy of the jury room |
|
|
280 | (5) |
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|
281 | (2) |
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11.7.2 Human rights and jury secrecy |
|
|
283 | (2) |
|
11.7.3 Practice Direction |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
11.8 Research into juries |
|
|
285 | (3) |
|
11.9 Advantages of trial by jury |
|
|
288 | (1) |
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|
288 | (1) |
|
|
288 | (1) |
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|
289 | (1) |
|
11.10 Disadvantages of trial by jury |
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|
289 | (4) |
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11.10.1 Racial composition and bias |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
11.10.3 Perverse verdicts |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
11.10.4 Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 |
|
|
291 | (1) |
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11.10.5 High acquittal rates |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
11.10.6 Other disadvantages |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
11.11 Alternatives to trial by jury |
|
|
293 | (1) |
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|
294 | (2) |
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|
296 | (3) |
12 Lay Magistrates |
|
299 | (22) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
12.2 History of the magistracy |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
12.3 Qualifications for lay magistrates |
|
|
300 | (2) |
|
|
301 | (1) |
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|
301 | (1) |
|
12.3.3 Six key personal qualities |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
12.4 Selection and appointment of lay magistrates |
|
|
302 | (2) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
12.4.2 Advisory committees |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
12.5 Training of lay magistrates |
|
|
304 | (3) |
|
12.5.1 Training for new magistrates |
|
|
305 | (2) |
|
12.6 Resignation and removal of lay justices |
|
|
307 | (1) |
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|
308 | (1) |
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|
308 | (1) |
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|
308 | (4) |
|
|
308 | (1) |
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|
309 | (1) |
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|
309 | (1) |
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|
309 | (2) |
|
12.7.5 Immunity from suit |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
12.8 The magistrates' clerk |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
12.9 Advantages of using lay magistrates |
|
|
313 | (3) |
|
12.9.1 Cross-section of society |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
12.10 Disadvantages of lay magistrates |
|
|
316 | (2) |
|
12.10.1 Middle-aged, middle-class |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
12.10.3 Inconsistency in sentencing |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
12.10.5 Reliance on the clerk |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
|
320 | (1) |
13 The Legal Professions |
|
321 | (28) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
13.2 Paralegals and legal executives |
|
|
322 | (2) |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
13.3 Current training routes to becoming a solicitor |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (13) |
|
|
325 | (2) |
|
13.4.2 Education and training |
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
13.4.3 The solicitors qualifying examination |
|
|
329 | (3) |
|
13.4.4 The work of solicitors |
|
|
332 | (4) |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
338 | (6) |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
340 | (2) |
|
|
342 | (2) |
|
13.6 The legal profession - the future? |
|
|
344 | (2) |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (2) |
14 The Judiciary |
|
349 | (22) |
|
|
349 | (4) |
|
14.1.1 The Lord Chancellor |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
14.1.2 The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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14.2 The judicial hierarchy |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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14.4 A note about judicial appointments |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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14.5.1 District Judge (Magistrates' Court) |
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355 | (1) |
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14.5.2 District Judge (County Court) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (3) |
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356 | (1) |
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14.6.2 Lord Justice of Appeal |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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14.6.4 Justice of the Supreme Court |
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358 | (1) |
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14.7 The composition of the judiciary |
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359 | (6) |
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14.7.1 The judiciary, subjectivity and impartiality |
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362 | (1) |
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14.7.2 The politics of the judiciary |
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363 | (2) |
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14.8 Dismissal and judicial independence |
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365 | (3) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (2) |
15 Sentencing |
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371 | (24) |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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15.1.3 Dangerous offenders |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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15.2 Purposes of sentencing |
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372 | (7) |
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374 | (2) |
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376 | (1) |
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15.2.3 Reform and rehabilitation |
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377 | (1) |
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15.2.4 Protection of the public |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (3) |
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380 | (1) |
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15.3.2 Fixed-term sentence |
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381 | (1) |
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15.3.3 Suspended sentences |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (2) |
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15.4.1 Unpaid work requirement |
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383 | (1) |
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15.4.2 Activity requirement |
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383 | (1) |
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15.4.3 Curfew requirement |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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15.4.5 Supervision requirement |
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384 | (1) |
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384 | (1) |
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15.5.1 Custodial sentences |
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384 | (1) |
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15.5.2 Youth Rehabilitation Orders |
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385 | (1) |
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15.6 Fines and discharges |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (4) |
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386 | (2) |
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15.7.2 Reduction for a guilty plea |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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15.7.4 Pre-sentence reports |
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389 | (1) |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (2) |
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394 | (1) |
16 Legal Skills And Examination Preparation |
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395 | (16) |
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395 | (1) |
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16.2 Lectures and seminars |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (2) |
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397 | (1) |
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16.3.2 The hierarchy of law reports |
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398 | (1) |
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16.4 Key skills in writing |
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398 | (2) |
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16.5 Answering problem-based questions |
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400 | (2) |
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16.6 Answering a discussion-based essay |
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402 | (3) |
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16.7 Examples of answers to discussion-based essays |
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405 | (4) |
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409 | (2) |
Index |
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411 | |