| Guide to the book |
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xiii | |
| Preface |
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xv | |
| List of figures |
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xvii | |
| Table of cases |
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xix | |
| Tables of statutory instruments |
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xxxii | |
| Table of legislation |
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xxxiii | |
| Table of EU Treaty Articles and legislation |
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xlv | |
| 1 Introductory Concepts |
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1 | (24) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 Bases of rights and freedoms |
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2 | (3) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2.2 Separation of powers |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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1.2.4 Rules of natural justice |
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4 | (1) |
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1.3 Where did 'rights' start? |
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5 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.3.3 International abolition |
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7 | (1) |
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1.4 Civil and human rights in Europe |
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7 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Philosophical influences |
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7 | (2) |
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1.5 Significant rights considerations |
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9 | (3) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.5.2 Aftermath of the Second World War |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.5.4 Diplomats and heads of state |
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11 | (1) |
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1.5.5 Non-combatants, refugees and migrants |
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12 | (1) |
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1.6 EU Charter of Fundamental Rights |
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12 | (1) |
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1.6.1 Legal scope of EU Charter |
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13 | (1) |
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1.7 Jurisprudential nature of human rights |
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13 | (6) |
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1.7.1 Universal v cultural relativism |
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13 | (1) |
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1.7.2 Implications of universalism |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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1.7.4 Generational rights |
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16 | (2) |
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1.7.5 The Dembour analysis |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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1.9 Acronyms and glossary |
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20 | (2) |
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1.10 Applying international law in the domestic context |
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22 | (2) |
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1.10.1 Accessing case law |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
| 2 European Convention On Human Rights |
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25 | (28) |
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25 | (3) |
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2.1.1 Early twentieth century |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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2.1.3 The Council of Europe |
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26 | (1) |
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2.1.4 The European rights regime |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (2) |
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2.3 Council of Europe institutions and personnel |
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30 | (3) |
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2.4 The Convention Principles |
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33 | (10) |
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2.4.1 International treaty |
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33 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Prohibition on discrimination |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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2.4.6 Hierarchy of rights? |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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2.5 Inter-State applications |
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43 | (1) |
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2.6 Individual applications |
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44 | (1) |
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2.7 Operating principles of the ECtHR |
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45 | (5) |
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2.7.1 Proportionality and purposive interpretation |
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46 | (1) |
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2.7.2 The margin of appreciation |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (3) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
| 3 Human Rights Act 1998 |
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53 | (30) |
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53 | (4) |
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3.1.1 A proud English tradition |
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53 | (3) |
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3.1.2 Reluctant Europeans |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Bringing rights home |
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58 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Constitutional significance |
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59 | (2) |
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3.3 The Human Rights Act 1998 |
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61 | (2) |
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3.3.1 Structure of the Act |
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62 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Interpretation summary |
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62 | (1) |
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3.4 Introduction to the Act |
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63 | (2) |
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3.4.1 The Convention rights section 1 |
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63 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Interpretation of Convention rights section 2 |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (4) |
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3.5.1 Interpretation of legislation section 3 |
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65 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Purposive interpretation |
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66 | (1) |
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3.5.3 Declarations of incompatibility section 4 |
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67 | (1) |
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3.5.4 Incompatibility case law |
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67 | (2) |
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3.5.5 Right of Crown to intervene section 5 |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (2) |
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3.6.1 Acts of public authorities section 6 |
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69 | (2) |
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3.6.2 Proceedings under section 7 |
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71 | (1) |
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3.6.3 Judicial remedies and acts sections 8 and 9 |
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71 | (1) |
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3.7 Remedial action section 10 |
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71 | (1) |
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3.8 Other rights and proceedings |
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71 | (2) |
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3.8.1 Freedom of expression section 12 |
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72 | (1) |
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3.8.2 Freedom of thought, conscience and religion section 13 |
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73 | (1) |
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3.9 Derogations and reservations |
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73 | (3) |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (1) |
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3.10 Judges of the European Colift of Human Rights |
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76 | (1) |
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3.11 Parliamentary procedure |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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3.13 Human rights in the UK |
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77 | (1) |
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3.14 General features of the 1998 Act |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (3) |
| 4 Right To Life |
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83 | (34) |
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83 | (3) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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4.2 State liability for protecting life |
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86 | (4) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (2) |
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4.3 Abolition of death penalty |
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90 | (1) |
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4.3.1 Pre-requisite to membership |
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90 | (1) |
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4.4 Duty to preserve life |
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91 | (4) |
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4.5 Protective injunctions |
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95 | (1) |
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4.6 Who is the applicant? |
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96 | (2) |
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4.7 Investigation of mistakes |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (3) |
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4.9 Deaths and injuries in custody |
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103 | (3) |
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106 | (5) |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (2) |
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4.10.3 Legislative reform and the doctrine of double effect |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (3) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
| 5 Torture, Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment Or Punishment |
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117 | (22) |
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117 | (2) |
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118 | (1) |
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5.2 Interpretation under international law |
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119 | (1) |
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5.2.1 UN Convention against Torture |
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119 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Fourth Geneva Convention |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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5.4 Extradition and deportation |
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121 | (4) |
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5.4.1 Threat of death penalty |
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121 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Absolute prohibition |
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122 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Application in other contexts |
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123 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Exceptional circumstances |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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5.6 Trials and imprisonment |
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126 | (2) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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5.6.3 Conditions of trial |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (5) |
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128 | (1) |
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5.7.2 Criminal corporal punishment |
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129 | (1) |
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5.7.3 Educational punishment |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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5.7.5 United Kingdom legislation |
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131 | (2) |
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5.8 UK criminal prosecutions |
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133 | (2) |
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5.9 The Milgram experiment |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (3) |
| 6 Public Order, Police Powers, Freedom Of Association And Assembly |
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139 | (22) |
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139 | (1) |
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6.1.1 Convention Article 11 |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (5) |
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6.2.1 Public Order Act 1936 |
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140 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Public Order Act 1986 |
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141 | (4) |
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6.3 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 |
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145 | (3) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (4) |
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6.5.1 Other preventative powers |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (2) |
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6.6 Freedom of association |
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153 | (3) |
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156 | (3) |
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159 | (2) |
| 7 Right To A Fair Trial |
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161 | (42) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
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162 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Statute of Edward III |
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162 | (1) |
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7.2.3 English Bill of Rights 1688 c2 |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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7.3.1 Kevin at the police station |
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164 | (1) |
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7.4 Judicial independence |
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165 | (7) |
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7.4.1 Protection of judicial office |
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165 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Judicial bias in hearings |
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166 | (4) |
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170 | (2) |
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7.5 Article 6 right to a fair trial |
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172 | (3) |
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172 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Fair hearings despite procedural flaws |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (5) |
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7.6.1 Impartial court or tribunal |
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176 | (3) |
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7.6.2 Within a reasonable time |
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179 | (1) |
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7.7 Article 6(2) presumption of innocence |
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180 | (2) |
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7.7.1 The reverse burden of proof |
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181 | (1) |
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7.8 Article 6(3) minimum rights |
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182 | (7) |
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7.8.1 Article 6(3)(a) prompt information |
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183 | (1) |
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7.8.2 Article 6(3)(b) adequate time and facilities |
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183 | (1) |
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7.8.3 Article 6(3)(c) defending oneself and legal assistance |
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184 | (1) |
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7.8.4 Article 6(3)(d) witnesses |
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185 | (2) |
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7.8.5 Article 6(3)(e) interpreters |
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187 | (1) |
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7.8.6 Misuse of Article 6(3) |
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188 | (1) |
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7.9 No punishment without law |
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189 | (1) |
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7.10 Due process (of law) |
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190 | (3) |
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7.10.1 Legislative power of Parliament |
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191 | (2) |
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7.11 The 'Kevin test' revisited |
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193 | (3) |
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7.11.1 Example of Principle 1 |
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193 | (1) |
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7.11.2 Examples of Principle 2 |
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194 | (1) |
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7.11.3 Example of Principle 3 |
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195 | (1) |
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7.12 Retrospective crime and punishment |
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196 | (3) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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7.12.3 Retrospective punishment |
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197 | (2) |
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7.13 Scope of Article 7 cases |
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199 | (2) |
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7.13.1 What kinds of case? |
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199 | (1) |
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7.13.2 Strictly criminal in scope |
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199 | (1) |
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7.13.3 Presumption of innocence |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
| 8 Freedom Of Expression |
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203 | (28) |
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8.1 The foundation freedom |
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203 | (1) |
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8.2 Importance of freedom of expression |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (2) |
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8.4 Analysis of ECHR Article 10(1) |
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208 | (2) |
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8.5 Analysis of Article 10(2) |
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210 | (1) |
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8.6 Margin of appreciation |
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210 | (1) |
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8.7 Limitations on freedom of expression |
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211 | (5) |
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211 | (1) |
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8.7.2 Necessary in a democratic society |
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212 | (3) |
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215 | (1) |
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8.8 Article 10(2) duties and responsibilities |
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216 | (11) |
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8.8.1 Interests of national security, territorial integrity, public safety |
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216 | (2) |
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8.8.2 Prevention of disorder or crime |
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218 | (2) |
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8.8.3 Protection of health or morals |
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220 | (2) |
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8.8.4 Protection of the reputation or rights of others |
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222 | (2) |
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8.8.5 Preventing disclosure of information received in confidence |
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224 | (1) |
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8.8.6 Maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary |
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225 | (2) |
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8.9 Human Rights Act 1998 |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (2) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (2) |
| 9 Privacy, Private Life And Marriage |
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231 | (44) |
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231 | (1) |
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9.2 Privacy under the common law |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (3) |
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9.3.1 Convention provisions |
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235 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Development of 'right to privacy' |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (17) |
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239 | (15) |
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9.5 Exclusion of evidence |
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254 | (1) |
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9.6 Importance of Article 8 |
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254 | (1) |
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9.7 Marriage and founding a family |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (2) |
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9.9 Overview of European Convention case law |
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258 | (1) |
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9.10 Understanding the meaning of marriage |
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259 | (1) |
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9.11 Relationship between Articles 8 and 12 |
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259 | (2) |
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9.12 Right of prisoners to marry and found a family |
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261 | (2) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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9.14 Immigrants, illegal entrants, asylum seekers |
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264 | (2) |
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9.15 Divorce/legal separation |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (1) |
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9.18 Protocol 7 Article 5 |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (3) |
| 10 Right To Liberty And Security |
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275 | (18) |
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10.1 English civil liberties |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (4) |
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276 | (1) |
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10.2.2 The European Convention |
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276 | (1) |
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10.2.3 Circumstances permitting deprivation of liberty |
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277 | (3) |
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10.3 Practical operation of Article 5 |
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280 | (8) |
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10.3.1 Indeterminate sentences |
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280 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Non-compliance with lawful court order |
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281 | (2) |
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10.3.3 Prevention of commission of an offence |
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283 | (1) |
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10.3.4 Detention of minors |
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284 | (1) |
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10.3.5 Detention on medical or social grounds |
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285 | (2) |
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10.3.6 Unauthorised entrants |
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287 | (1) |
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10.4 Detention involving foreign States |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (2) |
| 11 Prohibition Of Discrimination |
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293 | (20) |
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293 | (3) |
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11.1.1 Domestic legislation |
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293 | (1) |
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11.1.2 Consolidation of domestic provisions |
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293 | (3) |
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11.1.3 The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 |
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296 | (1) |
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11.1.4 International declarations and treaties |
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296 | (1) |
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11.2 Discrimination under the European Convention |
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296 | (3) |
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11.3 Discrimination and equality |
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299 | (1) |
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11.4 Getting a case heard |
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299 | (1) |
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11.5 What is discrimination? |
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300 | (5) |
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11.5.1 Rational justifiability |
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300 | (2) |
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11.5.2 Direct discrimination |
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302 | (1) |
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11.5.3 Indirect discrimination |
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303 | (1) |
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11.5.4 The Michalak Catechism |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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11.7 Margin of appreciation in discrimination cases |
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306 | (3) |
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11.8 Royal succession discrimination removal |
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309 | (2) |
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11.8.1 Royal Marriages Act 1772 |
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309 | (1) |
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11.8.2 Succession to the Crown Act 2013 |
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309 | (2) |
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311 | (2) |
| 12 Terrorism |
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313 | (26) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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12.3 Meaning of terrorism |
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314 | (3) |
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12.3.1 Main provisions of the Terrorism Act 2000 |
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316 | (1) |
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12.4 9/11 and reaction to it |
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317 | (5) |
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12.4.1 The Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 |
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317 | (2) |
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319 | (3) |
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12.5 Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (2) |
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12.6.1 Publishing statements and 'glorification |
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325 | (1) |
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12.6.2 Preparation of terrorist acts and terrorist training |
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325 | (1) |
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12.6.3 Radioactive devices and nuclear facilities |
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325 | (1) |
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12.6.4 Widening anti-terrorist powers and provisions |
|
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325 | (1) |
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12.7 Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 |
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326 | (1) |
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12.8 Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011 |
|
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326 | (3) |
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12.9 Protection of Freedom Act 2012 |
|
|
329 | (1) |
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12.10 Terrorism and fair process |
|
|
330 | (7) |
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12.10.1 Detention and trial |
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|
330 | (2) |
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12.10.2 Presumption of innocence |
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|
332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (2) |
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12.10.5 Degrees of risk in the UK |
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|
336 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
| 13 Freedom Of Thought, Conscience And Religion |
|
339 | (22) |
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|
339 | (2) |
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13.2 Freedoms interconnectivity |
|
|
341 | (1) |
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13.3 Analogous provisions |
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|
342 | (1) |
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13.4 Manifestation of religion |
|
|
343 | (4) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
13.4.2 Interpretation of Article 9 |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
13.5 Human Rights Act section 13 |
|
|
347 | (2) |
|
13.5.1 Case law on section 13 |
|
|
347 | (2) |
|
|
|
349 | (2) |
|
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
13.7 UK State recognition of religion |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (4) |
|
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
13.8.4 Sartorial self-expression |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
13.8.8 Christianity and homosexuality |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
|
359 | (2) |
| 14 Property Rights |
|
361 | (24) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
14.2 Property and possessions |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
14.3 Guaranteeing the right of property |
|
|
363 | (10) |
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
14.3.2 Peaceful enjoyment of property and possessions |
|
|
364 | (3) |
|
14.3.3 Deprivation of property and possessions |
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
14.3.4 Justified State interference |
|
|
369 | (4) |
|
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
14.4 Examples of operation of A1P1 |
|
|
373 | (9) |
|
14.4.1 Acquisition of land by possessory title |
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
14.4.2 Liability for overriding interests |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
14.4.3 Confiscation of proceeds of crime |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
14.4.4 Termination of tenancies |
|
|
378 | (3) |
|
14.4.5 Deductions from wages |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
|
382 | (3) |
| 15 Themes |
|
385 | (6) |
|
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
15.2 United Nations periodic review report |
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
15.3 Constitutional reform |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
|
389 | (2) |
| Index |
|
391 | |
